People v. Holmon

2019 IL App (5th) 160207NOTICE
Decision filed 08/26/19. The
text of this decision may be NO. 5-16-0207
changed or corrected prior to
the filing of a Petition for
Rehearing or the disposition of
IN THE
the same.
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Madison County.
)
v. ) No. 12-CF-1869
)
JOHN HOLMON III, ) Honorable
) Neil T. Schroeder,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE CHAPMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Cates and Moore concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 This case involves the tragic beating death of a toddler. The defendant, John Holmon III,
was charged with the child’s murder, and the evidence at trial overwhelmingly supported his
subsequent conviction on that charge. The defendant appeals, arguing that he was denied a fair
trial due to numerous instances of prosecutorial misconduct during closing arguments. Although
we agree with the defendant that the prosecutor made several blatantly improper comments
during her closing argument, we do not find that reversal is warranted in light of the
overwhelming evidence against the defendant, the lack of objection to most of the challenged
remarks, and the fact that the trial court sustained objections to many of the most egregious of
the challenged remarks. For these reasons, we affirm.
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¶2 When the events at issue in this case took place, the defendant and his girlfriend, Dollie
Rusher, lived with Dollie’s 20-month-old son, Jasean Rusher, and her mother, Tommie Rusher.
On the morning of September 10, 2012, the defendant and Dollie woke up early. They put little
Jasean in his stroller and walked to the bus stop so that Dollie could catch a 6:33 a.m. bus for her
first day of college. After Dollie got on the bus, the defendant took Jasean home. When they got
there, Tommie was awake and getting ready to leave the house. She left the house at 7:10 a.m.
The defendant gave Jasean his breakfast, changed his clothes, and put him in his crib. Then he
went back to bed so he could get enough sleep before going to work. He set his alarm clock for
12:40 p.m.
¶3 The overwhelming evidence at trial showed that Jasean died sometime between 7:10 a.m.
and 12:40 p.m. that day. Overwhelming evidence also showed that Jasean died due to extensive
traumatic injuries inflicted on him during a beating. It is undisputed that the defendant was alone
with Jasean during the relevant time period.
¶4 At trial, jurors saw a video-recorded deposition given by Tommie Rusher. She testified
by deposition because she was diagnosed with cancer and died before trial. Tommie testified that
on the morning Jasean died, she briefly saw Jasean and the defendant after they returned from
taking Dollie to the bus stop. At that time, Jasean did not have any bruises. Tommie left the
house at 7:10 a.m. to volunteer at a soup kitchen for homeless people. When she returned home
at 12:15 p.m., she did not immediately see the defendant or Jasean. She made some coffee and
went to her bedroom to put away her shoes. She testified that the defendant came into her
bedroom carrying Jasean. He told her, “I don’t know what’s wrong. He was fine five minutes
ago.”
¶5 Tommie testified that Jasean was naked and cold and he looked like he was dead. He had
cuts on his forehead and bruises on his arms. She testified that the defendant gave her two
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different explanations for what had happened. He told her that Jasean must have fallen out of his
crib. He also told her that the dogs had been rolling Jasean around on the floor. Tommie wrapped
Jasean in a blanket and attempted to perform CPR on him. She told the defendant to call 9-1-1,
but the defendant told her that his phone was lost. Tommie told him to call with her phone, but
she stated that he still refused to do so. Tommie called 9-1-1 herself. A recording of that call was
played for the jury. Tommie continued to perform CPR until medics arrived to transport Jasean
to the emergency room.
¶6 Tommie acknowledged that she did not like the defendant. She also testified that, to her
knowledge, the defendant had never previously struck Jasean. Finally, she testified that Jasean
occasionally bumped his head when he fell or bumped into furniture.
¶7 Jurors also saw video recordings of the defendant’s statements to police. Initially, he told
police that he woke up some time between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m. to find Jasean in the living room
playing with the dogs. He admitted that he did not find any bruises or cuts on Jasean at this time.
The defendant told police that he put Jasean back in his crib and went back to sleep. He told
them that he woke up again at 12:40 p.m. and found Jasean sitting in a plastic bucket. Jasean was
wheezing and turning blue. The defendant stated that he immediately brought Jasean to Tommie.
He denied harming Jasean. He speculated that the dogs may have dragged Jasean from his
bedroom to the living room.
¶8 The defendant’s story changed after police told him that Jasean had died. The defendant
became upset and said that he did not mean for this to happen. He admitted that he gave Jasean a
spanking. Police showed him photographs of Jasean’s injuries. At this point, the defendant
admitted that he gave Jasean three spankings. He explained that Jasean got out of his crib and
pulled the tail of one of the dogs. He told police that he loved Jasean and that he would never
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intentionally harm him. Later, the defendant admitted using a flip-flop to spank Jasean. He also
admitted that he may have grabbed Jasean by the arms when picking him up from the stroller.
¶9 The defendant presented evidence at trial that Dollie had been diagnosed with a
hereditary condition called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a connective
tissue disorder that causes hypermotility of the joints and fragility of the skin tissue. Minor
trauma can cause severe wounds. See Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary
538 (5th ed. 1998). There was no evidence that Jasean had ever been diagnosed with Ehlers-
Danlos syndrome. However, it can be passed on from parent to child. During his statements to
police, the defendant indicated that both Dollie and her father were diagnosed with Ehlers-
Danlos syndrome, and he suspected that Jasean might have it as well because he and Dollie both
fell down a lot.
