People v. Marshall

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
Appellate Court
People v. Marshall, 2013 IL App (5th) 110430
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption MARCUS MARSHALL, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. Fifth District
Docket No. 5-11-0430
Filed September 13, 2013
Held Defendant’s conviction for first-degree murder was reversed and the
(Note: This syllabus cause was remanded for a new trial where the State admitted that the
constitutes no part of prosecution’s egregious use of racial prejudice throughout the trial in the
the opinion of the court evidence and arguments amounted to plain error that denied defendant a
but has been prepared fair trial.
by the Reporter of
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Williamson County, No. 10-CF-342;
Review the Hon. John Speroni, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on Steven A. Greenberg and Sean O’Malley, both of Steven A. Greenberg
Appeal & Associates, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant.
Charles Garnati, State’s Attorney, of Marion (Patrick Delfino, Stephen E.
Norris, and Patrick D. Daly, all of State’s Attorneys Appellate
Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Justices Chapman and Wexstten concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Marcus Marshall, argues on appeal that he was denied a fair trial by the
State’s racially based evidence and arguments. The State has filed a confession of error. We
find the defendant’s contentions and the State’s confession to be well-taken. For the reasons
that follow, we reverse and remand the cause for a new trial.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 On August 23, 2010, and August 25, 2010, Marshall was charged by information with
two counts of first-degree murder of the victim, LaQuinn Hudson, in contravention of
sections 9-1(a)(1) and (a)(2) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (a)(2)
(West 2010)).
¶4 The jury trial commenced on July 5, 2011. The following relevant information was
adduced at trial. In the early morning hours of August 22, 2010, LaQuinn Hudson was shot
to death at a house party in Marion, Illinois. At trial, the State produced, among many others,
two witnesses, Jodie Lacy and Crystal Blye, who testified to facts that implicated Marshall
in the murder of the victim.
¶5 Lacy testified that after leaving a bar slightly before midnight on August 21, 2010, she
traveled to a home where a party was being held. At some point during the party, she heard
four or five shots being fired. She ran to her car. She testified that though she did not
immediately recognize the man who had been shot, she did see Marshall running away from
the place where the shots had been fired. Lacy shared this information with an investigator.
However, Lacy later wrote a letter to Marshall’s attorney recanting the information she
originally shared with the investigator. Nevertheless, Lacy testified for the State at the trial,
repeating the original information she had given police.
¶6 Blye testified that she was also at the same bar as Lacy before it closed. She observed
Marshall and the victim at the bar, but did not see any altercation take place there. Blye then
left the bar and went to the house party. Blye testified that she overheard an argument
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between Marshall and the victim. She heard Marshall repeatedly ask the victim to reveal
whatever weapons he had. The victim replied that he did not have any weapons. Blye
testified that she did not see a gun in Marshall’s hand prior to the shooting, but did see a
bright light that was accompanied by the sound of three gunshots. At that point, she was able
to see a gun in Marshall’s hand. Blye gave a report to the investigator later in the day.
However, Blye also gave a letter to Marshall’s attorney recanting the information she gave
to the police. Like Lacy, Blye also testified for the State at trial, repeating the original
information she had given to police.
¶7 The issues in this appeal concern the prosecutor’s opening statement and closing
argument regarding the witnesses, Lacy and Blye. In his opening statement, the prosecutor,
apparently in an effort to explain why both Lacy and Blye gave statements to police, then
recanted those statements, then agreed to testify for the State at trial, stated the following:
“And you will see, ladies and gentlemen, that there are some, not all–there are many
good people in the black community, but basically you will see that there are a few in the
black community who refuse to cooperate with the police even when a murder happens
right under their nose, and those people have a habit of intimidating, harassing,
sometimes threatening anybody who they think is cooperating with the police. That’s
what makes this case so difficult, ladies and gentlemen.”
¶8 In his closing argument, the prosecutor stated the following:
“But I think what is most crucial in deciding this case, in deciding the credibility of Jodie
Lacy and Crystal Blye, and in deciding most of the other issues in this case, is to
understand the culture of the black community here in Marion.
Please, you have to keep in the back of your mind how many people in that
community feel about law enforcement. You have to understand and keep in mind how
they react to the police and to the prosecutors. Sometimes for people like us, that’s hard
to understand. People were brought up to believe that the police were their friends; that
when something happens, when we are in trouble, that the police are our friends. And
that’s where we go to get help from is the police when bad things happen.
But in the black community here in Marion, it’s just the opposite. Most–for whatever
reasons, most of these people were raised to believe that the police and prosecutors are
the enemy; that for some reason, we are always out to get them. In their mindset, the
biggest sin that you could–that you can commit is to be a snitch in the community. The
biggest sin that you could commit is to ever cooperate with the police on anything. It’s
a sin to even cooperate when one of your own people gets brutally gunned down and is
left to bleed to death.
And I am not saying that the whole black community is like that, ladies and
gentlemen. There are some very good law[-]abiding citizens in that community here in
Marion. But the evidence has shown that again, for whatever reasons, there is an intense
dislike and even hatred for the police. And this group of people who feel that way make
it extremely hard on the people who are law-abiding and want to do what is right and
who are willing to come forward and give information that they have when a crime has
been committed.”
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¶9 The other notable statement the prosecutor made during closing argument was as follows:
“Now, in our white world, ladies and gentlemen, our automatic reaction in that type
of situation, if somebody gives a statement to the police and then later on changes their
story, the automatic response would be that that person is not truthful and that there is
a problem with their credibility.
