People v. Ayres

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Date: 2018.01.16
Supreme Court 11:53:15 -06'00'
People v. Ayres, 2017 IL 120071
Caption in Supreme THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v.
Court: QWANTRELL L. AYRES, Appellant.
Docket No. 120071
Filed February 17, 2017
Rehearing denied May 22, 2017
Decision Under Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Fourth District; heard in that
Review court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Champaign County, the
Hon. Thomas J. Difanis, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Reversed and remanded with directions.
Counsel on Michael J. Pelletier, State Appellate Defender, Jacqueline L. Bullard,
Appeal Deputy Defender, and Jason B. Jordan and John M. McCarthy,
Assistant Appellate Defenders, of the Office of the State Appellate
Defender, of Springfield, for appellant.
Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield (Carolyn E. Shapiro,
Solicitor General, and Michael M. Glick and Michael L. Cebula,
Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the People.
Justices JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Freeman, Kilbride, and Theis concurred in the judgment and
opinion.
Justice Thomas dissented, with opinion, joined by Chief Justice
Karmeier and Justice Garman.
Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Thomas and Garman dissented
upon denial of rehearing.
OPINION
¶1 A pro se posttrial claim alleging ineffective assistance of counsel is governed by the
common-law procedure developed from our decision in People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181
(1984), and its progeny. Here, we must decide whether defendant’s allegation of “ineffective
assistance of counsel” in his posttrial petition to withdraw guilty plea and vacate sentence
triggered the circuit court’s duty to inquire into the factual basis of defendant’s claim. For the
reasons set forth below, we answer that question in the affirmative.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 In April 2013, defendant, Qwantrell Ayres, pled guilty to aggravated battery and was
sentenced to 12 months’ conditional discharge, with the requirement he not leave the state
without court permission. In July 2013, the State filed a petition to revoke defendant’s
conditional discharge alleging he left the state without seeking the court’s approval.
Thereafter, defendant admitted and stipulated he left the state without permission.
¶4 The Champaign County circuit court held a sentencing hearing on September 4, 2013.
Defendant called several witnesses. Michael McClellan testified he had been defendant’s
attorney in the past. McClellan stated he received a telephone call from defendant several
months back and that defendant told him he was the subject of a police investigation involving
a shooting. McClellan told defendant “you need to get the hell out of Dodge.” McClellan stated
that, based on previous conversations with defendant’s mother, Ellisia Jones, he believed
defendant had two places within the state where he could go. He denied being told defendant
could only go to Indianapolis.
¶5 Jones’s testimony contradicted McClellan’s. Jones stated she told McClellan the only
place defendant could go was Indianapolis. The circuit court sentenced defendant to seven
years’ imprisonment.
¶6 On September 26, 2013, defendant’s attorney filed a motion to reconsider sentence,
arguing defendant’s sentence was excessive. The same day, defendant mailed a pro se petition
to withdraw guilty plea and vacate sentence, alleging “ineffective assistance of counsel.” On
November 4, the court held a hearing on counsel’s motion. Defendant was not present. The
court denied counsel’s motion to reconsider. The circuit court did not consider or even
reference defendant’s petition.
¶7 Defendant appealed, arguing the circuit court erred because it did not make a preliminary
inquiry regarding his pro se claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The appellate court
affirmed, finding the four words “ineffective assistance of counsel” without explanation or any
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supporting facts were insufficient to trigger the circuit court’s duty to inquire. 2015 IL App
(4th) 130996-U, ¶ 14. We granted defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315
(eff. Jan. 1, 2015).
¶8 ANALYSIS
¶9 The issue in this case is whether defendant’s allegation “ineffective assistance of counsel”
without any factual support was sufficient to trigger a Krankel inquiry. There is a split in the
appellate court on this question. Some decisions hold a bare claim warrants inquiry. People v.
Remsick-Miller, 2012 IL App (2d) 100921; People v. Pence, 387 Ill. App. 3d 989 (2d Dist.
2009); People v. Bolton, 382 Ill. App. 3d 714 (2d Dist. 2008). Conversely, other decisions hold
a bare allegation is insufficient and that a defendant must meet minimal requirements by
asserting supporting facts or specific claims. People v. Montgomery, 373 Ill. App. 3d 1104 (4th
Dist. 2007); People v. Ward, 371 Ill. App. 3d 382 (1st Dist. 2007); People v. Radford, 359 Ill.