¶ 10 The State presented the testimony of three medical experts. Dr. Debabrata Ray is the
emergency room doctor who examined Jasean. Dr. Ray observed bruising on Jasean’s forehead,
back, buttocks, and the right side of his body. He also observed abrasions on Jasean’s eyelid,
upper lip, shoulder, and buttocks, and blood on his upper lip. He testified that several of the
bruises were shaped like human fingers or a human hand. Dr. Ray pronounced Jasean dead. He
opined that Jasean died a few hours before he was brought to the emergency room. He concluded
that Jasean died as a result of traumatic injuries to his head, face, and buttocks.
¶ 11 Dr. Raj Nanduri performed an autopsy on Jasean. She testified that she observed multiple
visible contusions to the back of Jasean’s head, his back, and the nape of his neck. She also
observed abrasions, swelling, and contusions on Jasean’s face. She opined that these injuries
were consistent with being punched or slapped in the face. She also testified that there were 11
injuries to Jasean’s head that were consistent with being punched by a closed fist. Dr. Nanduri
observed bruising and contusions to Jasean’s arms, buttocks, and the back of his thigh. She noted
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that a contusion on the back of his thigh was consistent with being struck with a shoe or a
flip-flop, and she noted that the bruises on his arms were consistent with being grabbed by the
hands of an adult. Dr. Nanduri testified that she found 35 distinct injuries. However, she noted
that some of the injuries were superimposed over others. As such, she explained, there may have
been 50 or more blows in total.
¶ 12 Dr. Nanduri testified that none of these injuries were consistent with the type of
accidental injuries toddlers typically sustain. She explained that she reached this conclusion due
to the locations of the injuries. She further testified that she saw no evidence of dog bites. She
determined that all of Jasean’s injuries were sustained around the same time.
¶ 13 In addition to the extensive external injuries she saw, Dr. Nanduri found hemorrhaging
inside Jasean’s skull. She explained that this was caused by trauma. She concluded that the
trauma to Jasean’s head caused his death. Like Dr. Ray, Dr. Nanduri opined that Jasean died a
few hours before arriving at the emergency room. Asked about the possible impact of Ehlers-
Danlos syndrome, Dr. Nanduri explained that if Jasean had this disease, she would have
observed older bruises.
¶ 14 Dr. Nanduri sent Jasean’s brain to Dr. Mary Case for further analysis. Dr. Case testified
that she found evidence of two different types of hemorrhaging in Jasean’s brain, both of which
likely resulted from inertial head trauma. She explained that when the head is moved quickly due
to a significant amount of force, the brain can be detached from the dura, a membrane
surrounding the brain. This in turn can sever the veins that bridge the brain and the dura. Dr.
Case also found evidence of damage to the brain from a lack of oxygen. She noted, however, that
there was no evidence of any prior incidents of hypoxia, meaning there were no prior episodes in
which Jasean stopped breathing. She explained that such episodes would have caused damage to
brain tissue, and such damage was not present.
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¶ 15 Dr. Thomas Young, a board-certified clinical and forensic pathologist, testified as a
retained expert for the defendant. He acknowledged that he was paid approximately $7000 for
his services.
¶ 16 Dr. Young testified that, in forming his opinion, he reviewed the autopsy report of Dr.
Nanduri, the neuropathology report of Dr. Case, the transcript of Tommie Rusher’s deposition,
Jasean’s medical records, and the defendant’s statements to police. He explained that he felt it
was necessary to consider all of these sources of information because attempting to determine the
cause of death without considering the statement of an eyewitness would be “a lot like looking at
a broken glass in a window and thinking that you can tell how the window got broken just simply
by looking at the broken glass.” He opined that it was “better to listen to somebody who was
there to actually see it.” Dr. Young described his process of inquiry as listening “to what the
witness said,” comparing those statements to the autopsy results, and determining “if it makes
sense or it doesn’t make sense.”
¶ 17 When asked his conclusion as to what caused Jasean’s death, Dr. Young began by noting
that the defendant reported finding the child sitting up, wheezing, and turning blue. Dr. Young
concluded that this description was consistent with the medical evidence. He explained that
infants and young children can experience apneic spells. An apneic spell is an incident in which
the child stops breathing. Dr. Young noted that in such circumstances, adults usually panic, and
their handling of the child can cause bruising. He explained that Jasean’s hemorrhaging likely
occurred because his heart continued to pump blood after he stopped breathing, but his blood
vessels were unable to “contain blood very well” due to insufficient oxygen. He attributed the
bruising on Jasean’s buttocks to blood pooling in that area. We note that Dr. Nanduri specifically
rejected this explanation in her testimony. She explained that if the bruising was caused by the
pooling of blood, she would have seen bruising in the cleft, but she did not.
6
¶ 18 Dr. Young testified that had he performed the autopsy, he would have listed the cause of
death as undetermined. He explained that although the apneic spell was a contributing cause of
death, the reason for the apneic spell was not known. He further testified that it was not possible
to determine the precise time of Jasean’s death.
