People v. Yoder

2023 IL App (5th) 200203-UNOTICE
NOTICE
Decision filed 02/15/23. The
This order was filed under
text of this decision may be NO. 5-20-0203
Supreme Court Rule 23 and is
changed or corrected prior to
the filing of a Petition for not precedent except in the
Rehearing or the disposition of
IN THE limited circumstances allowed
the same. under Rule 23(e)(1).
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Effingham County.
)
v. ) No. 18-CF-233
)
CHARLES D. YODER, ) Honorable
) Kevin S. Parker,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE BOIE delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Moore and Vaughan concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The judgment of the trial court is affirmed where the court did not abuse its
discretion in denying the defendant leave to withdraw his guilty plea, and the record
reveals substantial compliance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 401(a) (eff. July
1, 1984). The defendant’s appointed counsel on appeal is granted leave to withdraw.
¶2 The defendant, Charles D. Yoder, entered an open guilty plea to theft and was sentenced
to three years in prison. The defendant thereafter filed a motion to withdraw his plea and sought
to modify his sentence. The trial court denied the defendant relief, and he now appeals.
¶3 The defendant’s appointed attorney, the Office of the State Appellate Defender (OSAD),
has concluded that this appeal lacks merit. Accordingly, OSAD filed a motion for leave to
withdraw as counsel (see Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967)), along with a memorandum
in support of the motion. OSAD provided the defendant with a copy of its Anders motion and
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memorandum. The court has provided defendant with the opportunity to file a written pro se
response explaining why this appeal has merit. The defendant has filed a response. Having
reviewed OSAD’s Anders motion and memorandum, the defendant’s response, and the entire
record on appeal, this court concludes that the instant appeal does indeed lack merit. Accordingly,
we grant OSAD leave to withdraw and affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶4 BACKGROUND
¶5 In 2018, the defendant was charged by information with one count of Class 3 felony theft.
The count alleged that on May 18, 2018, he knowingly exerted unauthorized control of a wallet
and currency belonging to Lorenzo Chopol, having a value in excess of $500, but less than
$10,000, intending to deprive Chopol permanently of the use and benefit of the property. 720 ILCS
5/16-1(a)(1)(A), (b)(4) (West 2018). The information stated that defendant was eligible for an
extended-term prison sentence. A bill of indictment was filed on July 18, 2018.
¶6 During the pendency of this case, the defendant was charged with aggravated battery and
retail theft in case No. 18-CF-482, arising from a December 11, 2018, incident at the Flying J truck
stop. 1
¶7 On February 25, 2019, trial counsel sent a letter to the defendant detailing a plea offer from
the State. If defendant would enter a plea of guilty a proposed second count—the Class 4 offense
of theft with a prior conviction—the State would dismiss count I, the Class 3 felony theft charge,
as well the Flying J case. The letter stated that at sentencing, the trial court could impose probation,
conditional discharge, or a prison term up to the extended-term sentence for a Class 4 offense
which was six years. Counsel acknowledged that the offer “may not be everything” that the
1
The defendant was also charged with retail theft in case No. 19-CF-19. That case was dismissed
on January 23, 2019.
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defendant wanted, but noted that footage depicted the offense, the more serious charges would be
dismissed, and the defendant would no longer be subject to consecutive sentencing for committing
a felony while on bail for another felony.
¶8 On March 1, 2019, the State charged the defendant with a second count of theft in this case.
Count II alleged that on May 18, 2018, he knowingly exerted unauthorized control of a wallet and
currency belonging to Chopol, having a total value in excess of $500, but less than $10,000,
intending to deprive Chopol permanently of the use and benefit of the property and that the
defendant was previously convicted of burglary.
¶9 At a hearing the same day, the State asked for a sentencing date for the open plea and stated
that case No. 18-CF-482 was dismissed as part of the plea.
¶ 10 The court admonished the defendant that count II alleged that on May 18, 2018, he
committed theft in that he knowingly exerted unauthorized control over Chopol’s property, which
had a value of more than $500, but less than $10,000, and that he was previously convicted of
burglary in case No. 80-CF-17. The court further stated that the offense was a Class 3 felony with
a sentencing range of 2 to 5 years in prison, followed by 1 year of mandatory supervised release,
and that based upon the defendant’s criminal history, he may be eligible for an extended-term
sentence of 2 to 10 years in prison.
