Lewis v. Lead Industries Assoc. Inc.

2018 IL App (1st) 172894
Fifth Division
Opinion Filed: September 7, 2018
No. 1-17-2894
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
MARY LEWIS, TASHSWAN BANKS, and ) Appeal from the
KATHLEEN O’SULLIVAN, ) Circuit Court of
) Cook County
Plaintiffs, )
)
(Mary Lewis and Tashswan Banks, Plaintiffs- )
Appellants), )
)
v. ) No. 00 CH 9800
)
LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC., )
ATLANTIC RICHFIELD COMPANY, CONAGRA )
GROCERY PRODUCTS, INC., NL INDUSTRIES, )
INC., and THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS COMPANY, )
)
Defendants, )
)
)
(Atlantic Richfield Company, ConAgra Grocery ) Honorable
Products Inc., NL Industries, Inc., and Sherwin- ) Peter Flynn,
Williams Company, Defendants-Appellees). ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE HOFFMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Cunningham and Connors concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Mary Lewis and Tashswan Banks appeal from an order of the circuit court granting
summary judgment in favor of Atlantic Richfield Company, ConAgra Grocery Products, Inc.,
NL Industries, Inc., and The Sherwin-Williams Company (hereinafter collectively referred to as
No. 1-17-2894
the “defendants”). For the reasons which follow, we reverse and remand the matter back to the
circuit court for further proceedings.
¶2 Lewis, Banks and Kathleen O’Sullivan, on behalf of themselves and others similarly
situated, maintained the instant class-action suit against the defendants, seeking to recover the
costs of blood lead screening which their children underwent as required by the Illinois Lead
Poisoning Prevention Act (Act) (410 ILCS 45/1 et seq. (West 2000)). As certified, the class
consists of the parents or legal guardians of children who, between August 18, 1995 and
February 19, 2008, were between six months and six years of age and during that age bracket
lived in zip codes identified by the Illinois Department of Public Health as “high risk” areas
pursuant to section 6.2(a) of the Act (410 ILCS 45/6.2(a) (West 2000)) and had a venous or
capillary blood test for lead toxicity, excluding such parents and legal guardians who incurred no
expense, obligation or liability for the lead toxicity testing of their children.
¶3 On October 6, 2016, the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment against Lewis,
Banks and O’Sullivan, contending that none of the three incurred any expense, obligation or
liability for the lead toxicity testing of their children. Supported by the deposition testimony of
Lewis and Banks, the defendants asserted that both were Medicaid recipients when their children
were tested and neither paid for those tests. As to O’Sullivan, the defendants supported the
motion with her deposition, establishing that her family was insured by Blue Cross Blue Shield
and that she had no recollection of paying for blood testing of her children.
¶4 On April 20, 2017, the circuit court entered a Memorandum Order, granting the
defendants’ motion for summary judgment against Lewis, Banks and O’Sullivan. The circuit
court found that neither Lewis nor Banks is a member of the class previously certified as neither
incurred any expense, obligation or liability for the lead toxicity testing of their children. As to
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O’Sullivan, the circuit court found that she failed to show that she was a member of the certified
class by reason of her failure to present facts tending to show that she incurred an expense,
obligation, or liability for the testing of her children. On October 19, 2017, the circuit court
entered a written order finding that there is no just reason to delay enforcement of, or appeal
from, the summary judgment entered against Lewis and Banks on April 20, 2017. It declined,
however, to make similar findings as to the summary judgment entered against O’Sullivan.
¶5 On November 6, 2017, Lewis and Banks filed their notice of appeal from the summary
judgment entered against them, invoking this court’s jurisdiction pursuant to Illinois Supreme
Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016). O’Sullivan is not a party to this appeal.
¶6 As this matter comes to us on appeal from an order granting summary judgment, our
review is de novo. In re Estate of Hoover, 155 Ill. 2d 402, 411 (1993). Summary judgment is
appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if
any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to
a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2016).
¶7 The facts relevant to the disposition of this appeal are not in dispute. Both Lewis and
Banks were Medicaid recipients when their children were tested for lead toxicity, the cost of the
testing was paid by Medicaid, and neither paid any portion of the testing costs. In their reply
brief, Lewis and Banks admit that, to be members of the plaintiff class, they “must establish that
they incurred an expense, obligation, or liability” for the testing of their children. The issue
presented is one of law: whether the parents of minor children who underwent lead toxicity
testing that was paid for entirely by Medicaid incurred an “expense, obligation or liability” for
the cost of the testing.
