People v. Lutter

2015 IL App (2d) 140139
No. 2-14-0139
Opinion filed May 18, 2015
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Du Page County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 13-DT-3074
)
SCOTT LUTTER, ) Honorable
) Liam C. Brennan,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE ZENOFF delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justice Spence specially concurred in the judgment, with opinion.
Justice Burke dissented, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Following a bench trial, defendant, Scott Lutter, was found guilty of reckless driving (625
ILCS 5/11-503(a)(1) (West 2012)). He appeals, contending that the information charging him
with this offense was filed outside the statute of limitations and that the State failed to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that an exception to the statute of limitations applied. We reverse.
¶2 On September 19, 2013, the State filed an information charging defendant with driving
under the influence of alcohol (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2) (West 2012)), leaving the scene of a
property-damage accident (625 ILCS 5/11-402(a) (West 2012)), reckless driving (625 ILCS
5/11-503(a)(1) (West 2012)), failure to notify the Secretary of State of a change of address (625
2015 IL App (2d) 140139
ILCS 5/3-416(a) (West 2012)), and reckless conduct (720 ILCS 5/12-5(a) (West 2012)). The
information alleged that the offenses occurred on January 10, 2012. It further alleged that the
limitations period was tolled while case No. 12-DT-189 was pending.
¶3 The matter proceeded to a bench trial, where Dejan Gakovic testified that on January 10,
2012, his car was stopped at a railroad crossing in Bensenville. The gates were down, as a train
was passing. He felt a bump as another car hit him from behind. He identified defendant as the
other car’s driver. After defendant hit his car a total of six times, Gakovic called the police.
When the gates went up, defendant went around him on the right.
¶4 Officer Stephens testified that he responded to a report of a vehicle being pushed into a
train. He arrived at the intersection and saw a vehicle that appeared to be pushing another
toward the passing train. When the gates went up, defendant’s vehicle passed the other car on
the right shoulder and continued across the railroad tracks, where Stephens eventually stopped it.
¶5 After the State rested, defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal. Defense counsel
argued that, because the information showed on its face that it was filed beyond the statute of
limitations, the State had to prove, as an element of its case, a statutory exception that would toll
the limitations period, but had not done so. The State, citing People v. Gray, 396 Ill. App. 3d
216 (2009), argued that defendant had forfeited the issue by not raising it in a motion to dismiss.
The trial court denied the motion and found defendant guilty of reckless driving. The court
denied defendant’s motion for a new trial and sentenced him to court supervision. Defendant
timely appeals.
¶6 Defendant’s brief lists three separate issues, but all relate to the same point: that the State
did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt an event that tolled the limitations period. Defendant
was charged with five misdemeanors. Generally, the State must commence a prosecution for a
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misdemeanor within one year and six months after the offense was committed. 720 ILCS 5/3-
5(b) (West 2012). The limitations period may be either tolled or extended for various reasons,
including when “[a] prosecution is pending against the defendant for the same conduct.” 720
ILCS 5/3-7(c) (West 2012).
¶7 A long line of Illinois cases holds that, “[w]here an indictment on its face shows that an
offense was not committed within the applicable limitation period, it becomes an element of the
State’s case to allege and prove the existence of facts which invoke an exception to the limitation
period.” People v. Morris, 135 Ill. 2d 540, 546 (1990). Morris held that the issue is like “the
other elements which the State must prove, such as the elements of the offense with which a
defendant is being charged.” Id.
¶8 Here, although the information vaguely alleged facts that would arguably toll the
limitations period, the State offered no evidence whatsoever of those facts during the trial. Thus,
defendant’s motion for acquittal was well taken and should have been granted.
¶9 Under Morris, the State had to not only allege, but prove, those facts, as they became an
element of its case. Id. Although few cases have dealt with the State’s failure to prove an
exception to the statute of limitations, courts have reversed convictions where the State did not
offer such evidence at trial. See People v. Ross, 325 Ill. 417, 420 (1927) (“It being incumbent
upon the prosecution to allege the existence of facts which bring the case within the exception to
the Statute of Limitations, the burden of proving the allegation necessarily follows.”); People v.
Whittington, 143 Ill. App. 438, 440-41 (1908).
¶ 10 The State argues, and the trial court held, that the State was relieved of its burden because
defendant did not move to dismiss the information on limitations grounds under section 114-
1(a)(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963. 725 ILCS 5/114-1(a)(2) (West 2012).
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Section 114-1(a) provides for the dismissal of a charging instrument before trial on various
grounds. 725 ILCS 5/114-1(a) (West 2012). That section further provides that a motion to
dismiss must be filed within a reasonable time after the defendant has been arraigned and that
any “motion not filed within such time or an extension thereof shall not be considered by the
court and the grounds therefor *** are waived.” 725 ILCS 5/114-1(b) (West 2012). The State
concludes that, because defendant did not file a motion before trial raising the limitations
defense, he forfeited it. Defendant contends that to require him to file a motion to dismiss
violates his due process rights because it shifts the burden of proof. We agree with defendant.