¶ 19 Some of the investigating officers also testified. Although we need not discuss their
testimony in detail, it is relevant to note that the prosecutor asked one of the officers if he knew
who paid for Jasean’s funeral. Defense counsel initially objected on the grounds of relevance.
However, she withdrew her objection, and the officer testified that the police union paid for the
funeral.
¶ 20 Because the defendant challenges numerous remarks during the State’s closing argument,
we will set forth those remarks in detail. Assistant State’s Attorney Jennifer Mudge began her
argument by telling jurors that Jasean Rusher was 20 months old and his nickname was Bug. She
then stated, “Opposing counsel told you in [her] opening statement that she didn’t want you to
jump to conclusions. And neither do we. *** But now you know. Now you know what
happened.”
¶ 21 Mudge argued that the timeline of events was undisputed. She reminded jurors that when
Tommie Rusher left the house at 7:10 that morning, Jasean was happy and alive, but when she
returned at 12:15 p.m., Jasean was dead. Mudge emphasized that the defendant was alone with
Jasean during this time. She argued that the defendant beat Jasean to death. She continued,
“What we don’t know, what *** most of us probably don’t want to know, is how many of those
strikes he was awake for, how many of those strikes he was conscious for, and how long he lay
in that bed before he died alone.”
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¶ 22 Next, Mudge recapped the testimony of several witnesses, including all of the medical
witnesses. She reminded jurors that Dr. Ray concluded that Jasean had been abused. She
discussed the testimony of Dr. Case, who found evidence of significant brain trauma.
¶ 23 Mudge went on to argue, “You also heard the defendant’s statements. They can stand up
here and yell at the police all day about what he said to them, but you heard it. You saw it and
you heard it on the screen. You saw the progression of his stories.” She then recounted several of
the defendant’s inconsistent claims about what took place the day Jasean was killed.
¶ 24 Mudge next discussed the testimony of Dr. Nanduri. She reminded jurors that Dr.
Nanduri found 35 distinct injuries to Jasean Rusher’s body but found no evidence of dog bites,
brain bleed, or old injuries. She also reminded them that Dr. Nanduri opined that Jasean likely
sustained more than 50 blows because several of the injuries were superimposed, meaning there
were multiple blows to the same location.
¶ 25 Mudge further argued:
“The other witness you heard from is Dr. Thomas Young. Their witness. That’s quite a
story. That is that Jasean just stopped breathing and Tommie was doing some pretty
rough CPR on him and that caused his injuries. I don’t even have a better word for his
testimony than it’s a joke.”
She told jurors that they would be instructed that it is their job to determine the credibility of
witnesses. She told them that this instruction would be “very important when [jurors] are talking
about Dr. Thomas Young’s testimony, if in fact it deserves you even talking about.” She went on
to argue that Dr. Young was not a credible witness for three reasons: he was the only medical
witness who formed an opinion without seeing Jasean’s body, he was paid by the defendant, and
he relied heavily on the account of events given by the defendant.
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¶ 26 Emphasizing the last of these three reasons, Mudge reminded jurors of Dr. Young’s
testimony that he relied on the defendant’s statements because he felt that the best information
available to him was information provided by an eyewitness. Mudge acknowledged that “In a
general term, yes, that’s true.” She went on to argue, however, that typically “the only
eyewitnesses to murders are murderers.” She then stated, “If what Dr. Young says is true, then
we’ve all just learned a great lesson on how to commit a perfect murder; make sure nobody is
watching but you, find your victim, kill them, round up a few thousand bucks, and call Dr.
Young.” She further argued, “The only question Dr. Young wasn’t asked, that I submit to you we
all probably want to know the answer to, is how does he sleep at night.”
¶ 27 Mudge went on to discuss the State’s burden of proving the defendant guilty. She
reminded jurors that they were told during jury selection that the State had the burden of proving
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. She stated, “And that is absolutely right.” She
then argued that the State had done its job and proven the defendant guilty. She continued,
“When he walked into this room, he was presumed innocent, and he was presumed innocent
throughout the entire trial. That is correct. That is his right. Not today. He’s been proven guilty.”
¶ 28 Continuing on the same theme, Mudge reminded jurors that defense counsel told them
during jury selection that the defense did not have an obligation to present any evidence at all.
She stated, “And that’s correct. They don’t have to put on a shred of evidence. It is our burden.”
She went on to state, “But for people who came in here and told you that they don’t have to do
anything, they sure did throw a bunch of crap up on the wall for you to grasp on to.” She then
recounted the multiple theories offered by the defense to explain Jasean’s death. She told jurors,
“That is them trying to distract you from the facts of this case, the meat and potatoes of this case,
which is three doctors that come in here and say, I saw him; he was abused; he was beaten to
death.”
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¶ 29 At this point, defense counsel objected. She argued that Mudge’s remark misstated the
evidence. The court overruled the objection. Mudge concluded by once again telling jurors that
she believed the State had proven its case and asking them to find the defendant guilty.
