People v. Moore

2023 IL 126461IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
(Docket Nos. 126461, 126932)
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v.
TORY S. MOORE, Appellant.—THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE
OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. MARVIN WILLIAMS, Appellee.
Opinion filed May 18, 2023.
JUSTICE NEVILLE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Chief Justice Theis and Justices Overstreet, Holder White, Cunningham,
Rochford, and O’Brien concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Tory S. Moore and Marvin Williams, both sentenced to life in prison without
parole for separate murders committed when they were 19 years old, appealed from
judgments denying them leave to file successive postconviction petitions
challenging their sentences. The Appellate Court for the Fourth District affirmed
the judgment against Moore, and the Appellate Court for the Second District
reversed the judgment against Williams. We granted Moore’s petition for leave to
appeal and the State’s petition for leave to appeal from the appellate court’s order
in the case against Williams. We consolidated the cases for review. We find neither
Moore nor Williams sufficiently pled cause for filing their successive
postconviction petitions. We affirm the appellate court’s ruling against Moore,
reverse the ruling in favor of Williams, and affirm the judgments of the circuit court
in both cases.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 A. Moore
¶4 1. Trial and Direct Appeal
¶5 Prosecutors charged Moore with murdering Savoy Brown in 1997. We adopt
the following summary from the appellate court’s disposition of Moore’s direct
appeal.
“Defendant, Andre Sayles, and Chioke Holiday kidnapped at gunpoint
Seneca Johnson, James Browning, and Savoy Brown after demanding money
and drugs from them. They drove them into an alley where the three were
searched, ordered to remove their clothing, and directed back into the car. The
three captives were required to ride with their heads between their legs. They
were taunted and threatened with being killed. Eventually, Sayles drove the car
into a cornfield. The victims were ordered out of the car and to line up in a row
facing their captors. Defendant then spun the cylinder of a revolver, pointed it
at Browning’s head, and pulled the trigger. The revolver did not fire. Defendant
then spun the cylinder again, pointed it at Brown’s head, and fired. Brown fell,
and Johnson and Browning fled. Sayles testified that, after defendant returned
from chasing Johnson and Browning, he asked Sayles to get away from Brown,
complaining, ‘he still ain’t dead.’ Defendant then fired another shot into
Brown.” People v. Moore, No. 4-99-0451, slip order at 6 (2001) (unpublished
order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶6 Willie Clemmons, who shared a jail cell with Moore, testified that Moore
admitted that he and Holiday picked up three guys to rob them and then took them
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to a cornfield to kill them. Moore told Clemmons “he played a game, spinning the
cylinder of the gun, pointing it at one of the men, and pulling the trigger to see if it
would discharge. The second time, the boy was shot and fell to the ground shaking”
before Moore shot him a second time. Id. Moore, laughing, then lay on the cell floor
mimicking the dying boy’s tremors. Id.¶7 At the sentencing hearing, the prosecution presented evidence of Moore’s prior
violent acts. Chez Jones testified that on December 6, 1993, Moore “without
provocation pointed [a] gun at Jones’ head after cocking the hammer. Immediately
before firing, he asked Jones, ‘What you got to say now?’ Jones was hospitalized
for two weeks; endured three surgeries; lost her left eye; and suffered a fractured
skull, spinal damage, and facial nerve damage.” Id. at 7.
¶8 Moore’s grandmother testified that Moore’s father left Moore’s mother when
Moore was very young, and Moore’s father had “been out of the picture ever[ ]
since.” When Moore was eight or nine, his mother “[g]ot involved in drugs.”
Moore’s older sister, at the age of 11 or 12, “got to be more of the mother” to Moore.