¶ 11 The State’s argument fails to account for Morris’s holding that the exception became an
element of the State’s case. Because this is so, defendant could not forfeit the issue by failing to
raise it pretrial. A defendant is entitled to “ ‘a jury determination that [he] is guilty of every
element of the crime with which he is charged, beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 477 (2000) (quoting United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506, 510 (1995)).
The State always has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt the elements of the crime
charged and it is improper for the State to attempt to shift the burden of proof to the defendant.
People v. Robinson, 391 Ill. App. 3d 822, 841 (2009); see also People v. Peppers, 352 Ill. App.
3d 1002, 1008 (2004) (defendant may attack sufficiency of the evidence at any time; issue cannot
be forfeited). As defendant points out, there is even a pattern jury instruction providing that the
State has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of an exception to the
statute of limitations. Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 24-25.23 (4th ed. 2000).
Thus, because the exception to the statute of limitations was an element of the State’s case,
defendant did not forfeit the issue by failing to raise it in a pretrial motion and the State was not
relieved of the burden of proving the exception at trial.
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¶ 12 We distinguish the present situation from that in People v. Gwinn, 255 Ill. App. 3d 628
(1994), where we held that the defendant had to file a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 114-
1(a)(2) in order to raise the statute of limitations as a bar to his prosecution. Gwinn, 255 Ill. App.
3d at 631. In Gwinn, unlike in the present case, the State did not allege in the charging
instrument that the offense was outside the statute of limitations but that there existed an
exception to the limitations period. Gwinn, 255 Ill. App. 3d at 630-31. In the Gwinn situation,
the only way a defendant can raise the issue is by filing a motion to dismiss. Then, if the motion
to dismiss is denied, the defendant can raise the expiration of the statute of limitations as an
affirmative defense at trial and avail himself or herself of the jury instruction.
¶ 13 Gray, on which the State relies, does not persuade us otherwise. There, the court held
that Morris’s requirement “that the State must plead and prove the circumstances justifying
either an extension or tolling of the limitation period, should not be interpreted to mean the State
has to prove such circumstances to the jury in every case.” Gray, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 224. The
court concluded that “in the majority of cases, including the case before us, the State must prove
to the court before the trial, upon a challenge by the defendant, typically in the form of a motion
to dismiss *** that particular circumstances justify an extension or tolling of the limitation
period.” (Emphasis in original.) Gray, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 224. At such a hearing, the trial court
could, if necessary, decide factual issues, and the defendant’s only remedy is the dismissal of the
charge. Gray, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 224.
¶ 14 Initially, we note that Gray is distinguishable. There, the defendant did raise the
limitations issue in a pretrial motion. Thus, to the extent that Gray implies that a defendant
forfeits the issue by not raising it pretrial, the discussion is purely dicta.
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¶ 15 Our primary difficulty with Gray is more fundamental, however. Gray’s holding that the
State may “prove” an event tolling the limitations period at a pretrial hearing, which a defendant
must request in order to preserve the issue, is difficult to square with Morris’s holding that an
exception to the limitations period is an element of the State’s case that it must plead and prove.
Morris, 135 Ill. 2d at 546. While Morris was concerned with the indictment’s allegations, the
opinion makes clear that the issue is to be treated like any other element of the State’s case.
Morris, 135 Ill. 2d at 546. Moreover, because the limitations exception is an element of the
State’s case, a defendant is entitled to have the trier of fact decide the issue. Apprendi, 530 U.S.
at 477. Here, the trial court was the factfinder, so the State’s proof at a pretrial hearing might
have been sufficient. However, because the issue is an element of the State’s case, defendant did
not forfeit the issue by failing to request a pretrial hearing.
¶ 16 Gray attempts to justify its holding by baldly asserting that the issue is one of law and
that a jury should not decide issues of law. Gray, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 224-25. We disagree. We
see no reason why issues concerning exceptions to the limitations period should be categorically
considered questions of law any more than issues surrounding elements of an offense. For
example, in this case the information alleged that the limitations period was tolled during the
pendency of case No. 12-DT-189. Whether such a case existed, whether it was filed within the
limitations period, and whether it related to the same facts that were the subject of this case are
inherently factual questions.
¶ 17 Gray cited Barnett v. Clark, 113 Ill. App. 3d 1091, 1092-93 (1983), for the proposition
that whether a limitations period is tolled is a question of law, but that case does not support its
holding. The cited passage reads, “The question of law identified by the trial court for our
resolution, and described as one of first impression in Illinois, is whether the two-year limitation
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contained in section 4 of the Paternity Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 40, par. 1354) is tolled during
the minority of the mother of the illegitimate child.” Barnett, 113 Ill. App. 3d at 1092-93
Clearly, the construction of a statute that tolls a limitations period is a question of law. See
Village of Bull Valley v. Zeinz, 2014 IL App (2d) 140053, ¶ 15 (construction of statute is issue of
law). However, that does not mean that every issue that somehow involves tolling a limitations
period is one of law. At least as far as the record shows, the issue in this case would not have
required the trial court to construe the statute and, as noted, the relevant issues surrounding the
earlier case would also appear to be factual.