¶ 30 In the defendant’s closing argument, counsel emphasized that the State must prove the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt and argued that the evidence in this case was too
“speculative” to meet this standard. She highlighted Dr. Nanduri’s use of the phrase “consistent
with.” She reminded jurors that Dr. Nanduri used this phrase a lot, stating that Jasean’s injuries
were consistent with being hit with a fist or consistent with being hit with an object. She then
argued, “What does consistent with really mean? Is that a fancy term doctors use to say it’s
possible?” Counsel further argued that, in assessing Dr. Nanduri’s credibility as a witness, jurors
should consider the following: “The police and Dr. Nanduri, do you think they’re independent of
each other? They work together. They’re intertwined. The three Ps: the police, the prosecution,
the pathologists.”
¶ 31 Defense counsel further argued that the State attempted to sway jurors by eliciting
testimony that the police union paid for Jasean’s funeral. She also urged jurors to consider this
evidence of bias on the part of the police. Finally, she argued that Dr. Young considered
information from a broader range of sources than the other medical witnesses, including the
police reports, the reports of Dr. Nanduri and Dr. Case, and Jasean’s medical records.
¶ 32 Mudge began her rebuttal by stating, “Everything they just said totally means something
if you get an instruction from [the trial judge] that when you enter the deliberation room, you are
entering the Twilight Zone. Because it’s a bunch of crap, and everybody in the room knows it.”
Mudge emphasized that Jasean was injured from head to toe. She argued:
“[S]omebody that does the autopsy tells you about those injuries and his cause of death.
And lawyers can get up and say it was a misdiagnosis ***. I’ve never in my life said that
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I’m ashamed to be a lawyer. Because I’m proud to represent little boys like Jasean. But
I’m ashamed right now. I’m ashamed about everything that happened this week. That
they even can stand up and say that to you.”
At this point, defense counsel objected, and the court sustained the objection.
¶ 33 Mudge went on to address defense counsel’s argument about the evidence that the police
union paid for Jasean’s funeral. She stated, “It’s the police’s fault. They paid for the boy’s
funeral. Shame on them that they didn’t want this kid in a morgue in a wooden box for the rest of
his existence.”
¶ 34 She next addressed Dr. Young’s testimony. She argued as follows:
“Dr. Young had everything he needs to know to tell you the truth. Man, if that guy knows
everything he needs to know to tell you the truth, we’re all in trouble. For an extra seven
thousand dollars, he probably would have come in here and told you I did it.”
¶ 35 Next, Mudge responded to defense counsel’s argument that the police, prosecutors, and
pathologist were all working together. She asked jurors, “Hey, if someone in your family was
murdered, *** if your child is murdered, wouldn’t you want the prosecutors and the pathologists
and the police to be working together to find out who did it? *** Don’t you want that to happen
if that’s somebody in your family?”
¶ 36 Defense counsel objected, arguing that the comment was impermissible personalization.
The court sustained the objection and told the jury to disregard the comment.
¶ 37 Mudge next reminded jurors that they had been instructed not to discuss the case with
their friends and family members. However, she told them, “Tonight you can. When you reach a
verdict, you can. When you go home, you can tell your spouses and your family and your
children—.” Defense counsel objected, again arguing that the comment was improper
personalization.
11
¶ 38 The court sustained the objection, but Mudge did not move on to other topics. Instead,
she argued:
“After you can talk to your family about the case or if you’re going to think about the
facts of this case and relay what happens if you find the defendant not guilty, what went
on in the trial? Well, we saw this dead baby. He was bruised from head to toe. It was
really bad. A few doctors came in; worst case of child abuse they’ve ever seen. Cop said
it was the worst they’ve ever seen. Baby was healthy until then. And it was real bad. So
did you convict him? Nope.”
Defense counsel objected. The court sustained the objection and told jurors to disregard Mudge’s
comments.
¶ 39 This, time, Mudge did move on to other topics. She spent a few minutes discussing the
credibility of Dr. Young and Dr. Nanduri as witnesses. She then reminded jurors that they are not
required to check their common sense at the door when they enter the jury room to deliberate.
Next, she argued as follows:
“Ladies and gentlemen, this case is incredibly clear. Jasean was left with someone who
was supposed to take care of him. He was an innocent child, as all children are innocent.
When he was left alone with the defendant, he was murdered. We, as a society, are
obligated to protect our children. Much as it takes a village to raise a child—.”
Defense counsel interjected, stating, “Your Honor, I’m going to object, same, personalization.”
The court sustained the objection, but Mudge continued to argue the same theme. She told jurors,
“Jasean was not taken care of by the person who was supposed to watch after him. He was
murdered by him.”
¶ 40 Mudge then began to discuss a Billy Bob Thornton movie called Sling Blade. She
explained that Billy Bob Thornton’s character in the movie was a severely developmentally
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delayed adult who befriended a 12-year-old boy. She told jurors that when the 12-year-old boy’s
mother began dating someone, it became apparent to Billy Bob Thornton’s character that the
new boyfriend was beating his young friend. Mudge continued, “And Billy Bob Thornton, being
developmentally delayed, he predictably winds up killing mom’s boyfriend—.” Defense counsel
objected, but the court overruled the objection.