But again, please look at their testimony and what they did and what they didn’t do
through the eyes of the people who are raised, again, to feel that the police are always
against them and that they cannot trust the police.”
¶ 10 Defense counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s opening statement or closing argument
either at the time of trial or in a posttrial motion. On July 14, 2011, the jury returned a guilty
verdict on both counts of first-degree murder. On September 30, 2011, the circuit court
vacated the conviction on count II and sentenced Marshall to 85 years’ imprisonment in the
Illinois Department of Corrections. Marshall appeals, arguing that he was denied a fair trial
by the prosecutor’s opening statement and closing argument.
¶ 11 ANALYSIS
¶ 12 Generally, a defendant must object both at the time of trial and in a posttrial motion to
preserve potential errors for review. People v. Kiefel, 2013 IL App (3d) 110402, ¶ 16.
However, under the plain error doctrine, a reviewing court may consider an unpreserved error
if either (1) the evidence is so closely balanced that the jury’s verdict may have resulted from
the error rather than the evidence or (2) the error was so fundamental and of such a
magnitude that it affected the fairness of the trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial
process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 178-
79 (2005). In this case, defense counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s arguments either
at the time of trial or in a posttrial motion, rendering the errors unpreserved.
¶ 13 In undertaking a plain error analysis, we must first determine whether any error occurred.
People v. Williams, 193 Ill. 2d 1, 27 (2000). Our courts have consistently condemned the
introduction of race into a prosecutor’s arguments. See People v. Eddmonds, 101 Ill. 2d 44,
66 (1984) (“appeals to racial prejudice [in prosecutorial arguments] are to be condemned”);
People v. Brown, 170 Ill. App. 3d 273, 283 (1988); People v. Richardson, 49 Ill. App. 3d 170(1977). It is obvious, here, that the prosecutor’s remarks constituted error.
¶ 14 We need not address Marshall’s argument with regard to the first prong of the plain error
rule, because we find that, under the second prong of the test, the errors committed
constituted a fundamental violation that affected the fairness of the trial under the second
prong of the test. In People v. Richardson, the prosecutor’s closing argument was similar to
that of the prosecutor in this case. People v. Richardson, 49 Ill. App. 3d 170 (1977). The
prosecutor in Richardson said: “ ‘First of all, concerning the defendant’s witness, you have
to remember that they don’t live in the same social structure that we do, that you and I do.
*** The society they live in do not consider the truth a great virtue. The society they live in,
they lie every day. It is nothing to them to protect one of their own kind by lying.’ ” Id. at
172-73. And later in the argument, the prosecutor stated: “ ‘Does it make any sense to you
that people like this tell the truth? Not especially, if one of their own is being prosecuted by
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white society.’ ” Id. at 173. Finding that the language the prosecutor used was an unmitigated
appeal to prejudice and deprived the defendant of a fair trial, the case was reversed on appeal
and remanded for a new trial. The facts here are similar, although the improper statements
in this case were not limited to the closing argument. The prosecutor’s remarks were not an
isolated event in this case. It was a consistent theme in the presentation of the State’s theory
of the case. The introduction of race was arbitrary–the elements of the charge of first-degree
murder do not require any showing of the racial makeup of the community in which the
crime took place. See 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2010). Nor does race bear on the
credibility of the State’s witnesses. The prosecutor urged the jurors to keep in the back of the
their minds how the “black community” felt about law enforcement, that “understand[ing]
the culture of the black community here in Marion” would decide “most of the other issues
in this case” along with the witnesses’ credibility. We cannot say that the jury did not
consider these improper and inflammatory remarks when reaching its verdict. This error was
substantial, and we have found plain error for less-flagrant remarks from a prosecutor.
¶ 15 Next, a prosecutor has wide latitude in closing argument and may argue fair and
reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence presented at trial. People v. Porter, 372 Ill.
App. 3d 973, 978 (2007). However, a prosecutor may not argue facts not based in evidence
in the record. People v. Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d 53, 115 (2003). Here, the prosecutor did not
introduce any evidence about the makeup of the community in which the crime took place,
yet he did argue supposed “facts” about the community during the presentation of the case,
such as the “culture of the black community” and “how many people in that community feel
about law enforcement.” These “facts” had no basis in the evidence and lacked any sort of
foundation. His “facts” were naked prejudice.
¶ 16 Finally, the prosecutor improperly aligned himself with the jury when he contrasted the
“black community” with “our white world.” Ignoring, for a moment, the extremely racially
prejudicial comparison that the prosecutor introduced when he said that statement, the
prosecutor cannot create an “us versus them” argument during closing argument and
effectively make himself a thirteenth member of the jury. People v. Vasquez, 8 Ill. App. 3d
679, 681 (1972); see also People v. Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d 53, 80 (2003), and People v.
Johnson, 149 Ill. App. 3d 465, 468 (1986).
¶ 17 The State’s use of race was an egregious and consistent theme throughout the trial. Even
if the prosecutor had made only one reference to race, such reference would fall within a
category that our courts have previously found to be plain error. That there were multiple
instances of such racial prejudice is all the more reason to warrant a new trial for Marshall.
These errors were so substantial that Marshall was denied the right to a fair trial.
¶ 18 CONCLUSION
¶ 19 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Williamson County is
reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial. We direct our clerk to issue the mandate
instanter.
¶ 20 Reversed and remanded.
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