¶ 18 Our research has disclosed two cases in which the principle stated in Morris was put into
action. In Ross, the State adduced proof at trial on the element of an exception to the statute of
limitations, and the appellate court reversed the defendant’s conviction of assault with a deadly
weapon, deeming the evidence of the exception to be insufficient. Ross, 325 Ill. at 420. Why the
State has the burden of proving the element of the exception to the statute of limitations was
explained thusly: statutes of limitations are a bar to prosecution, “an amnesty declaring that after
a certain time oblivion shall be cast over the offense” and “the offender may from thenceforth
cease to preserve proofs of his innocence, for the proofs of his guilt are blotted out.” Ross, 325
Ill. at 421. Our supreme court in Ross succinctly observed that statutes of limitations “annihilate
the State’s power to punish and [they] restore the offender’s rights to their original status.” Ross,
325 Ill. at 422.
¶ 19 In Whittington, the State alleged in the charging instrument that the offense was outside
the statute of limitations but that the period was tolled because of the defendant’s absence from
the state. Whittington, 143 Ill. App. at 440. At trial, the State adduced “very slight and
incomplete” evidence of the defendant’s absence, and the court plainly stated that the burden was
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2015 IL App (2d) 140139
on the State “to prove the fact as set up in the amended information.” Whittington, 143 Ill. App.
at 441. Accordingly, where the limitations period has expired, and where in the charging
instrument the State expressly alleges that fact plus some exception, the State can no more shift
the burden to the defendant than it could as to any other element of the offense.
¶ 20 We are well aware of the principle that a statute of limitations is a defense. See, e.g.,
People v. Polk, 21 Ill. 2d 594, 599 (1961) (“The Statute of Limitations is a defense which may or
may not be urged by a defendant.”). However, though the expiration of a statute of limitations is
a defense, Morris establishes that an exception to a statute of limitations is an “element of the
State’s case.” Morris, 135 Ill. 2d at 546. Here, in the information, the State alleged an exception
to the statute of limitations. The State thus complied with Morris’s requirement that it “allege”
the exception. See Morris, 135 Ill. 2d at 546. But Morris also required the State to “prove” it,
along with the other elements of the State’s case. See Morris, 135 Ill. 2d at 546. Thus, the
question here is not whether, by failing to move to dismiss, defendant forfeited a defense; it is
whether, by failing to move to dismiss, he forfeited the State’s burden of proving an element of
its case. And, as we noted, a defendant cannot forfeit that burden. For this reason, the dissent’s
citation of Smith v. United States, 568 U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 714 (2013), is misplaced. Smith, like
Polk, involved a statute-of-limitations defense rather than an exception to the statute of
limitations.
¶ 21 The dissent casts Morris, rather than Gray, as the outlier. However, Morris is part of a
138-year-old rule providing that the State has the burden to plead and prove an exception to the
statute of limitations. The rule was fashioned by our supreme court and was necessitated by the
presumption of innocence. The rule, which we are bound to follow, requires that we recognize
the distinction between the running of the statute of limitations, which bars prosecution, and
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exceptions to the statute of limitations, which keep an otherwise moribund prosecution alive.
This distinction is not offensive, as the dissent charges, unless the presumption of innocence is
offensive.
¶ 22 Very early, our supreme court distinguished between bad indictments, which are subject
to being quashed, and good indictments, which are not. In Garrison v. People, 87 Ill. 96, 97
(1877), our supreme court stated that an indictment that showed on its face that the offense was
committed outside of the statute of limitations, and that did not allege an exception, was “clearly
bad, and ought to have been quashed.” The court’s clear meaning was that, if the indictment
alleges an exception, it ought not be quashed.
¶ 23 The court in Ross made the leap from pleading to proof: “It being incumbent upon the
prosecution to allege the existence of facts which bring the case within the exception to the
Statute of Limitations, the burden of proving the allegation necessarily follows.” Ross, 325 Ill. at
420. In Ross, the prosecution failed to prove the exception, but the court nevertheless remanded
for a new trial, never explaining why it did not reverse outright. Perhaps that was because it
would be another two years before our supreme court stated that a charging document’s
allegation of an exception to the statute of limitations is a “material” allegation, which the State
is bound to prove. People v. Stajduhar, 335 Ill. 412, 413 (1929). A “material” allegation in a
pleading is an assertion that is essential to the charge. Black’s Law Dictionary 82 (8th ed. 2004).
Stajduhar plowed the ground for Morris, where the court unequivocally held that a charging
document’s allegation of an exception to the statute of limitations becomes an “element of the
State’s case,” which, “[a]s with the other elements,” the State must prove. Morris, 135 Ill. 2d at
546.