¶9 The presentence investigator wrote, “The defendant refused to be interviewed
for this report by being non-compliant and belligerent to this officer. Upon this
officer advising the defendant that this report had been requested by his attorney
and the judge, the defendant advised that this officer could tell the judge to ‘f***
off.’ ”
¶ 10 Moore sought anger counseling in jail before the trial. The counselor testified
that Moore’s mother was a “drug addict” who “had a succession of boyfriends; and
they were physically abusive to her and to [Moore].” The counselor explained:
“[Moore’s] history of being physically abused has created unresolved anger
with him. He’s also grown up seeing anger expressed violently. That’s the
example that has been set for him. He’s grown up with no appropriate male role
model, and he’s grown up with a mother [who] due to her substance abuse ***
has a lot of the time not been able to provide effective parenting. So all of this
contributes to this unresolved anger, which if it’s not resolved appropriately
through therapy will come out inappropriately in a variety of ways including
violent behavior.”
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¶ 11 Two instructors working in the prisoner education programs testified about
Moore’s classroom conduct and concluded that he had good potential for
rehabilitation.
¶ 12 The Macon County circuit court sentenced Moore to life in prison with no
possibility of parole. The appellate court affirmed the judgment. Id.
¶ 13 2. Postconviction
¶ 14 Moore filed a postconviction petition in 2006. The trial court dismissed the
petition and again the appellate court affirmed. People v. Moore, 379 Ill. App. 3d
1092 (2008) (table) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶ 15 In 2018, Moore filed a motion for leave to file a successive postconviction
petition arguing that his sentence violated both the eighth amendment to the United
States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VIII) and the proportionate penalties
clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11). He alleged that he
lacked legal support for the challenges until the United States Supreme Court
decided Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), and therefore he had cause for
filing a successive petition. He alleged prejudice in that his brain had not fully
matured when he committed the murder and that the trial court failed to take into
account his immaturity and rehabilitative potential when it sentenced him. The trial
court denied the motion for leave to file the successive petition.
¶ 16 3. Appellate Court
¶ 17 The appellate court found that Moore failed to allege facts that could support a
finding that his brain development at the time of the crime required the court to
treat him as a juvenile offender. 2020 IL App (4th) 190528, ¶ 40. The court affirmed
the judgment denying Moore leave to file his successive postconviction petition.
Id. ¶ 43. We granted Moore’s petition for leave to appeal.
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¶ 18 B. Williams
¶ 19 1. Trial and Direct Appeal
¶ 20 Prosecutors charged Williams with the 1997 murders of Justin Levingston and
Adrienne Austin. According to the appellate court, LeMual Conley and Antonio
Trammell testified that they, Williams, and Emmett Wright drove together to the
victims’ house, entered by force, and terrorized the occupants: Levingston, Austin,
four-year-old Luckia Austin, and Lovenia Hinton. Conley testified that, on the
previous evening, the four men had agreed to drive to the house to steal marijuana.
Williams had a gun. Conley grabbed Hinton and told her not to look, and Williams
and Wright took another woman who was downstairs to the second floor. Conley
heard one shot, then another. Soon afterward, there were two more shots. Going
upstairs, Conley saw Levingston lying in the stairwell and Williams standing alone
in a bedroom. Conley went downstairs, heard two more shots from upstairs, and
saw Williams come downstairs. Williams wanted to shoot a woman who was
downstairs, but Conley talked him out of it. The four intruders left. People v.
Williams, 313 Ill. App. 3d 849, 853-54 (2000).
