Crim v. Dietrich

FILED
2016 IL App (4th) 150843 November 7, 2016
Carla Bender
NO. 4-15-0843 4th District Appellate
Court, IL
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
COLLIN CRIM, A Minor, By His Parents and Next ) Appeal from
Friends, KRISTOPHER CRIM and TERI CRIM, Indi- ) Circuit Court of
vidually, ) Adams County
Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) No. 06L89
v. )
GINA DIETRICH, D.O., ) Honorable
Defendant-Appellee. ) Mark A. Drummond,
) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Holder White and Appleton concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 In August 2015, plaintiffs, Kristopher Crim and Teri Crim, acting on behalf of
their biological son, Collin Crim (born June 17, 2005), filed a fourth amended medical malprac-
tice claim against defendant, Gina Dietrich, D.O., alleging that she failed to comply with the
standard of care applicable to an obstetrician. The Crims claimed, in pertinent part, that Die-
trich’s negligent failure to obtain Teri’s informed consent prior to Collin’s natural birth resulted
in a fracture to Collin’s right clavicle and nerve damage that extended down his right side to his
shoulder, wrist, hand, and fingers.
¶2 Following the presentation of the Crims’ case at a September 2015 jury trial, Die-
trich moved for a partially directed verdict on the issue of informed consent, which the trial court
granted. Thereafter, following additional evidence and argument, the jury returned a verdict in
Dietrich’s favor and against the Crims on their remaining claim, which sought to recover medical
expenses under section 15 of the Rights of Married Persons Act (750 ILCS 65/15 (West 2014)).
The court later imposed costs on the Crims as permitted by section 5-109 of the Code of Civil
Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/5-109 (West 2014)).
¶3 The Crims appeal, arguing that the trial court erred by (1) granting Dietrich a di-
rected verdict on the issue of informed consent and (2) barring certain medical testimony. Be-
cause we agree with the Crims’ first argument, we reverse.
¶4 I. BACKGROUND
¶5 A. Informed Consent
¶6 Because our resolution of this case concerns the trial court’s grant of a directed
verdict in Dietrich’s favor on the issue of informed consent, we provide the following brief ex-
planation of that concept to place the Crims’ claim in its proper context.
¶7 In a medical malpractice action raising a lack of informed consent, a plaintiff
must prove that a physician “should have informed the patient, prior to administering medical
treatment, of the diagnosis, the general nature of the contemplated procedure, the risks involved,
the prospects of success, the prognosis if the procedure is not performed and alterna-
tive medical treatment.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Taylor v. County of Cook, 2011 IL
App (1st) 093085, ¶ 53, 957 N.E.2d 413 (quoting Coryell v. Smith, 274 Ill. App. 3d 543, 549,
653 N.E.2d 1317, 1321 (1995), quoting Roberts v. Patel, 620 F. Supp. 323, 325 (N.D. Ill. 1985)).
At issue in this case is the Crims’ claim that Dietrich should have informed Teri about alterna-
tives to natural childbirth.
¶8 B. The Crims’ Claim
¶9 In August 2015, the Crims, acting on behalf of their minor son, Collin, filed a
fourth amended medical malpractice claim against Dietrich, alleging that she failed to comply
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with the standard of care applicable to an obstetrician. Essentially, the Crims claimed that during
Teri’s pregnancy, Dietrich failed to inform Teri that (1) Collin’s increasing weight would place
him at risk for injury if he was delivered by natural childbirth and (2) Teri had the option of de-
livering Collin by cesarean section (C-section) to mitigate possible injury. During Collin’s June
17, 2005, natural delivery, he suffered shoulder dystocia—that is, an obstructed labor whereby
after the delivery of the head, the anterior shoulder of the infant cannot pass or requires signifi-
cant manipulation. As a result, Collin suffered a clavicle fracture and “extensive injury” to the
network of nerves known as the brachial plexus. See http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/ brachial-plexus-injury/home/ovc-20127336 (last visited Sept. 26, 2016) (defining
brachial plexus as a “network of nerves that sends signals from your spine to your shoulder,
arm[,] and hand”). In their prayer for relief, the Crims sought a judgment in their favor and com-
pensation for Collin’s injuries.
¶ 10 C. The Evidence at Trial
¶ 11 At a September 2015 jury trial on the Crims’ medical malpractice suit, they pre-
sented the following evidence.
¶ 12 In September 2004, Teri discovered that she was pregnant with her first child. In
October 2004, Teri made an initial appointment to see Dietrich, who administered Teri’s prenatal
care throughout the pregnancy. Dietrich performed ultrasounds in October 2004, January 2005,
and April 2005. Teri noted that Dietrich performed the April 2005 ultrasound because Dietrich
was concerned that Collin “was measuring large.” After conducting that ultrasound, Dietrich
confirmed that (1) Teri’s fluid levels were “okay” and (2) Collin was progressing normally. In
May 2005, Dietrich told Teri that Collin would be about eight pounds at birth. Thereafter, Die-
trich did not discuss again Collin’s weight with Teri. Ten days after Teri’s June 6, 2005, ex-
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pected delivery date, Dietrich induced Teri’s labor at a local hospital. Collin was born 26 hours
later, weighing 11 pounds, 2 ounces.