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¶ 24 The dissent concedes that Morris so holds, but it is uncomfortable with reading the
language literally. Instead, it expounds a rationale that is wholly absent from our supreme
court’s analysis. Nowhere does the court in Morris hint, suggest, or insinuate that pleading an
exception to the statute of limitations is a “jurisdictional imperative,” which is the reason that
the dissent does not include a cite to Morris for its assertion. Infra ¶ 49. As stated above, Morris
is the fruit of Garrison, Ross, and Stajduhar, and those cases did not couch the requirement in
terms of jurisdiction, either. Rather, Morris makes clear that the purpose of pleading the
exception with specificity is so that the defendant can prepare his defense (Morris, 135 Ill. 2d at
547), not so that the defendant can prepare a motion to dismiss, or merely be put on notice that
the statute of limitations has not expired.
¶ 25 The notion that Morris and its predecessors require notice that the State is relying on an
exception to the statute of limitations only so that a defendant can bring a section 114-1 motion
to dismiss is refuted by two well-established rules: (1) the State bears the burden of proving that
the offense occurred within the applicable statute of limitations (People v. Blitstein, 192 Ill. App.
3d 281, 284 (1989)); and (2) the sufficiency of the State’s evidence is not a ground on which to
challenge an indictment (People v. Sparks, 221 Ill. App. 3d 546, 549 (1991)). Where the State
must rely on an exception to the statute of limitations to bring the prosecution, its failure to prove
the exception means that the State failed to prove that the offense occurred within the limitations
period. Additionally, placing the burden on the defendant to move to dismiss a facially and
legally sufficient indictment improperly requires the defendant to challenge the sufficiency of the
State’s evidence on a motion to dismiss. Thus, the dissent would rewrite our criminal law in the
service of relieving the State of its burden to prove its case. No doubt it is just as inconvenient to
require the State to prove the value of merchandise alleged to have been stolen in a theft
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prosecution or to prove monetary damages in a prosecution for criminal damage to property.
Victims do not always keep receipts or know the value of their belongings, so why not place the
burden on the defendant to move to dismiss if he or she disagrees with the allegations in the
indictment?
¶ 26 Far from having doubts about Morris, our supreme court affirmed it in People v.
Thingvold, 145 Ill. 2d 441 (1991). In response to the Garrison-Ross-Stajduhar-Morris-
Thingvold rule, the legislature could have abrogated it, but it has not done so. Where our
supreme court took 138 years to forge the rule, and where our legislature has not touched it in
138 years, it ill behooves the appellate court to undo it.
¶ 27 Our supreme court has never endorsed the dissent’s proposition that a defendant must
move to dismiss an indictment that is sufficient on its face and not subject to a legal challenge.
When the State urged that Illinois should adopt a rule that limitation-tolling facts need not be
alleged in a charging document, our supreme court rejected that notion. People v. Strait, 72 Ill.
2d 503, 506 (1978). The court made clear that a charging document that does not allege that the
crime was committed within the period fixed by the statute of limitations is subject to dismissal.
Strait, 72 Ill. 2d at 505. Alternatively, the court said that an insufficient charging document can
be amended to remove the grounds for dismissal. Strait, 72 Ill. 2d at 506. The obvious and
commonsense interpretation is that a charging document that is not subject to a legal challenge is
not subject to a motion to dismiss.
¶ 28 The dissent’s reliance on People v. Chenowith, 2015 IL 116898, and People v. Covelli,
184 Ill. App. 3d 114 (1989), does not weaken our position, because those cases are inapposite.
In Chenowith, which involved a prosecution for financial exploitation of an elderly person, the
defendant moved to dismiss the indictment on the ground that the State failed to commence the
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prosecution within the statute of limitations. Chenowith, 2015 IL 116898, ¶ 14. In response, the
State filed an information alleging that the statute of limitations had not expired, because it was
extended by a statutory provision allowing commencement of the prosecution within one year
after the State’s Attorney discovered the offense. Chenowith, 2015 IL 116898, ¶ 14. The
defendant moved to dismiss the information, contending that the charges were filed after the
extended limitations period had expired. Chenowith, 2015 IL 116898, ¶ 15. The question raised
by the motion to dismiss was the meaning of the statutory phrase, “discovery of the offense,”
which was a question of law requiring statutory construction. Chenowith, 2015 IL 116898, ¶ 20.
Similarly, in Covelli, the defendant’s motion to dismiss the indictment raised only a question of
law involving statutory construction. Covelli, 184 Ill. App. 3d at 120-22. Neither of these cases
supports the dissent’s view that defendant in our case had to move to dismiss a charging
instrument that was facially sufficient and was not subject to a legal challenge.
¶ 29 We believe that our conclusion that defendant was not required to file a motion to dismiss
is bolstered by the Third District’s recent opinion in In re S.M., 2015 IL App (3d) 140687, ¶¶ 21,
22, where the court held that the juvenile respondent’s failure to move to dismiss the delinquency
petition did not constitute a judicial admission that the respondent was under the age of 18,
which was an element of the offense with which the respondent was charged, and did not waive
the State’s obligation to prove this element at trial.