¶ 11 Defendant asked to confer with his attorney. Trial counsel then stated that there was an
error in the charging document. The State asked for leave to amend count II to allege that the value
of the property was less than $500, and that the offense was a Class 4 felony. The court granted
leave and asked the defendant whether he understood the amendments. The defendant stated that
he understood, as that was “the original offer” to which he agreed.
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¶ 12 The trial court then stated that the sentencing range for a Class 4 felony was one to three
years in prison, and that an extended-term sentence was one to six years in prison. The defendant
indicated that he understood. The court then admonished the defendant that he had the right to a
trial where he would be presumed innocent, would be represented by an attorney, and could
confront the State’s witnesses, remain silent, and present a defense. The defendant stated that he
understood. The court asked whether any threats or promises resulted in the plea, and the defendant
stated that he was acting of his “own free will.”
¶ 13 The State presented the factual basis for the plea, explaining that surveillance footage
depicted the defendant taking a wallet containing “about” $500 from Chopol.
¶ 14 The trial court accepted the factual basis for the plea, found that the plea was knowing and
voluntary, and continued the case for sentencing. The defendant did not appear at the June 3, 2019,
sentencing hearing. At a hearing on August 9, 2019, the trial court noted that the defendant pled
guilty to a Class 4 felony and asked whether he was eligible for an extended-term sentence. The
State responded affirmatively.
¶ 15 On August 16, 2019, the trial court noted that the parties’ joint sentence recommendation
was three years in prison. The defendant stated that he agreed with this sentence. The trial court
accepted the recommendation and imposed a three-year prison term. The court admonished the
defendant regarding his appeal rights and that he had 30 days to file a motion to withdraw the
guilty plea or modify the sentence. The court noted that if the motion to modify were granted, the
defendant’s sentence could be modified, and if his motion to withdraw the guilty plea were granted,
the case would “start all over again.” The defendant stated that he understood. The court finally
stated that trial counsel would continue to represent the defendant during this 30-day period, and
the defendant indicated that he understood.
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¶ 16 On September 9, 2019, the defendant filed a pro se “Motion to Vacate Unconstitutional
Sentence,” alleging that he “accidently discovered” and took the victim’s wallet, and that he was
denied effective assistance.
¶ 17 In a supporting affidavit, the defendant averred that the charging document at the March 1,
2019, hearing alleged a Class 3 felony, was amended twice, and changed the “very nature” of the
elements of the offense. The defendant asserted that the charging document described a
misdemeanor, that the enhancement to a Class 4 felony was not raised or explained to him, and
that he was threatened with the extended-term sentence for a Class 4 offense although he was not
charged with a felony. The defendant concluded that the trial court, the State, and trial counsel
allowed an “unconstitutional punishment.” On September 12, 2019, the defendant filed a pro se
motion to withdraw the plea and vacate the sentence.
¶ 18 On September 13, 2019, trial counsel filed a motion to withdraw as counsel based upon the
defendant’s pro se ineffective assistance claim.
¶ 19 On September 19, 2019, the defendant filed a pro se “Amendment Clarification to Post-
Conviction Motion,” requesting a hearing on his ineffective assistance claims and asserting that
he did not seek to withdraw the plea to “what he believe[d] *** he pled guilty to,” but rather, he
sought to modify his sentence.
¶ 20 On October 16, 2019, the trial court permitted trial counsel to withdraw. The defendant
stated that he wanted to proceed pro se and declined the court’s offer to appoint counsel. The
defendant added that he did not want to withdraw his plea; rather, he wanted to vacate an
“unconstitutional” and “excessive” sentence. He explained he was imprisoned for a misdemeanor,
and that the court failed to admonish him regarding a “new charge” that was filed and amended by
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“ink pen.” The court agreed that the charge was “amended on the face,” but noted that the
defendant’s prior burglary conviction elevated the charge to a felony. The case was continued.
¶ 21 On November 7, 2019, the defendant filed a pro se motion seeking a hearing pursuant to
People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984). On January 21, 2020, he filed a pro se “Supplemental
Post-Conviction Motion,” alleging that the underlying charge was or “should have been” a
misdemeanor, and that the attempts to enhance the sentence were unconstitutional.