App. 3d 411 (1st Dist. 2005); People v. Rucker, 346 Ill. App. 3d 873 (1st Dist. 2003).
¶ 10 In People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984), the defendant filed a posttrial pro se motion
for a new trial alleging ineffective assistance of counsel because counsel failed to investigate
an alibi defense and failed to present such a defense. Id. at 187. The defendant was given an
opportunity at a posttrial hearing to present argument on the motion, after which the trial court
denied it. Id. at 188-89. On appeal, the State conceded the defendant should have had new
counsel to represent him on the motion. We agreed and remanded for a new hearing on the
motion with different counsel to determine whether the defendant was denied effective
assistance of counsel. Id.
¶ 11 The common-law procedure, which has evolved from our decision in Krankel, is triggered
when a defendant raises a pro se posttrial claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
People v. Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 29. This procedure “serves the narrow purpose of allowing
the trial court to decide whether to appoint independent counsel to argue a defendant’s pro se
posttrial ineffective assistance claims.” People v. Patrick, 2011 IL 111666, ¶ 39. “[A] pro se
defendant is not required to do any more than bring his or her claim to the trial court’s
attention” (People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 79 (2003); People v. Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d 68, 76
(2010)), and thus, a defendant is not required to file a written motion (Patrick, 2011 IL 111666,
¶ 29) but may raise the issue orally (People v. Banks, 237 Ill. 2d 154, 213-14 (2010)) or
through a letter or note to the court (People v. Munson, 171 Ill. 2d 158, 200 (1996)). However,
the trial court is not required to automatically appoint new counsel when a defendant raises
such a claim. Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 29. Rather, “[t]he law requires the trial court to conduct
some type of inquiry into the underlying factual basis, if any, of a defendant’s pro se posttrial
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 79 (2003); see also
People v. Ramey, 152 Ill. 2d 41, 52 (1992); People v. Williams, 147 Ill. 2d 173, 251 (1991);
People v. Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d 82, 134 (1991). Specifically, the “trial court must conduct an
adequate inquiry ***, that is, inquiry sufficient to determine the factual basis of the claim.”
Banks, 237 Ill. 2d at 213. “ ‘If the trial court determines that the claim lacks merit or pertains
only to matters of trial strategy, then the court need not appoint new counsel and may deny the
pro se motion. However, if the allegations show possible neglect of the case, new counsel
should be appointed.’ ” Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 29 (quoting Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78).
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¶ 12 In making the inquiry, “some interchange between the trial court and trial counsel
regarding the facts and circumstances surrounding the allegedly ineffective representation is
permissible and usually necessary in assessing what further action, if any, is warranted on a
defendant’s claim.” Id. ¶ 30; Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78. Accordingly, the trial court is permitted
to inquire of trial counsel about the defendant’s allegations. Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 30;
Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78. Likewise, the court is permitted to discuss the allegations with
defendant. Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 30; Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78. Lastly, the trial court is
permitted to make its determination based on its knowledge of defense counsel’s performance
at trial and the insufficiency of the defendant’s allegations. Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 30;
Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 79.
¶ 13 “The operative concern for the reviewing court is whether the trial court conducted an
adequate inquiry into the defendant’s pro se allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel.”
Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78; see also Banks, 237 Ill. 2d at 213; People v. Johnson, 159 Ill. 2d 97,
125 (1994). We have consistently held the goal of any Krankel proceeding is to facilitate the
trial court’s full consideration of a defendant’s pro se claim and thereby potentially limit issues
on appeal. Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 38; Patrick, 2011 IL 111666, ¶ 41; People v. Jocko, 239 Ill.
2d 87, 91 (2010). “By initially evaluating the defendant’s claims in a preliminary Krankel
inquiry, the circuit court will create the necessary record for any claims raised on appeal.”
Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 38. See Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 81 (failure to conduct preliminary
Krankel inquiry precludes appellate review).
¶ 14 The State first contends defendant was not entitled to a Krankel inquiry because his bare
allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel was insufficient. Defendant did not even identify
which attorney was allegedly ineffective, McClellan or the public defender who represented
him throughout the proceedings. The State also argues defendant failed to explain whether the
alleged ineffective representation occurred at his guilty plea or when he stipulated to violating
probation and failed to indicate in what way counsel erred.