¶ 30 Because the tolling of the limitations period was an element of the State’s case that it had
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt at trial, and because it failed to do so, we reverse the
judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County.
¶ 31 Reversed.
¶ 32 JUSTICE SPENCE, specially concurring.
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¶ 33 I write separately to explain that, although the dissent raises legitimate concerns over
treating an exception to the statute of limitations as an element that the State must prove, I
believe that our supreme court’s decision in People v. Morris, 135 Ill. 2d 540 (1990), dictates the
result in this case.
¶ 34 In Morris, the State added various counts to the indictment after the expiration of the
statute of limitations. Id. at 543. The State admitted that the counts failed to allege any facts
invoking an exception to the limitations period, but it asked the supreme court to reconsider its
decision in People v. Strait, 72 Ill. 2d 503, 504-05 (1978). Morris, 135 Ill. 2d at 543. The
supreme court’s decision in Strait had reaffirmed the “ ‘long-established rule that if [an]
indictment or information shows on its face that the offense was not committed within the period
of limitation facts must be averred which invoke one of the exceptions contained in the statute.’ ”
Id. (quoting Strait, 72 Ill. 2d at 504-05). The Morris court declined the State’s request, holding
that Strait was still controlling precedent.
¶ 35 However, Morris went on to state, “[w]here an indictment on its face shows that an
offense was not committed within the applicable limitation period, it becomes an element of the
State’s case to allege and prove the existence of facts which invoke an exception to the limitation
period. [Citations.] As with the other elements which the State must prove, such as the elements
of the offense with which a defendant is being charged,” the State is to identify the grounds for
the exception “with sufficient specificity to enable [the defendant] to defend against them.”
(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 546. Accordingly, Morris was the first supreme court
case to go beyond the rule that the State must invoke an exception in a case where the offense is
outside the statute of limitations. Not only is the State required to allege an exception to the
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statute of limitations, Morris elevated the exception to the level of an element that the State must
prove as part of its case.
¶ 36 As the dissent points out, treating a statute-of-limitations exception as an element of the
State’s case is problematic. Infra ¶ 45. This is because the statute of limitations has traditionally
been characterized as a defense that a defendant may forfeit. See People v. Polk, 21 Ill. 2d 594,
599 (1961) (the statute of limitations is a defense that a defendant may or may not urge). This
was true even in cases where the State failed to allege an exception to the statute of limitations,
but should have. In such cases, the defendant could still forfeit the defense by failing to file a
motion to dismiss. Infra ¶ 47 (citing People v. Gwinn, 255 Ill. App. 3d 628 (1994), People v.
Wasson, 211 Ill. App. 3d 264 (1991), People v. Williams, 79 Ill. App. 3d 806 (1979), and People
v. Speller, 46 Ill. App. 3d 208 (1977)). Morris results in disparate approaches: the statute of
limitations is a defense if the State does not allege it, but it is an element if it does.
¶ 37 The element/defense dichotomy created by Morris benefitted defendant here. Defendant
sat silent and then sandbagged the State by appealing the State’s failure to prove, beyond a
reasonable doubt, the element of the exception to the statute of limitations. Again, had the
statute of limitations been considered a defense as opposed to an element, however, defendant’s
failure to file a motion to dismiss under section 114-1(a)(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of
1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/114-1(a)(2) (West 2012)) would have resulted in forfeiture. See
People v. Gray, 396 Ill. App. 3d 216 (2009) (holding that, under section 114-1(b) of the Code,
the defendant forfeited the defense by failing to file a motion to dismiss under section 114-
1(a)(2)). Rather than requiring the State to prove the exception beyond a reasonable doubt, the
burden would have been on defendant to assert the defense. See Smith v. United States, 568 U.S.
___, ___, 133 S. Ct. 714, 719 (2013) (while the government must prove beyond a reasonable
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doubt every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which the defendant is charged, the
government has no constitutional duty to overcome an affirmative defense beyond a reasonable
doubt).
¶ 38 Defendant is receiving a windfall in this case, which, as the dissent correctly states, is
“offensive to a legal system that should uphold the rule of law over procedural sleight of hand”
(infra ¶ 59), and which runs counter to the purpose of the statute of limitations. See People v.
Macon, 396 Ill. App. 3d 451, 456 (2009) (“The purpose of providing limitations periods for
offenses is to minimize the danger of punishment for conduct that occurred in the distant past, to
encourage the State to be diligent in its investigation and to provide the trier of fact with
evidence that is fresh and not distorted or diluted by the passage of time.”).
¶ 39 Whether the Morris court intended to elevate a statute-of-limitations exception to an
element is not a question that this court has the authority to answer. See Gatreaux v. DKW
Enterprises, LLC, 2011 IL App (1st) 103482, ¶ 23 (appellate courts are bound to follow
decisions of the supreme court and have no authority to overrule or modify them). We are bound
by Morris, and given the State’s lack of proof as to the exception, regrettably we must reverse.