¶ 21 The presentence investigator, describing Williams’s background and quoting
from a prior petition to revoke his probation, reported:
“According to *** records in the Juvenile Probation Office, [Williams’s]
father played no role in the defendant’s upbringing and his mother died of a
drug overdose in 1989, thus causing him to reside with his maternal
grandparents ***. *** [T]he defendant’s older sister has been convicted of
misdemeanors in this jurisdiction and *** his older brother currently is serving
a nine-and-a-half year prison term for Armed Robbery. ***
***
‘This family has an unstable history for structure and appropriate
interactions. The Department of Children and Family Services has had
involvement with the case as a result of the mother’s death, and the children
have made frequent moves from relative to relative. *** Marvin became more
disobedient and defiant. Events just prior to the runaway included complaints
that the minor would not report his whereabouts, did not abide by curfew, and
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began spending a good deal of time at his older sister’s, where adequate
supervision was not available. [Williams’s grandmother] also heard rumors that
Marvin was becoming involved with alcohol and [drugs], and gang associations
as well.’ ”
¶ 22 A psychologist who produced an evaluation for Williams’s probation at age 13,
which was included in the presentence investigation for the 1997 murder, wrote:
“[Williams’s drawings] reflect[ed] intellectual, perceptual or perceptual-motor
deficiencies. *** The figure of the tree was slanting at better than fifteen
degrees which suggests insecurity. There was a broad base which suggests his
early emotional needs were not met or satisfied. ***
***
*** His responses also revealed that he feels vic[ti]mized by his
environment and justified in venting his aggressions back towards the
environment and those within it. His responses also revealed a rather high level
of anxiety, apprehension and concern in respect to his physical well being and
some depression associated with these anxieties. There were also indications,
however, that he is impulsive and may well react with lowered regards for the
needs and feelings of others. ***
***
In terms of emotional functioning he reflects general as well as psycho-
sexual immaturities. *** He also seems to have problems in terms of identity
and, apparently, is attempting to establish some type of ‘rep’ in the eyes of his
peers.”
¶ 23 The Winnebago County circuit court “made a finding that a discretionary life
sentence was warranted because the offenses exhibited exceptionally brutal and
heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty.” People v. Williams, 2020 IL App
(2d) 180526-U, ¶ 4 n.1. The trial court sentenced Williams to life in prison with no
possibility of parole. The appellate court affirmed the judgment. Williams, 313 Ill.
App. 3d at 864.
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¶ 24 2. Postconviction
¶ 25 Williams filed a postconviction petition in 2001. The trial court dismissed the
petition, and again the appellate court affirmed the judgment. People v. Williams,
No. 2-01-0868 (2003) (unpublished summary order under Illinois Supreme Court
Rule 23(c)). Williams filed a motion for leave to file a successive postconviction
petition in 2017. He cited Miller and Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. 190(2016), in support of his argument that his sentence violated both the eighth
amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VIII) and the
proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I,
§ 11). He contended the trial court did not adequately consider his mitigating
characteristics and background circumstances as a young adult at the time of the
murders.
¶ 26 Williams alleged that, when he was 12, he found his mother in their home, dead
from a drug overdose. The Department of Children and Family Services separated
him from his four siblings, as no relatives agreed to take care of all five of his
mother’s children. Williams started using alcohol, and he joined a gang not long
after his mother’s death. Rockford public schools placed him in a program for
students with severe behavioral problems. His delinquency history began in 1990,
when he was 13, with a conviction for battery. Following his gang’s instructions,
he later stole his aunt’s car.
¶ 27 Williams alleged that, since his incarceration in 1997, he had participated, as
far as the prison would allow, in rehabilitative services. He completed several
writing courses. The Neighborhood Arts Project published several articles he wrote.
Williams also supported his motion for leave to file a successive postconviction
petition with several articles reporting on studies of brain development in young
adults. The circuit court denied Williams’s motion for leave to file the successive
postconviction petition.
¶ 28 3. Appellate Court
¶ 29 The appellate court found that an objective factor impeded Williams from
bringing his constitutional claims based on the reasoning of Miller and
Montgomery, as the United States Supreme Court had not decided Miller by the
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time Williams filed his initial postconviction petition. Williams, 2020 IL App (2d)
180526-U, ¶ 12. The court concluded that Williams made a sufficient prima facie
showing of cause for raising the arguments about both the United States
Constitution and the Illinois Constitution in a successive postconviction petition.
Id.¶ 30 The appellate court also held Williams sufficiently alleged prejudice. Id. ¶ 18.