¶ 15 While this is all true, none of the information is known because the circuit court failed to
address defendant’s petition in any manner at all. Had the trial court conducted even a minimal
inquiry, it surely would have ascertained which attorney defendant was complaining about. If
defendant’s complaint was directed at McClellan, who did not represent defendant during any
of the relevant proceedings, the circuit court could have dispensed with the matter
immediately, and there would have been no grounds for appeal.
¶ 16 Defendant contends the appellate court erred because his express claim of “ineffective
assistance of counsel,” even without additional support, factual allegations, or specific
examples, triggered the trial court’s duty to conduct an inquiry. Defendant argues several
appellate court cases support such a conclusion. Defendant also relies on our statement in
Moore that a defendant is only required to bring a claim to the court’s attention. Defendant
further maintains Taylor supports his position because, in Taylor, the defendant asserted an
“implied” claim whereas here, defendant’s claim is express. Defendant asserts that, since the
trial court failed to conduct a preliminary inquiry, remand is necessary.
¶ 17 The State contends the rule urged by defendant is contrary to the weight of authority. It
maintains defendant’s reliance on Moore is misplaced because the broad language in Moore
that defendant refers to related only to our discussion of waiver. Moreover, Taylor does not aid
defendant because it discussed and relied on cases in which the defendants made detailed
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allegations of ineffective assistance. According to the State, the better rule is “a trial court need
not conduct a Krankel inquiry unless the defendant clearly indicates his intent to assert an
ineffective assistance claim and also provides supporting facts or some explanation for his
claim.” In other words, the State believes the duty to conduct a Krankel hearing is triggered
only when a defendant “expressly allege[s] that he received ineffective assistance because of a
particular action that counsel took or neglected to take.”
¶ 18 We note there is conflict among the districts of the appellate court as to what is sufficient to
trigger a Krankel inquiry. Having carefully reviewed both views, we find that, when a
defendant brings a clear claim asserting ineffective assistance of counsel, either orally or in
writing, this is sufficient to trigger the trial court’s duty to conduct a Krankel inquiry. Such a
ruling comports with our post-Krankel jurisprudence.
¶ 19 Both Moore and Taylor held a defendant need only bring his claim to the court’s attention.
While the State argues this broad statement was made in Moore in connection with waiver and,
therefore, does not support defendant’s argument here, we disagree. In Moore, we held “[t]he
law requires the trial court to conduct some type of inquiry into the underlying factual basis, if
any, of a defendant’s pro se posttrial claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” (Emphasis
added.) Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 79. Our holding in Moore supports a conclusion that a claim need
not be supported by facts or specific examples. If that were not the case, this court would not
require the circuit court to conduct an inquiry into the underlying factual basis for the claim.
¶ 20 While we acknowledge the allegations of ineffective assistance in Moore and the cases it
cited contained specificity, the issue in those cases was not whether and to what extent details
were required to trigger a trial court’s duty to inquire. We agree with defendant that the
primary purpose of the preliminary inquiry is to give the defendant an opportunity to flesh out
his claim of ineffective assistance so the court can determine whether appointment of new
counsel is necessary.
¶ 21 We also agree that judicial economy is served by holding an express claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel is all that is necessary to trigger a Krankel inquiry. The goal of Krankel is
to “facilitate the trial court’s full consideration of a defendant’s pro se claims of ineffective
assistance of trial counsel and thereby potentially limit issues on appeal.” Jolly, 2014 IL
117142, ¶ 29. Moreover, “[b]y initially evaluating the defendant’s claims in a preliminary
Krankel inquiry, the circuit court will create the necessary record for any claims raised on
appeal.” Id. ¶ 38. Absent such a record, as in the case at bar, appellate review is precluded.
Moreover, the inquiry is not burdensome upon the circuit court, and the facts and
circumstances surrounding the claim will be much clearer in the minds of all involved when
the inquiry is made just subsequent to trial or plea, as opposed to years later on appeal.
¶ 22 The State argues a claim of ineffective assistance in any communication to the court would
necessitate an inquiry and, thus, a circuit court would be required to “minutely scrutinize”
every pro se filing for such a complaint. We disagree. Krankel is limited to posttrial motions.