¶ 41 Mudge continued her argument, stating, “He predictably kills mom’s boyfriend. And at
the end, when he knows that he is going to go to prison for it, he says, ‘I don’t think that bad
stuff ought to happen to children. I think that the bad stuff ought to be saved—.’ ” Defense
counsel objected again, and the court again overruled the objection. Mudge continued, “ ‘I think
the bad stuff ought to be saved for the adults.’ Well, so do I.”
¶ 42 The jury found the defendant guilty of murder. The defendant filed a motion for a new
trial. The court denied that motion. Following a hearing, the court sentenced the defendant to 70
years in prison. This appeal followed.
¶ 43 Before addressing the defendant’s contentions, we briefly address a series of motions
filed with this court by both parties. The State filed a motion to strike portions of the defendant’s
brief. In relevant part, the defendant argued in his brief that Assistant State’s Attorney Mudge is
a “repeat offender.” He called our attention to three other appeals to this court in which Mudge
served as prosecutor and engaged in similar misconduct. One of those appeals was decided in an
unpublished order before the defendant filed his brief in this case; the other two were still
pending. The defendant also called our attention to a radio broadcast in which it was revealed
that Mudge had been promoted to a position in which she provided training to other assistant
state’s attorneys. The defendant argued that Mudge’s conduct was especially problematic in light
of both its repeated nature and her influence on other prosecutors.
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¶ 44 In the State’s motion to strike those portions of the defendant’s brief, it argued that (1) it
is improper to cite unpublished decisions and appellate briefs in undecided cases and (2) the
defendant’s arguments amounted to a personal attack on Jennifer Mudge. This court initially
granted the motion to strike. Although the State’s motion only addressed portions of the brief, we
found that it would be more practical to strike the entire brief and direct the defendant to file a
revised brief. The defendant filed a motion to reconsider that ruling, asserting that his attorney
did not receive notice of the State’s motion until after we ruled on it. We vacated our order
striking the defendant’s brief, reinstated his brief, and ordered the State’s motion to strike taken
with the case.
¶ 45 Subsequently, the State withdrew its motion to strike. We now grant the State’s motion to
withdraw. Thus, we need not rule on its motion to strike. We note, however, that we agree with
the State that it is improper to cite unpublished decisions and appellate briefs in undecided
appeals. We also note that although this court is aware of Assistant State’s Attorney Mudge’s
conduct in cases that have recently been before this court, we must decide this appeal on its own
merits. With this in mind, we turn our attention to the defendant’s claims.
¶ 46 The defendant acknowledges that he did not object to most of the remarks he now
challenges. Thus, his arguments with respect to those remarks are forfeited. This court may
consider arguments that are otherwise forfeited under the plain-error doctrine. That doctrine
allows us to overlook forfeiture of issues “when either (1) the evidence is close, regardless of the
seriousness of the error, or (2) the error is serious, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.”
People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 186-87 (2005). The first prong of the plain-error test is
applicable in cases where the evidence is so closely balanced that the claimed errors alone were
sufficient to “tip the scales of justice” against the defendant. People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445,
¶ 51. The second prong is applicable if any of the claimed errors were serious enough to
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undermine the fairness of the defendant’s trial or the integrity of the judicial process itself.
People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007).
¶ 47 In unusual cases, the cumulative effect of numerous errors can create a “pervasive pattern
of unfair prejudice” despite the fact that none of the errors, standing alone, would be serious
enough to warrant consideration under the second prong. People v. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d 99, 139
(2000). In such cases, we ask “whether a substantial right has been affected to such a degree that
we cannot confidently state that [the] defendant’s trial was fundamentally fair.” Id. at 138. If the
answer to that question is yes, reversal will be warranted even in the face of overwhelming
evidence of the defendant’s guilt. Id. at 140.
¶ 48 A defendant arguing that reversal of his conviction is warranted on the basis of improper
closing argument faces a difficult burden. People v. Gutierrez, 402 Ill. App. 3d 866, 895 (2010).
Even when a defendant objects at trial to all of the remarks he challenges on appeal, reversal is
warranted only if those remarks resulted in substantial prejudice to the defendant. People v.
Abadia, 328 Ill. App. 3d 669, 678 (2001). In other words, reversal is only warranted if the
improper remarks were a material factor in the jury’s verdict. Gutierrez, 402 Ill. App. 3d at 895.
While it is difficult to overturn a conviction based solely on improper remarks during closing
argument, it is not impossible. In some cases, improper arguments are prejudicial enough to
undermine a defendant’s substantial rights. If a prosecutor’s remarks have the “effect of
undermining the entire trial, reversal for a new trial is warranted.” People v. Brooks, 345 Ill.
App. 3d 945, 953 (2004).
¶ 49 Prosecutors are afforded wide latitude during closing argument. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d at 127.
There are, however, limits to this latitude. Prosecutors are not permitted to misstate the law. See
Brooks, 345 Ill. App. 3d at 950. Because the presumption of innocence is so central a principle in
our criminal law, it is especially important that prosecutors do not present arguments incorrectly
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limiting this principle. See, e.g., People v. Keene, 169 Ill. 2d 1, 25-26 (1995) (finding it improper
for a prosecutor to give jurors a “theatrical description of the stripping away of [the defendant’s]
presumption of innocence”); Brooks, 345 Ill. App. 3d at 950 (finding it improper for a prosecutor
to tell jurors that the defendant’s “cloak of innocence” is now gone).