¶ 22 At a March 13, 2020, hearing, the trial court noted that the defendant’s pro se motion
sought to withdraw the plea and alleged ineffective assistance. The defendant stated that he did
not want to withdraw the guilty plea; rather, he wanted “the sentence vacated on the felony
conviction,” because the offense was not a felony. The court responded that the defendant pled
guilty to an amended charge on March 1, 2019, was admonished as to that charge, and told the
court that he understood. The court asked whether the defendant wished to proceed on the
ineffective assistance claims raised in the September 12, 2019, motion and the defendant answered
affirmatively. The court asked whether the defendant wished to have counsel appointed, and he
said no.
¶ 23 At a June 19, 2020, hearing, the trial court reviewed the history of the case including that
on March 1, 2019, the defendant entered an open guilty plea to an amended charge of “theft with
a prior,” and that there was a discussion to ensure that he pled guilty to a Class 4 felony. Thereafter,
the parties made a joint recommendation for a sentence which the court imposed. The defendant
filed a timely pro se motion to withdraw the plea and vacate the sentence, as well as a pro se
document seeking a Krankel inquiry. The court noted that it previously asked the defendant if he
wanted counsel appointed for posttrial motions, and he declined.
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¶ 24 The court then held a preliminary Krankel inquiry. The defendant first stated that he did
not want to withdraw his guilty plea; rather, he wanted his sentence vacated. The defendant argued
that he was erroneously charged with a Class 3 felony because the theft of a wallet, even when a
defendant has a prior conviction, cannot constitute a Class 3 felony. The court noted that the
defendant was addressing the wrong count, because he pled guilty to the Class 4 offense of theft
under count II.
¶ 25 The defendant replied that even after “we all agreed” that the offense was a Class 4 felony,
the court’s admonishments referenced the extended-term sentence for a Class 3 felony, which
confused the defendant and “basically threatened” him with the longer extended-term sentence.
The defendant further stated that the offense was a misdemeanor, and “only” classified as a Class
4 felony due to a prior conviction. The defendant asserted, however, that a double enhancement
was illegal, and here, the offense was enhanced based on “the dollar amount,” and subjected to “an
extended-term enhancement of the sentence.” The defendant acknowledged that trial counsel was
“an awesome lawyer” about whom he had “nothing bad to say,” but that trial counsel, the State,
and the trial court were “all confused” as to the class of the offense on March 1, 2019.
¶ 26 After the defendant finished his argument, the trial court found that he did not raise “any
Krankel issues,” and the court would turn to the motion to withdraw the guilty plea. The defendant
responded that if trial counsel permitted a double enhancement, there was “an issue.”
¶ 27 The trial court then asked trial counsel to respond. Counsel stated that the plea reduced the
charge from a Class 3 offense to a Class 4 offense, but that the State arrived at the plea hearing
with a “poorly drafted” document. Counsel further stated that the “dollar amount” was not an
element of the offense, but that a prior theft conviction enhanced the offense from a misdemeanor
to a Class 4 offense. Counsel concluded that no double enhancement occurred because the
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defendant had prior convictions, other than the prior theft conviction, which made him eligible for
an extended-term sentence.
¶ 28 The defendant responded that while the “last thing” he wanted was to say trial counsel was
a not a good lawyer, the plea hearing was confusing and the “dollar amount” of the offense and
the defendant’s prior conviction were both used to “enhance” the offense. Trial counsel reiterated
that the outcome of the March 1, 2019, hearing was negotiated in advance and “precisely” how
counsel described the State’s offer to defendant in a February 25, 2019, letter.
¶ 29 The State told the court that the defendant was eligible for an extended-term sentence due
to a prior conviction “in 14-CF-434,” and that his guilty plea was knowingly and voluntarily made.
The State noted that the victim had $500 in his wallet, and that the defendant made a “prudent”
decision to reduce his “exposure” from 10 years in prison to 6 years.
¶ 30 On July 10, 2020, the trial court denied the defendant relief, noting that he did not want to
withdraw his plea, only to modify his sentence. The court rejected the defendant’s argument that
he was confused as to the “potential outcomes” when he entered a guilty plea and then agreed to a
negotiated prison sentence. The court further found that the defendant did not meet the preliminary
Krankel burden and admonished him as to his appeal rights. The defendant appeals.