The court summarized the allegations and noted Williams “included his affidavit,
in which he averred to numerous issues with his upbringing, trauma involving his
mother’s death, gang influences on his life, and his rehabilitative progress in prison.
Further, he submitted the PSI, a psychological assessment, and numerous articles
regarding criminal justice reform of youthful offenders.” Id.
¶ 31 We granted the State’s petition for leave to appeal and consolidated the appeal
with Moore’s appeal. We also allowed the Children and Family Justice Center at
Northwestern Pritzker School of Law; Cabrini Green Legal Aid; the Center for
Law, Brain & Behavior; Chicago Appleseed Center for Fair Courts; Chicago
Council of Lawyers; Chicago Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights; the Civitas
Childlaw Center; the Juvenile Justice Initiative; Juvenile Law Center; the Law
Office of the Cook County Public Defender; and the National Association of Social
Workers to file a joint amici curiae brief. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010).
¶ 32 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 33 Moore argues that his petition adequately states a prima facie case for allowing
him to file a successive postconviction petition. The State argues that we should
affirm the appellate court’s judgment denying Moore leave to file the successive
petition. The State also argues that we should reverse the appellate court’s judgment
allowing Williams to file a successive postconviction petition, because Williams,
like Moore, failed to state a prima facie case for allowing him to file a successive
postconviction petition. We review de novo the denial of a motion for leave to file
a successive postconviction petition. People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 39.
¶ 34 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act, which prescribes the pleading standards for
successive postconviction petitions, provides:
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“(f) Only one petition may be filed by a petitioner under this Article without
leave of the court. Leave of court may be granted only if a petitioner
demonstrates cause for his or her failure to bring the claim in his or her initial
post-conviction proceedings and prejudice results from that failure. For
purposes of this subsection (f): (1) a prisoner shows cause by identifying an
objective factor that impeded his or her ability to raise a specific claim during
his or her initial post-conviction proceedings; and (2) a prisoner shows
prejudice by demonstrating that the claim not raised during his or her initial
post-conviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or
sentence violated due process.” 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2016).
¶ 35 Section 122-1(f) requires a petitioner to plead facts sufficient to support a
finding of both cause and prejudice for each individual claim asserted in a proposed
successive postconviction petition. People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 463
(2002). In People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶¶ 21-24 (quoting People v. Smith,
2014 IL 115946, ¶ 28), the court explained:
“ -‘[L]eave
- -- of court to file a successive postconviction petition should be denied
when it is clear, from a review of the successive petition and the documentation
submitted by the petitioner, that the claims alleged by the petitioner fail as a
matter of law or where the successive petition with supporting documentation
is insufficient to justify further proceedings.’ ***
***
*** The motion for leave to file is directed to the court, and it is the court
that must decide the legal question of whether a defendant has satisfied the
section 122-1(f) requirement of showing cause and prejudice. This is a
preliminary screening to determine whether defendant’s pro se motion for leave
to file a successive postconviction petition adequately alleges facts
demonstrating cause and prejudice. [Citation.] In other words, the court must
determine whether defendant has made a prima facie showing of cause and
prejudice.”
¶ 36 Both Moore and Williams contend their sentences of life imprisonment without
parole violate both the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution and the
proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. In their motions for leave
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to file successive postconviction petitions, both Moore and Williams claimed the
decision in Miller, 567 U.S. 460, gave them cause for raising new constitutional
challenges to their sentences.
¶ 37 A. Eighth Amendment
¶ 38 The Miller court held the eighth amendment prohibits mandatory sentencing of
a juvenile to life in prison without parole. Id. at 489. As this court said in People v.