¶ 50 Prosecutors may comment on the credibility or persuasiveness of the defendant’s theory
of the case. Abadia, 328 Ill. App. 3d at 678. However, they may not imply that defense counsel
has deliberately presented a fabricated defense unless there is evidence to support this
suggestion. Id. at 679. It is also highly improper to disparage the integrity of defense counsel. Id.
¶ 51 Prosecutors may comment on “the evil effects of the crime and urge the jury to
administer the law without fear.” People v. Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d 104, 121-22 (2005). However,
they must not engage in argument that serves no purpose other to inflame the passions of the
jury. Id. at 121; Blue, 189 Ill. 2d at 128. In addressing a defendant’s challenge to improper
remarks during closing argument, we must consider the challenged remarks in the context of
closing arguments as a whole. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d at 128.
¶ 52 The defendant argues that Mudge’s remarks ran afoul of these principles in five ways:
(1) she misstated the law by telling jurors that the defendant was no longer presumed innocent,
(2) she disparaged defense counsel, (3) she portrayed herself as a champion of the victim, (4) she
disparaged a defense witness, and (5) she inflamed the passions of the jurors and appealed to
their emotions. The defendant acknowledges that his attorneys did not object to all of the
remarks he challenges. He urges us to consider his arguments either under the plain-error
doctrine or as ineffective assistance of counsel.
¶ 53 We must first consider whether the cumulative effect of the remarks challenged by the
defendant would have required reversal had counsel objected to all of the challenged remarks.
The first step in plain-error analysis is to determine whether any error occurred at all. People v.
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Walker, 232 Ill. 2d 113, 124-25 (2009). If there is no reversible error, there can be no plain error.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show both that
(1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonable representation and that
(2) but for counsel’s errors, a more favorable result was reasonably probable. People v. Albanese,
104 Ill. 2d 504, 525 (1984). If we conclude that the challenged remarks did not constitute a
material factor in the jury’s verdict, the defendant cannot meet his burden of demonstrating a
reasonable probability of a different result. Thus, if we conclude that reversal would not have
been warranted even if counsel had objected to all of the comments at issue, we need not
consider the defendant’s arguments regarding plain error or ineffective assistance of counsel.
¶ 54 The defendant first argues that Mudge misstated the law by telling jurors, “When [the
defendant] walked into this room, he was presumed innocent, and he was presumed innocent
throughout the entire trial. That is correct. That is his right. Not today. He’s been proven guilty.”
(Emphasis added.) Although it was appropriate and permissible for Mudge to argue that the State
had met its burden of proving the defendant guilty (see People v. Cisewski, 118 Ill. 2d 163, 178
(1987)), it was not appropriate for her to say, “Not today.” Because that comment told jurors that
the defendant would no longer enjoy the presumption of innocence during their deliberations, the
comment misstated the law and was therefore improper. See Brooks, 345 Ill. App. 3d at 951.
¶ 55 Although the comment was improper, we find the potential for prejudice flowing from it
to be minimal for two reasons. First, the comment was isolated. The fact that Mudge did not
repeatedly tell jurors that the defendant was no longer presumed to be innocent ameliorated the
potential for prejudice. See Keene, 169 Ill. 2d at 26. Second, the court correctly instructed jurors
that the presumption of innocence remained with the defendant during their deliberations.
Correct jury instructions are typically sufficient to cure any prejudice that might arise from an
isolated misstatement such as this remark. See Brooks, 345 Ill. App. 3d at 950. We find it
17
inconceivable that this statement played any role in the jury’s verdict, much less a material role.
Thus, even if the defendant had objected, reversal would not have been warranted.
¶ 56 We will next consider the defendant’s argument that Mudge disparaged defense counsel.
As we discussed earlier, Mudge told jurors that the defense attorneys were “throwing a lot of
crap” at them to try to distract them from the facts of the case, and that their arguments were “a
bunch of crap” that made sense only if jurors were told that they were entering the Twilight
Zone. She also told jurors that defense counsel’s arguments made her ashamed to be an attorney.
The court sustained defense counsel’s objection to the last of these comments.
¶ 57 It is, of course, blatantly improper for a prosecutor to accuse defense counsel of
fabricating a defense. It is also improper to accuse defense counsel of “attempting to create
reasonable doubt by confusion, misrepresentation, or deception.” People v. Gonzalez, 388 Ill.
App. 3d 566, 590 (2008). However, prosecutors may comment on the credibility of the defendant
and the persuasiveness of the defense theory of the case. People v. Kirchner, 194 Ill. 2d 502, 549
(2000); People v. Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d 401, 444 (1993). Such comments must be supported by the
evidence. See Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d at 444.
¶ 58 In challenging the credibility of the defense theory of the case, prosecutors must avoid
accusing defense counsel of “any particular wrongdoing” or challenging “the motives or ethics
of defense counsel.” Id. at 443. They must also avoid shifting the jury’s attention to counsel and
away from the facts of the case. See Kirchner, 194 Ill. 2d at 548; Gonzalez, 388 Ill. App. 3d at
591. Whether particular remarks constitute proper commentary on the credibility of the defense
theory of the case or an impermissible attack on the character of defense counsel often depends
on the context. See Kirchner, 194 Ill. 2d at 549; Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d at 443.