¶ 40 JUSTICE BURKE, dissenting.
¶ 41 The majority’s analysis in this case consistently returns to one point, that in Morris our
supreme court stated that an exception to the statute of limitations is an element which the State
must allege and prove. Morris, 135 Ill. 2d at 546. I believe that this statement must first be
viewed in the context of that case.
¶ 42 In Morris, the defendant filed a pretrial motion to dismiss certain counts of the indictment
because the State failed to allege facts showing that the statute of limitations had not been
violated. That motion was denied. On review, the supreme court held that, where an indictment
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on its face shows that an offense was not committed within the applicable limitations period, an
exception to the statute of limitations becomes an element that the State must allege and prove.
Id.
¶ 43 Morris was concerned with a deficiently pled charging instrument that did not enable the
defendant to prepare a defense to the statute-of-limitations exception. Id. at 547-48. The case
did not deal with insufficient proof of the exception or whether such insufficient proof would
result in an acquittal. The supreme court remanded the matter to the appellate court to determine
whether the evidence adduced at trial was sufficient to support the conviction for double
jeopardy purposes as, on remand to the trial court, the State would be free to reindict the
defendant for the same charges with the addition of any statute-of-limitations exception
averment. Id. at 548-51.
¶ 44 The majority states that I concede that Morris holds that the exception is an element that
must be proven. Actually, Morris holds that an indictment should be dismissed upon the
defendant’s motion if an exception is required and not pled. 1
¶ 45 Treating a statute-of-limitations exception as an element of the State’s case is problematic
for several reasons. While, like in Morris, the supreme court has labeled an exception as an
element, the court has also characterized it as a defense to a criminal charge. In Polk, 21 Ill. 2d
at 599, the supreme court stated, “[t]he Statute of Limitations is a defense which may or may not
be urged by a defendant.” The issue then is whether raising the statute of limitations as a bar to
prosecution is an affirmative defense or whether any limitations exception becomes an element,
as argued by defendant in this case. Here, the trial court followed the Fourth District’s opinion
1
This is the same holding in Thingvold, 145 Ill. 2d 441, which is cited by the majority in
¶ 26.
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in Gray, holding that, under section 114-1(b) of the Code, defendant forfeited this defense by
failing to file a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 114-1(a)(2). 725 ILCS 5/114-1(b) (West
2012).
¶ 46 The majority takes literally the language from Morris that, where an indictment on its
face shows that the offense is outside the statute of limitations, any exception becomes an
element of the State’s case to plead and prove. The majority’s many references to the
presumption of innocence and the State’s burden of proof are absolutely correct if this is an
element of the charged offense. If this is truly an element, it would never be subject to forfeiture.
Where a charge does not state an offense, a failure to file a motion to dismiss does not forfeit the
objection. See 725 ILCS 5/114-1(b) (West 2012) (forfeiture does not apply to section 114-
1(a)(8)). Also, a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence may be raised for the first time on
direct appeal and is not subject to the forfeiture rule. People v. Cowans, 336 Ill. App. 3d 173,
176 (2002) (citing People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176 (1988)).
¶ 47 Reviewing courts have consistently applied the forfeiture rule to situations where a
defendant has failed to challenge a charging instrument that, on its face, alleged an offense
outside the applicable limitations period. See People v. Gwinn, 255 Ill. App. 3d 628 (1994);
People v. Wasson, 211 Ill. App. 3d 264 (1991); People v. Williams, 79 Ill. App. 3d 806 (1979);
People v. Speller, 46 Ill. App. 3d 208 (1977). This is quite simply because, had each of these
defendants raised the statute of limitations as a viable defense to the prosecution, the State would
have been allowed to reindict the defendant and allege an exception or present parol evidence to
rebut the defense. See Gray, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 224 (“[the] State has the option to amend or
refile the charges”); see also People v. Switalski, 394 Ill. 530, 534-35 (1946) (“If [defendant] had
raised this question at the trial by a motion to quash, the prosecution could have introduced parol
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evidence to prove the identity of the two offenses. *** On this state of the record the People
cannot be prejudiced by failing to produce parol evidence of the identity of the offenses.”). If the
statute of limitations is an element, it is not subject to forfeiture. Contrarily, if it is a defense, it
may be forfeited.
¶ 48 The majority, recognizing this conundrum, posits that the statute of limitations is a
defense, whereas an exception to the statute of limitations is an element. The problems with this
theory are that it is unsupported by any authority and that it flies in the face of the very language
of Morris upon which the majority relies. Morris unequivocally states that, any time an
indictment on its face shows that the offense was committed outside the limitations period, the
State must allege and prove an exception as an element. This “element” language applies to any
indictment that on its face violates the statute of limitations. This means that any case that holds
a defendant to his or her forfeiture is simply wrong.