Clark, 2023 IL 127273, ¶ 54, “Miller did not prohibit life sentences for juveniles
but, instead, held that the eighth amendment required sentencing courts to have
discretion in sentencing juveniles after considering the juvenile’s youth and the
attendant characteristics of youth.” Miller directly applies only to juveniles. While
some of the reasoning of Miller could support an argument for extending its holding
to young adults, the decision in Miller itself makes no such extension. The holding
of Miller did not change the law applicable to young adults like Moore and
Williams. “Miller’s unavailability prior to 2012 at best deprived defendant of some
helpful support for his [eighth amendment] claim, which is insufficient to establish
cause.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 67. Miller also did not change the
law applicable to discretionary sentences, even those imposed on juveniles. See
Jones v. Mississippi, 593 U.S. ___, ___, 141 S. Ct. 1307, 1314 (2021). Because
Miller did not change the law applicable to discretionary life sentences imposed on
young adults, including the sentences imposed on both Moore and Williams, Miller
did not give them cause to raise new challenges to their sentences as violations of
the eighth amendment. Moore and Williams did not sufficiently plead facts that
could support a finding of cause for failing to raise their eighth amendment
challenges prior to their proposed successive postconviction petitions.
¶ 39 B. Proportionate Penalties
¶ 40 In their petitions Moore and Williams argued Miller gave them cause to
challenge the constitutionality of their sentences under the proportionate penalties
clause of the Illinois Constitution, which requires courts to determine all penalties
both according to the seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring
the offender to useful citizenship. Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. But “ ‘Miller’s
announcement of a new substantive rule under the eighth amendment does not
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provide cause for a [juvenile offender] to raise a claim under the proportionate
penalties clause.’ ” Clark, 2023 IL 127273, ¶ 61 (quoting People v. Dorsey, 2021
IL 123010, ¶ 74). As Miller does not directly apply to young adults, it also does not
provide cause for a young adult offender to raise a claim under the proportionate
penalties clause.
¶ 41 In Clark, this court held that Miller did not establish cause for offenders with
intellectual disabilities to raise new challenges to their sentences under the
proportionate penalties clause, because “[l]ong before Miller, Illinois law
recognized the reduced culpability of defendants with intellectual disabilities.” Id.
¶ 62. Similarly, “long before Miller, Illinois law recognized the special status of
juvenile offenders for purposes of applying the principles under the proportionate
penalties clause.” Id. ¶ 61.
¶ 42 The evidence and arguments raised at the sentencing hearings for both Moore
and Williams show the parties knew Illinois law recognized the special status of
young adults, especially those subject to adverse influences, for purposes of
applying the principles of the proportionate penalties clause. “Miller does not
present new proportionate penalties clause principles with respect to discretionary
sentencing of young adult offenders. Instead, defendant had the essential legal tools
to raise his present proposed claim under the proportionate-penalties clause when
he filed his previous postconviction petitions.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
Id. ¶ 93. As Miller did not change the law applicable to young adults, it does not
provide cause for the proportionate penalties challenges advanced in Moore’s and
Williams’s proposed successive postconviction petitions. Because both Moore and
Williams have not sufficiently alleged facts that make a prima facie case showing
cause for raising their sentencing challenges in successive postconviction petitions,
we affirm the decisions of both circuit courts denying the motions for leave to file
the successive postconviction petitions. As our ruling on cause disposes of the
cases, we do not address the issue of whether Moore and Williams adequately stated
a prima facie showing of prejudice. See People v. Brown, 225 Ill. 2d 188, 207
(2007); see also Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 37.
¶ 43 III. CONCLUSION
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¶ 44 As Miller did not change the law applicable to discretionary sentences imposed
on young adult offenders, it does not provide cause for Moore and Williams to file
their proposed successive postconviction petitions. We affirm the appellate court’s
judgment affirming the circuit court’s dismissal of Moore’s petition for leave to file
a successive postconviction petition, and we reverse the appellate court’s judgment
reversing the circuit court’s dismissal of Williams’s petition for leave to file a
successive postconviction petition.
¶ 45 No. 126461, Affirmed.
¶ 46 No. 126932, Appellate court judgment reversed; circuit court judgment
affirmed.
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