¶ 31 ANALYSIS
¶ 32 In its motion to withdraw, OSAD identifies two potential issues which could be raised on
appeal but which it concludes have no arguable merit. First, counsel considered whether the trial
court abused its discretion by denying the defendant leave to withdraw his guilty plea. Second,
counsel considered whether the trial court properly admonished the defendant pursuant to Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 401(a) (eff. July 1, 1984), prior to permitting him to proceed pro se.
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¶ 33 “ ‘In order to satisfy due process, a guilty plea must be affirmatively shown to have been
made voluntarily and intelligently.’ ” People v. Bryant, 2016 IL App (5th) 140334, ¶ 36 (quoting
People v. Fuller, 205 Ill. 2d 308, 322 (2002)). Accordingly, Illinois Supreme Court Rule 402(a)
requires that, prior to accepting a guilty plea, the trial court admonish the defendant (1) of the
nature of the charge; (2) of the minimum and maximum sentence prescribed by law, including,
when applicable, any penalty due to prior convictions or consecutive sentences; (3) that the
defendant has the right to plead not guilty; and (4) that if the defendant pleads guilty there will not
be a trial of any kind, so that by pleading guilty he waives the right to a trial by jury and the right
to be confronted with the witnesses against her. Ill. S. Ct. R. 402(a) (eff. July 1, 2012). The trial
court must substantially comply with the requirements of Rule 402. People v. Whitfield, 217 Ill.
2d 177, 195 (2005).
¶ 34 A defendant does not have the “automatic right” to withdraw his guilty plea. People v.
Delvillar, 235 Ill. 2d 507, 520 (2009). “Leave to withdraw a guilty plea is granted not as a matter
of right, but only as required to correct a manifest injustice under the facts involved.” People v.
Ferral-Mujica, 2017 IL App (2d) 160240, ¶ 22. A defendant should be allowed to withdraw a
guilty plea and plead not guilty if
“ ‘it appears that the plea *** was entered on a misapprehension of the facts or of the law,
or in consequence of misrepresentations by counsel or the State’s Attorney or someone else
in authority, or the case is one where there is doubt of the guilt of the accused, or where
the accused has a defense worthy of consideration by a jury, or where the ends of justice
will be better served by submitting the case to a jury.’ ” People v. Davis, 145 Ill. 2d 240,
244 (1991) (quoting People v. Morreale, 412 Ill. 528, 531-32 (1952)).
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¶ 35 Whether a defendant is permitted to withdraw a guilty plea rests within the trial court’s
discretion. People v. Hughes, 2012 IL 112817, ¶ 32. An abuse of discretion will be found only
when the trial court’s “ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, unreasonable, or no reasonable person would
take the view adopted by the trial court.” Delvillar, 235 Ill. 2d at 519.
¶ 36 Here, despite initial confusion as to the class of the offense to which the defendant was
entering a plea, the error was discovered and corrected. Then, the trial court properly admonished
the defendant as the nature of the offense and the minimum and maximum sentences. The court
also admonished the defendant that he had the right to a trial where he would be presumed
innocent, could present a defense, confront the State’s witnesses, and remain silent, and would be
represented by counsel. Each time the trial court asked the defendant whether he understood, the
defendant stated that he did. The court also asked whether any threats or promises resulted in the
plea, and the defendant stated that he was acting of his “own free will.” See People v. Artale, 244
Ill. App. 3d 469, 475 (1993) (where the record refutes assertions that a plea was not knowing and
voluntary, the court may deny a motion to withdraw the plea, as the “proper and meticulous
admonition” of a defendant “cannot simply be ignored”).
¶ 37 We agree with OSAD that because the trial court substantially complied with the
requirements of Rule 402, no meritorious argument could be raised on appeal regarding the
admonishments.
¶ 38 OSAD further concludes that the defendant’s claim that he was coerced by the trial court
and the State to plead guilty to a felony that did not exist lacks merit. Counsel notes that the
defendant admitted that he entered a guilty plea to the proper offense, but asserted that he was
threatened with an extended-term sentence that would have constituted a double enhancement, and
that the trial court, the State, and his attorney permitted this improper sentence due to confusion.