¶ 49 The broad language of Morris can be viewed as stating that it is a jurisdictional
imperative to plead and prove an exception to the statute of limitations where the indictment on
its face violates that statute. In Williams, 79 Ill. App. 3d 806, the First District Appellate Court
discussed the disparate views taken by courts concerning the forfeiture of statutes of limitations.
The court noted that, where the statute is considered to be jurisdictional, it may be raised at any
time. On the other hand, where the statute is treated as an affirmative defense, it is generally
held to be forfeitable. Id. at 807. The court noted that, in Illinois, jurisdiction is conferred by the
constitution, which grants circuit courts original jurisdiction over all justiciable matters. Id.; see
Belleville Toyota, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 199 Ill. 2d 325, 337 (2002). Because
the trial court clearly had jurisdiction over the charged offense, the limitations statute became a
matter of affirmative defense, which may be forfeited. Williams, 79 Ill. App. 3d at 808; see
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Smith, 568 U. S. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 720 (in a conspiracy case the Supreme Court treated the
statute-of-limitations claim as an affirmative defense and “not an element of the conspiracy
offense”); Biddinger v. Commissioner of Police of City of New York, 245 U.S. 128, 135 (1917)
(“The statute of limitations is a defense and must be asserted *** by the defendant in criminal
cases [citation], and the form of the statute in Illinois, which appellant seeks to rely upon, makes
it especially necessary that the claimed defense of it should be heard and decided by the courts of
that state [citations].” (Emphases added.))
¶ 50 As previously stated, Morris dealt specifically with a challenge to the charging
instrument and not the sufficiency of the evidence adduced at trial on the statute-of-limitations
exception. The majority relies on Ross and Whittington, as cases where the principles from
Morris were put into action. In both cases, the State alleged in the charging instrument an
exception to the statute of limitations. In Ross, the supreme court held that the evidence on this
allegation was insufficient. Ross, 325 Ill. at 423. In Whittington, the Fourth District Appellate
Court determined that the evidence relating to the allegation was “very slight and incomplete”
and that the instructions were defective for failing to present this issue to the jury. Whittington,
143 Ill. App. at 441. A perplexing twist that adds to the confusion on this issue is that both cases
were remanded. In Ross, the supreme court specifically remanded the case for a new trial. If, in
fact, the State failed to meet its burden of proving the statute-of-limitations exception as an
element, the convictions would have been reversed outright for failure to prove each and every
element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. The majority’s attempt to explain the holding
in Ross is strained. Apparently, in 1927 (Ross) the exception was an element that must be pled
and proven, but in 1929 (Stajduhar) it became a “material” element such that a failure of proof
would result in an acquittal of all charges. Ross would be the only reported case where an
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element of a criminal offense was not considered “material.” The bottom line is that the only
supreme court cases that deal with the exact issue presented here are confused and do not
unequivocally support the majority’s outright reversal of defendant’s conviction.
¶ 51 Justice Miller’s discussion of venue in his special concurrence in People v. Adams, 161
Ill. 2d 333, 346 (1994) (Miller, J., specially concurring), is instructive. He noted that case law
characterized venue as a material averment of a charge, to be established by proof beyond a
reasonable doubt. Id. at 349. He stated that venue is not defined as an element of any offense in
Illinois and that the requirement that it be established by proof beyond a reasonable doubt is a
judicially created construct. Id. at 349-50.
¶ 52 It is unclear from the supreme court’s language, labeling the statute of limitations as an
element on one hand and a defense on the other, whether this is even a clear judicially created
construct. What is clear, however, is that a statute of limitations is not an element of any offense
in Illinois. Retail theft, as described in the majority’s analogy, is a clear example of the
legislature exercising its authority by setting value as an element of an offense that the State must
prove at trial. Conversely, the legislature requires a defendant seeking relief from prosecution to
invoke the statute-of-limitations defense before trial.
¶ 53 The majority states that its conclusion that defendant was not required to file a motion to
dismiss is bolstered by In re S.M. In S.M., the respondent was charged in a juvenile petition with
the offense of unlawful possession of a concealable handgun, which makes it illegal for a person
under 18 years of age to possess any firearm of a size that can be concealed upon the person.
S.M., 2015 IL App (3d) 140687; see 720 ILCS 5/24-3.1(a)(1) (West 2012). The State failed to
present at trial any evidence of the respondent’s age. The appellate court held that the
respondent’s failure to challenge the juvenile court’s jurisdiction could not be construed as an
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admission to his age, which was an element that the State was obligated to prove. Unlike our
case, S.M. involved a legislatively prescribed element of the charged offense. What is
noteworthy is that the S.M. court pointed out that in a juvenile proceeding the respondent’s age
(like the statute-of-limitations exception in the present case) is a nonjurisdictional matter that
may be forfeited. S.M., 2015 IL App (3d) 140687, ¶ 22.