¶ 23 At oral argument, counsel posed the following question, “What if a pro se defendant is
present in court and says ‘I received ineffective assistance of counsel’? Can the circuit court
just ignore that comment?” The answer is clearly “No,” and because a circuit court cannot
ignore such a claim, it would be illogical to now hold a court may ignore a claim made in a
pro se defendant’s written posttrial motion.
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¶ 24 The purpose of the preliminary inquiry is to ascertain the underlying factual basis for the
ineffective assistance claim and to afford a defendant an opportunity to explain and support his
claim. In this way, the circuit court will have the necessary information to determine whether
new counsel should be appointed to argue the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. A
defendant need only bring his claim to the court’s attention, posttrial, whether orally or in
writing. Here, defendant properly filed a pro se petition to withdraw his guilty plea and vacate
sentence in which defendant claimed he received ineffective assistance of counsel. Despite
this, the circuit court never addressed defendant’s petition. Defendant was not present at the
posttrial hearing and, therefore, was unable to ask the court to rule on his petition.
¶ 25 CONCLUSION
¶ 26 Based on the foregoing, we hold the circuit court erred in failing to conduct any inquiry
into the factual basis of defendant’s allegations. Thus, we remand this cause to the circuit court
for a preliminary Krankel inquiry.
¶ 27 Reversed and remanded with directions.
¶ 28 JUSTICE THOMAS, dissenting:
¶ 29 The majority concludes that a pro se defendant’s written, bare-bones assertion of
“ineffective assistance of counsel,” without any detail or explanation, is sufficient to trigger a
preliminary hearing under Krankel. The majority consequently reverses and remands the cause
to the circuit court for a preliminary Krankel hearing. I disagree with the majority’s approach
and therefore dissent.
¶ 30 Defendant simply stated in his written petition “ineffective assistance of counsel” without
identifying which of the two possible attorneys in the case he was referring to and without
describing in any way how counsel supposedly erred. I believe the appellate court correctly
ruled that defendant’s bare-bones contention was insufficient to require a Krankel inquiry. The
new rule to the contrary now adopted by the majority of this court would have negative
consequences and is contrary to the great weight of authority. See, e.g., People v. Rucker, 346
Ill. App. 3d 873, 883 (2003) (alleging “inadequate representation by counsel” without
providing any supporting facts or specific claims is insufficient to warrant inquiry); People v.
Hampton, 242 Ill. App. 3d 194, 199 (1992) (alleging “ineffective assistance of counsel”
without specific support insufficient); People v. Reed, 197 Ill. App. 3d 610, 612 (1990)
(alleging defendant was “poorly represented” without explanation is insufficient); see also
People v. Montgomery, 373 Ill. App. 3d 1104, 1120-21 (2007) (collecting cases for the
proposition that no inquiry under People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68 (2003), is required where the
defendant’s pro se complaint against counsel is general and conclusory); People v. Ward, 371
Ill. App. 3d 382, 432-33 (2007) (collecting cases for the same); People v. Radford, 359 Ill.
App. 3d 411, 418 (2005); People v. Sperow, 170 Ill. App. 3d 800, 813 (1988).
¶ 31 A conclusory allegation—such as a statement that counsel “should have investigated
‘relevant facts and witnesses’ ” without explaining “what or to whom [the defendant] is
referring”—does not warrant remand for further Krankel proceedings. People v. Towns, 174
Ill. 2d 453, 467 (1996). Similarly, a nonspecific allegation that a defendant later characterized
on appeal as an “implicit” claim of ineffective assistance of counsel was held insufficient to
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require the trial court to conduct a preliminary Krankel inquiry. People v. Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d
68, 76-77 (2010).
¶ 32 In Taylor, the defendant complained that he would have accepted the State’s plea offer had
he been informed about the sentence he faced if he were found guilty after trial. Id. at 73-74.
This court distinguished Taylor from other cases where defendants expressly alleged that
counsel provided ineffective assistance in certain specific ways, such as identifying the
particular witnesses counsel failed to investigate. Id. at 76. This court then held that the trial
court did not err in failing to conduct an inquiry, noting that, “[i]f defendant’s statement in the
case at bar were deemed sufficient to require a Krankel inquiry, few statements would be
insufficient.” Id. at 77.