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¶ 39 However, “[i]n the absence of substantial objective proof showing that a defendant’s
mistaken impressions were reasonably justified, subjective impressions alone are not sufficient
grounds on which to vacate a guilty plea.” Davis, 145 Ill. 2d at 244. Here, the fact that the defendant
later came to believe that his sentence was improper is insufficient grounds upon which to warrant
the withdrawal of his guilty plea. Moreover, the defendant cannot meet his burden “to establish
that the circumstances existing at the time of the plea, judged by objective standards, justified the
mistaken impression” (id.), when the record reveals that the initial error as to the class of the
offense was corrected and the court explained the correct charge and sentencing range.
Additionally, after the charge was amended, the trial court asked the defendant whether he
understood; the defendant answered in the affirmative, noting that the amendment represented “the
original offer” to which he agreed.
¶ 40 As the defendant failed to demonstrate an objective reason for his alleged misapprehension
regarding his sentence, we agree with OSAD that no meritorious argument may be made that the
trial court abused its discretion when denying the defendant leave to withdraw his guilty plea.
¶ 41 OSAD also considered whether the trial court properly admonished the defendant pursuant
to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 401(a) at the time the defendant waived his right to counsel.
¶ 42 A defendant has the right to waive counsel and proceed pro se. People v. Black, 2011 IL
App (5th) 080089, ¶ 11. In those cases, the trial court must inform the defendant of “the right being
abandoned and the consequences of the decision.” Id.¶ 43 Pursuant to Rule 401(a), before permitting a defendant to proceed pro se, the trial court
must admonish him regarding (1) the nature of the charge, (2) the minimum and maximum
sentences including, when applicable, any penalties due to prior convictions or consecutive
sentences, and (3) that he has the right to a court-appointed attorney. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 401(a) (eff.
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July 1, 1984). The purpose of the rule is to ensure that any waiver of counsel is knowing and
voluntary. See People v. Washington, 2016 IL App (1st) 131198, ¶ 48. “Strict, technical
compliance with Rule 401(a) is not always required; ‘[r]ather, substantial compliance will be
sufficient to effectuate a valid waiver if the record indicates that the waiver was made knowingly
and voluntarily, and the admonishment the defendant received did not prejudice his [or her]
rights.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Haynes, 174 Ill. 2d 204, 236 (1996)). The trial court’s decision to
permit a defendant to proceed pro se will be reversed only if the court abused its discretion. Id.
¶ 50. Whether the trial court properly admonished the defendant is a question of law that we review
de novo. Id.
¶ 44 Here, the record reveals substantial compliance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 401(a).
First, the discussions between the trial court and the defendant took place in open court.
Additionally, at the plea hearing, the defendant was admonished as to the nature of the offense,
the minimum and maximum sentences, including the fact that he was eligible for an extended-term
sentence, and that he was entitled to appointed counsel for trial. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 401(a) (eff. July
1, 1984). Thereafter, at sentencing, the trial court admonished the defendant that trial counsel
would continue to represent him during the 30 days after the entry of his plea. Upon the granting
of trial counsel’s motion to withdraw, the trial court offered the defendant new counsel and the
defendant declined. At a subsequent hearing, the trial court asked the defendant whether he wanted
counsel appointed and the defendant again declined.
¶ 45 We agree with OSAD that the trial court substantially complied with Rule 401(a) when the
defendant was admonished when entering the guilty plea as to the nature of the charge and the
applicable sentence, and was subsequently admonished regarding his right to postplea counsel,
and therefore no meritorious claim can be raised regarding the defendant’s waiver.
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¶ 46 In his response, the defendant reiterates that he was overcharged because his conduct
amounted to a misdemeanor rather than a felony and did not warrant a prison sentence. He further
contends that his attorney permitted him to be “overprosecuted.” However, as discussed, defendant
entered a guilty plea to the Class 4 offense of theft, one of the elements of that offense was the
defendant’s prior conviction, and the defendant represented to the trial court that he understood
the charge and agreed with the three-year sentence recommendation. Therefore, we agree with
OSAD that no meritorious argument could be raised on appeal that the trial court erred in denying
the defendant leave to withdraw his guilty plea.
¶ 47 CONCLUSION
¶ 48 For the forgoing reasons, we grant OSAD’s motion to withdraw and affirm the decision of
the circuit court of Effingham County.
¶ 49 Motion granted; judgment affirmed.
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