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¶8 In urging reversal of the summary judgment entered against them, Lewis and Banks
argue that, as parents, they were primarily responsible for the medical expenses of their minor
children. See In the Interest of Wheat, 68 Ill. App. 3d 471, 475-76 (1979). They assert that their
liability for the cost of the testing of their children was incurred at the time that the services were
rendered, without regard to the fact that the cost of the testing was paid entirely by Medicaid on
some future date. Invoking the “collateral source rule,” Lewis and Banks argue that their right to
recovery for the reasonable value of their children’s lead toxicity testing is not diminished by the
fact Medicaid paid the entire cost.
¶9 In support of the summary judgment entered in their favor, the defendants argue that,
because the entire cost of the lead toxicity testing of their minor children was paid by Medicaid,
Lewis and Banks did not incur any expense, obligation or liability for the testing. The defendants
predicate their argument in this regard on the fact that a service provider eligible to receive
payments under Medicaid may not charge any individual for services which the individual is
entitled to have payment made through Medicaid (see 42 U.S.C. § 1395cc(a)(1)((A)(i) (2012); 89
Ill. Adm. Code 140.12(i)(1)(2014)), and the State may not seek reimbursement from a Medicaid
recipient for any payments made to health care providers for services rendered on their behalf
(see 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(b)(1) (2012)). They contend that the statutes governing Medicaid: “(i)
completely insulate plaintiffs [Lewis and Banks] from any obligation to pay the providers, and
(ii) impose no obligation on plaintiffs [Lewis and Banks] to reimburse the State.” Although we
agree that neither Lewis nor Banks is obligated to reimburse the State for all, or any portion, of
the payment made for the testing of their children, we disagree that their eligibility for Medicaid
payments insulated them from any obligation to pay for the testing services.
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¶ 10 “[T]he Family Expense Act [(750 ILCS 65/15 (West 2000))] codifies the common-law
rule making parents liable for the expenses of their minor children.” Manago By & Through
Pritchett v. County of Cook, 2017 IL 121078, ¶ 12 (citing Clark v. Children’s Memorial
Hospital, 2011 IL 108656, ¶ 51). That statute obligates parents to pay for the “expenses of
the family,” which includes medical expenses of their minor children. 750 ILCS 65/15(a)(1)
(West 2000); Graul v. Adrian, 32 Ill. 2d 345, 347 (1965); Pirrello v. Maryville Academy, Inc.,
2014 IL App (1st) 133964, ¶ 11. The obligation to pay the medical expenses for a minor child is
that of the parent, and, therefore, the cause of action to recover for medical expenses lies in the
parent. Estate of Hammond v. Aetna Casualty, 141 Ill. App. 3d 963, 965 (1986). The parent’s
right of action is not affected by the fact that a third party paid those expenses. Id. And the fact
that the source of the payment was Medicaid as opposed to a private insurance company is a
“distinction without a difference.” See Wills v. Foster, 229 Ill. 2d 393, 418 (2008).
¶ 11 The collateral source rule provides that benefits received by an injured party from a
source wholly independent of, and collateral to, the tortfeasor will not diminish the damages
which are recoverable from the tortfeasor. See id. at 399. The defendants do not deny that the
payments by Medicaid for the lead toxicity testing of Lewis’s and Banks’ minor children was
independent of, and collateral to, them. The defendants contend, however, that the collateral
source rule does not apply in a case involving a purely economic injury. We disagree.
¶ 12 One of the justifications for the collateral source rule is that a tortfeasor should not
benefit from, or take advantage of, the contracts or other relations that may exist between an
injured party and third persons. Wilson v. The Hoffman Group, Inc., 131 Ill. 2d 308, 320 (1989).
That justification is no less compelling in a case involving a purely economic injury than in a
case involving personal injury. In either case, a “ ‘benefit that is directed to the injured party
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should not be shifted so as to become a windfall for the tortfeasor.’ ” Arthur v. Catour, 216 Ill.
2d 72, 78-79 (2005), quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 920A(2), Comment b, at 514
(1979)). And it matters little that the benefit bestowed upon the injured party is the result of a
relationship with the government such as her entitlement to Medicaid benefits. See Willis, 229
Ill. 2d at 413.
¶ 13 Lewis and Banks seek recovery for the cost of the lead toxicity testing of their minor
children which they allege was the proximate result of the defendants’ civil conspiracy. As
parents, they were statutorily liable for the cost of that testing. We conclude, therefore, that they
have a cause of action for the reasonable value of the testing services, without regard to the fact
that Medicaid paid the entire cost.
¶ 14 Based on the foregoing analysis, we reverse the summary judgment entered against
Lewis and Banks on April 20, 2017, and remand this cause back to the circuit court for further
proceedings.
¶ 15 Reversed and remanded.
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