¶ 59 Here, when Mudge initially told jurors that the defense threw “a bunch of crap up on the
wall” for them to consider, she followed the comment with a discussion focusing on the
18
inconsistent explanations offered by the defense for Jasean’s injuries, including the statements
the defendant himself gave to police. With this context in mind, we consider the comment to be a
permissible challenge to the defendant and his theory of the case.
¶ 60 The remainder of the remarks the defendant claims disparaged his attorneys were more
problematic. Those remarks all came during rebuttal argument. Stating that defense counsel’s
argument would only make sense in the Twilight Zone because it was “a bunch of crap, and
everybody in the room knows it” certainly seems to imply that the defendant’s attorneys put
forth an argument they knew to be false. Moreover, Mudge followed this comment almost
immediately by telling jurors that she was ashamed to be an attorney because of what defense
counsel argued, a comment we find to be particularly egregious. Considering these statements in
this context, we find that they were all improper.
¶ 61 However, we do not believe the comments resulted in substantial prejudice to the
defendant. For one thing, we reiterate that the trial court sustained a defense objection to
Mudge’s argument that defense counsel made her ashamed to be a lawyer. By doing so, the court
cured any prejudice that might flow from that remark. See People v. Carlson, 92 Ill. 2d 440, 449
(1982). The other remarks, while improper, were less egregious, and we do not believe they were
prejudicial enough to have been a material factor in the jury’s verdict.
¶ 62 The defendant next argues that Mudge improperly cast herself as a champion for the
young victim in this case. He points to her comment telling jurors that she was “proud to
represent little boys like Jasean.” Our supreme court has found similar comments to be improper.
See People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, 129 (2007). We note, however, that it was an isolated
comment, unlike what occurred in Wheeler. There, the prosecutor’s portrayal of himself as a
“ ‘solitary figure’ left to ‘champion the deceased’ ” was a recurring theme. Id. More importantly,
19
in this case, the court sustained an objection to the comment, thereby curing the minimal
prejudice that might otherwise have resulted from this remark. See Carlson, 92 Ill. 2d at 449.
¶ 63 We next consider the defendant’s argument that Mudge improperly disparaged his expert
witness, Dr. Young. We note that, as the State emphasizes, a prosecutor may properly comment
on matters affecting the credibility of a witness, including the fact that the witness has been paid
to testify. See People v. Hickey, 178 Ill. 2d 256, 291 (1997); Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d at 445. In this
case, much of Mudge’s commentary focused on valid reasons for jurors to find Dr. Young’s
testimony not to be credible. She told them that his opinion differed from that of the three other
medical experts; that he was the only medical expert who never saw Jasean’s body; that he was
paid by the defendant; and that he relied on an account of events given by the defendant, who
obviously had a motive to lie.
¶ 64 The defendant does not challenge those arguments. He does, however, challenge
Mudge’s remarks urging the jurors to draw certain conclusions from the facts she discussed.
Specifically, she referred to Dr. Young’s testimony as “ridiculous” and “a joke,” and she
suggested that jurors might not want to give any weight to his testimony. We do not believe these
remarks strayed beyond the bounds of propriety. Mudge gave concrete reasons for jurors to find
Dr. Young not to be credible at all and then urged them to make that finding.
¶ 65 In additional remarks, however, Mudge went much further. She told jurors that if they
wanted “to commit a perfect murder,” all they had to do was “round up a few thousand bucks[ ]
and call Dr. Young.” She also told them that for an additional $7000, Dr. Young could have been
persuaded to testify that she killed Jasean, and she suggested that he should have been asked how
he sleeps at night. We believe these remarks went well beyond the bounds of permissible
argument. However, we do not believe they were prejudicial enough to have played a role in the
jury’s verdict or denied the defendant a fair trial.
20
¶ 66 Finally, the defendant challenges several additional remarks, arguing that they served no
purpose other than to inflame the passions and emotions of the jury. In one such remark, Mudge
responded to defense counsel’s arguments concerning the evidence that the police union paid for
Jasean’s funeral. As noted earlier, counsel suggested that this was evidence of bias and argued
that the State had elicited the evidence in an effort to sway jurors. In her rebuttal, Mudge
commented, “Shame on them that they didn’t want this kid in a morgue in a wooden box for the
rest of his existence.” Although it was reasonable for the prosecution to challenge defense
counsel’s accusation of bias, we do not believe it was proper to argue that Jasean’s body would
have remained in a wooden box in the morgue had the police union not paid for his funeral. For
one thing, there was no evidence at trial to support this argument. See People v. Glasper, 234 Ill.
2d 173, 204 (2009) (noting that prosecutors may not argue facts not supported by the evidence).
Moreover, the comment served no purpose other than to arouse the sympathy of the jurors. See
Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d at 121; Blue, 189 Ill. 2d at 128. We find the comment to be improper.
However, it was an isolated comment, and we believe the potential for prejudice from this
particular comment was minimal.