¶ 54 In discussing venue, Justice Miller indicated that this important right was procedural
rather than substantive, and one that a defendant may be required to invoke prior to trial. Adams,
161 Ill. 2d at 354 (Miller, J., specially concurring). He noted that section 114-1 provided the
tools necessary for a defendant to make this challenge, including providing for an evidentiary
hearing when disputed questions of fact exist. Id. Here, the majority holds that the exception
presented in this case, that a case involving the same conduct was pending, creates a question of
fact. Identity of offenses can be established by comparison of the charging instruments or by
parol evidence. People v. Hobbs, 361 Ill. 469, 470 (1935). If the trial court could resolve the
issue by simply comparing the charging documents, no factual question would arise. Even if
parol evidence is necessary, the trial court is statutorily authorized to conduct an evidentiary
hearing on a motion filed by the defendant. 725 ILCS 5/114-1(d) (West 2012).
¶ 55 A statute of limitations is a matter of legislative grace. See Ross, 325 Ill. at 421. The
legislature has the authority to set limitations periods and exceptions. See People v. Liebling, 36
Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1075-76 (1976). It is only logical that the legislature may establish the
procedure for challenging a charge based on the statute, which the legislature accomplished in
section 114-1(a)(2) of the Code. Should a defendant not file a timely section 114-1(a)(2) motion,
challenging the State’s ability to prosecute under the statute of limitations, that challenge is
forfeited. 725 ILCS 5/114-1(b) (West 2012). See People v. Williams, 21 Cal. 4th 335, 344
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(1999) (where the California Supreme Court noted that the legislature is free to adopt a statute-
of-limitations forfeiture rule at any time). This was at the heart of the holdings in those cases
where courts determined that the defendants had forfeited any statute-of-limitations claims. It is
incongruous that a defendant need not make a pretrial challenge to a statute-of-limitations
exception when the State is diligent in presenting the exception, whereas a defendant forfeits
such a challenge if he or she fails to object when the State is not diligent in this regard.
¶ 56 A limitations period is a statutory procedural bar to prosecution. Like other such bars to
prosecution, a challenge must be made before trial, pursuant to section 114-1. See People v.
Wigman, 2012 IL App (2d) 100736, ¶ 28 (speedy trial); People v. Kaye, 154 Ill. App. 3d 562,
567-68 (1987) (effect of former prosecution). Should such a challenge succeed, the trial court
does not enter a finding of not guilty, it dismisses the charges. Gray, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 224; see
Smith, 568 U.S. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 720 (“although the statute of limitations may inhibit
prosecution, it does not render the underlying conduct noncriminal”). A dismissal for failure to
properly plead gives the State the option to amend or refile the charges. Id. A dismissal on the
merits gives the State the option of appealing. People v. Cray, 209 Ill. App. 3d 60, 63 (1991).
¶ 57 The majority writes, “The obvious and commonsense interpretation is that a charging
document that is not subject to a legal challenge is not subject to a motion to dismiss.” Supra
¶ 27. In Chenowith, 2015 IL 116898, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss the indictment,
which, on its face, violated the statute of limitations. In response, the State was granted leave to
file an amended information alleging facts that placed the indictment within the one-year
extended statute of limitations (720 ILCS 5/3-6(a)(2) (West 2004)). The defendant again filed a
pretrial motion to dismiss, alleging a statute-of-limitations violation. The supreme court had no
comment on what the majority here would find to be an obvious procedural defect in the pretrial
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proceedings. See Gray, 396 Ill. App. 3d 216 (defendant proceeded on a pretrial motion to
dismiss the charges, based on a violation of the statute of limitations where the indictment
alleged an exception); Covelli, 184 Ill. App. 3d 114 (same).
¶ 58 When the State files a charging document, it contains a date of the alleged offense. This
date puts the defendant on notice that the charges have been brought within the limitations
period. If the defendant believes that the date alleged is incorrect and that the limitations period
has been exceeded, he or she must file a motion to dismiss under section 114-1(a)(2), or the issue
is forfeited. Likewise, where the charging document alleges an exception to the statute of
limitations, the defendant is put on notice that the charges fall within the limitations period, due
to the exception. If the defendant has a legitimate challenge to the exception, he must file a
motion to dismiss pursuant to section 114-1(a)(2), or the issue is forfeited.
¶ 59 In the present case, it is clear that defendant had no legitimate challenge to the exception
pled. In his law review article on this subject, George R. Nock wrote:
“The technical requirements of pleading the statute of limitations in criminal
cases afford some splendid opportunities to use the statute to overturn otherwise
successful prosecutions which were not, in fact, barred by limitations. Whatever
admiration may be excited by such adroit use of these pleading rules must give way to a
realization that such results are offensive to a legal system that seeks to resolve disputes
according to rules of law, rather than procedural sleight of hand.” George R. Nock,
Pleading the Statute of Limitations in Criminal Cases, 1977 BYU L. Rev. 75.
¶ 60 The present case was not, in fact, barred by the statute of limitations. An outright
reversal of defendant’s conviction is offensive to a legal system that should uphold the rule of
law over procedural sleight of hand. Respectfully, I would affirm the trial court.
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