¶ 33 The majority cites People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68 (2003), in support of the conclusion that
an ineffective-assistance claim need not be supported by any specific reason. Supra ¶ 11. But
the majority’s reliance upon Moore is misplaced. In Moore, the defendant’s pro se motion
contained detailed allegations that counsel incorrectly advised him to waive his right to a jury
trial and his right to testify, failed to impeach the State’s witnesses with contradictory police
reports, and committed other specific errors. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 76-77. Unlike here, the
question presented in Moore was whether the trial court erred in concluding that the
defendant’s detailed claim, which was filed prior to sentencing, “could be resolved by the
appointment of different counsel on appeal.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 79. The issue in
Moore was not whether a bare-bones claim of ineffective assistance would be sufficient to
trigger a preliminary Krankel inquiry.
¶ 34 The majority asserts that specific support for the claim is not required in the written motion
because “[i]f that were not the case, this court would not require the circuit court to conduct an
inquiry into the underlying factual basis for the claim.” Supra ¶ 19. The majority’s reasoning is
faulty and demonstrates a misunderstanding of the nature of the preliminary inquiry. The
purpose of the preliminary inquiry is not, as the majority seems to think, to afford a defendant
a chance to come up with a specific claim; rather, the purpose is to evaluate a specific claim,
provided one has actually been made. Under my approach and consistent with the vast majority
of cases previously decided in Illinois, a defendant first has to articulate his theory of why he
was denied the effective assistance of counsel before he is entitled to a preliminary inquiry in
the first place. See Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d at 77. Only once the defendant articulates a specific
reason for his claim does the cause proceed to a preliminary inquiry, where the trial court then
examines the specific claim to determine whether it lacks merit or pertains only to matters of
trial strategy, in which case the court need not appoint new counsel and may deny the pro se
motion. See Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 77-78.
¶ 35 The majority also suggests that it is somehow “illogical” to require written motions to
provide specificity when in practicality a defendant orally asserting ineffective assistance in
open court will likely be asked by the trial court to set forth in what way counsel was
ineffective. See supra ¶ 23.1 But I see nothing illogical. In a case of a defendant filing a written
1
The majority raises a hypothetical question: “What if a pro se defendant is present in court and
says ‘I received ineffective assistance of counsel’? Can the circuit court just ignore that comment?” The
majority states that the answer to this question is “clearly ‘No.’ ” Supra ¶ 23. But the majority is wrong
on this point, too, because the correct answer is clearly “yes,” at least as long as the circuit court does
not “preclude or dissuade” the defendant from making a fuller presentation if he attempts to do so. See
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pro se motion, the written motion is the opportunity for the defendant to tell the court how,
specifically, counsel was ineffective, the same way a defendant would do orally in open court.
The rule would be the same for both oral and written motions: a bare claim of “ineffective
assistance of counsel” would be insufficient to invoke a duty to conduct a preliminary inquiry,
and the court is under no obligation to press further. See Ward, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 432-33. A
rule requiring defendants to state their claims and provide some supporting facts in the written
motion will ease the burden on the lower courts and will weed out defendants who have no
colorable claim or are simply frustrated with the results of their case and are looking to blame
someone, but who have no specific allegations of how their attorney might have erred. The
majority’s new rule will require the trial court to carefully scrutinize the many pro se
submissions it receives, looking for a bare allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel. If it
finds one, it would then be required to schedule a hearing, writ the defendant to court, and
personally question both the defendant and his attorney about the claim. In addition, if the
court misses that bare allegation, the appellate court would in all cases be required to remand
the case for a hearing even though the claim is meritless. The reality is that when defendants
have meritorious pro se claims, they don’t simply say “ineffective assistance of counsel” and
leave it at that. Instead, they complain about specific matters, actions that counsel erroneously
took or failed to take. Thus, I would hold that (1) the appellate court correctly concluded that
the simple four-word allegation of “ineffective assistance of counsel” does not meet the
minimum requirements necessary to trigger an inquiry under Moore and (2) the trial court did
not err by failing to writ defendant for a hearing in this case.
¶ 36 Accordingly, I dissent from the majority’s contrary conclusions.
¶ 37 CHIEF JUSTICE KARMEIER and JUSTICE GARMAN join in this dissent.
Ward, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 432-33 (holding that a circuit court does not err when it does not conduct a
preliminary inquiry under Moore when faced with an oral pro se claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel that is bald and unsupported by specific facts or detail).
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