¶ 67 The next comment challenged by the defendant was the comment Mudge made
referencing the movie Sling Blade. The court overruled two defense objections to this line of
argument. On appeal, the defendant argues that it abused its discretion in so doing. We note that
the comment can be interpreted two different ways. One way it can be read is as a prelude to
introduce the quote, “I don’t think bad stuff ought to happen to children. I think the bad stuff
ought to be saved for the adults.” On its own, that quote is not improper. As we noted earlier,
prosecutors may comment on the evils of the crime at issue. See Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d at 121-22.
However, because Mudge also talked about the Billy Bob Thornton character “predictably”
killing the mother’s abusive boyfriend, the comment can also be read as a subtle appeal to jurors
21
to avenge the death of Jasean Rusher. Such appeals to the emotions of jurors are, of course,
improper. See id. at 121; Blue, 189 Ill. 2d at 128.
¶ 68 We find the potential for prejudice from this comment to be quite minimal. We reach this
conclusion largely because the suggestion that jurors should exact vengeance on the defendant is
so subtle and indirect that it was likely missed by many jurors. It is also worth noting that many
of the jurors were likely unfamiliar with the movie Sling Blade, which was released 20 years
earlier.
¶ 69 We are far more troubled by the remainder of the remarks challenged by the defendant in
support of his claim that Mudge “played the jury’s emotions like a fiddle.” In response to
defense counsel’s argument that the police, prosecutors, and pathologists all worked together,
Mudge asked jurors, “[I]f someone in your family was murdered, *** wouldn’t you want the
prosecutors and the pathologists and the police to be working together to find out who did it?”
The trial court sustained defense counsel’s objection to this remark. Mudge told jurors that it is
the obligation of society to protect children. The court again sustained an objection. Mudge also
told jurors that they would be permitted to discuss the case with their families once they rendered
a verdict, and she implied that they would be ashamed if they had to tell their family members
that they voted to acquit the defendant. Again, the court sustained an objection. We find all of
these comments—particularly the last—to be highly improper. However, the court minimized
the potential for prejudice by sustaining objections. See Carlson, 92 Ill. 2d at 449.
¶ 70 We must now consider the cumulative effect of the comments challenged by the
defendant. We do not believe that these comments warrant reversal, even when viewed in their
entirety. We reach this conclusion for a simple reason. The evidence in this case was so
overwhelming that we do not believe any rational jury would have returned a different verdict if
none of the improper remarks had been made. The undisputed evidence showed that Jasean’s
22
body was covered in dark bruises and wounds. The majority of these bruises were on the back of
his head, his back, and his buttocks, although there were also hand-shaped bruises on his arms
and injuries to his face. It is simply not plausible to believe these injuries resulted from Tommie
performing CPR or the dogs playing with Jasean too roughly. Undisputed evidence showed that
Jasean had no injuries in the morning, as even the defendant acknowledged, and the defendant
admitted to police that he spanked Jasean multiple times and struck him with a shoe. In the face
of this evidence, we do not believe even the cumulative effect of the challenged remarks was a
material factor in the jury’s verdict.
¶ 71 We emphasize, however, that our conclusion would have been different had there been
any room for doubt of the defendant’s guilt. It is blatantly improper for a prosecutor to urge
jurors to find a defendant guilty so that they will not be ashamed to go home and tell their family
members that they voted to acquit. In this case, Mudge not only made that argument, but she
continued to make that argument after the court sustained an objection to it. We likewise find
Mudge’s argument that defense counsel’s conduct made her “ashamed to be a lawyer” to be
particularly egregious. Here, the court sustained objections to these comments and many of the
other most egregious remarks, thereby minimizing the potential for prejudice. Moreover, as we
have discussed, the evidence was so overwhelming that a different result is inconceivable.
Although we affirm the defendant’s conviction for these reasons, we wish to make it clear to
prosecutors that closing arguments that exceed the bounds of propriety will not be tolerated.
¶ 72 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the defendant’s conviction.
¶ 73 Affirmed.
23
2019 IL App (5th) 160207NO. 5-16-0207
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Madison County.
)
v. ) No. 12-CF-1869
)
JOHN HOLMON III, ) Honorable
) Neil T. Schroeder,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
Opinion Filed: August 26, 2019
______________________________________________________________________________
Justices: Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J.
Honorable Judy L. Cates, J., and
Honorable James R. Moore, J.
Concur
______________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys James E. Chadd, State Appellate Defender, Ellen J. Curry, Deputy
for Defender, Levi S. Harris, Assistant Appellate Defender, Office of the
Appellant State Appellate Defender, Fifth Judicial District, 909 Water Tower Circle,
Mt. Vernon, IL 62864
______________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Hon. Thomas D. Gibbons, State’s Attorney, Madison County Courthouse,
for 157 N. Main Street, Suite 402, Edwardsville, IL 62025; Patrick Delfino,
Appellee Director, Patrick D. Daly, Deputy Director, Sharon Shanahan, Staff
Attorney, Office of the State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, Fifth
District Office, 730 E. Illinois Highway 15, Suite 2, Mt. Vernon, IL
62864
______________________________________________________________________________