¶ 13 Teri testified that during her prenatal care, Dietrich did not discuss (1) Collin’s
weight, (2) potential complications associated with the natural birth of a large infant, or (3) the
option of Teri delivering Collin by C-section. After Collin was born, radiography confirmed that
he had a fractured clavicle. Shortly thereafter, Teri learned that Collin had injured his brachial
plexus. In the first few days after Collin’s birth, Teri observed that he did not move his right arm,
turn his hand, or move his fingers.
¶ 14 In February 2006, pediatric neurosurgeons surgically repaired Collin’s brachial
plexus by grafting a nerve from Collin’s leg into his neck. Teri then recounted her biannual trips
to St. Louis for occupational and physical therapy to improve Collin’s gross motor skills, such as
catching a ball and lifting his hand up to his mouth. (Each therapy session, which occurred for
about an hour, was recorded and published to the jury.) Teri opined that during the November
2007 therapy session, she saw “real improvement” and Collin “was actually gaining a little bit of
his *** movement back.” Teri noted, however, that Collin’s limited range of movement affected
the type of clothing they purchased for him, explaining “[w]e couldn’t buy [Collin] real tight
shirts, things like that, because that would be very difficult, and [Collin] would get upset trying
to put clothes on like that.” Teri acknowledged that despite his progress, 10-year-old Collin
could not lift or pour a full gallon of milk and had difficulty reaching above his head. Teri stated
that Collin (1) does not talk about his injury, (2) does not want others to know about his injury,
and (3) will change the subject if someone attempts to discuss his injury.
¶ 15 Teri reiterated that Dietrich never told her that (1) Collin was a large baby, (2) the
complications that might arise with the natural delivery of a large baby, or (3) a C-section deliv-
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ery could have avoided Collin’s clavicle fracture and brachial plexus injury. Teri stated, “[h]ad I
known that there was a chance of shoulder dystocia, or brachial plexus or what could happen, I
would have opted for a C-section.”
¶ 16 Dietrich, who testified as an adverse witness, had been Teri’s obstetrician from
November 2004 to June 2005. During that time, Dietrich acknowledged using a “fundal height”
centimeter measurement to “track the progress” and “compare” that length to the weeks of gesta-
tion to ensure the proper correlation. Dietrich then explained that the fundal height measurements
she took at weeks 26, 28, 30, and 32 of Teri’s pregnancy showed fundal height lengths that were
approximately 3 to 4 centimeters greater than the expected factor for those respective weeks of
gestation. One of Dietrich’s concerns with the measurements was that unborn Collin might be
“large for his gestational age.”
¶ 17 Dietrich confirmed that the definition of fetal macrosomia is when “a fetus is in
the 90th percentile of size,” which occurs “at the term of the pregnancy” and at 4,500 grams (ap-
proximately 9.92 pounds) to 5,000 grams (approximately 11.02 pounds). Prior to term, Dietrich
generally assesses whether the fetus is large for the corresponding gestational age. At term, Die-
trich evaluates whether the fetus is macrosomic. One week prior to Collin’s birth, Dietrich told
Teri that she estimated Collin’s weight at birth to be eight or nine pounds. Dietrich agreed that “a
major concern in delivery of macrosomic infants is shoulder dystocia and the attendant risk of
permanent brachial plexus palsy.” Dietrich noted that one way to avoid shoulder dystocia is to
deliver a fetus by C-section, which avoids navigation of the birth canal and, as a result, prevents
the shoulder from becoming impacted during that navigation.
¶ 18 Dietrich admitted that “the appropriate management of shoulder dystocia begins
with recognition that the condition exists.” Dietrich then explained, as follows:
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“Shoulder dystocia is an obstetrician’s nightmare. We
know that the timeframe is limited to get the baby delivered safely
or severe consequences can happen, and so I went to my maneu-
vers, and after I tried to move the shoulders, once again I have to
try to use traction to remove the baby, and perhaps the shoulders
had moved enough that I was able to do that a second time.”
Dietrich admitted that (1) her use of traction in attempting to extract Collin from the birth canal
might have caused Collin’s brachial plexus injury and (2) a reasonably careful obstetrician would
have discussed with an expectant mother the option of delivering a fetus with an estimated
weight of 5,000 grams or more by C-section.
¶ 19 Michael Benson, an obstetrician, testified on behalf the Crims that during preg-
nancy, especially in the third trimester, he assesses risk factors related to blood pressure, diabe-
tes, the mother’s weight gain, and fetal growth. Benson acknowledged that fetal growth can be
measured by (1) using a fundal height measurement, (2) palpating the abdomen, (3) performing
an ultrasound, or (4) performing a pelvic exam. With regard to fundal height, Benson noted that
the measurements are examined for a “normal growth pattern,” typically beginning at week 20 of
the pregnancy. Benson explained further, as follows:
“[T]here’s a relationship to the number of centimeters *** from 20
to 32 weeks and so generally, if I exam [sic] a patient and she’s 25
weeks along, her fundal height will be 25 centimeters. What’s in-
teresting, though, is that this relationship falls off at about 32
weeks and so what happens is the baby continues to grow but the
relationship is no longer one centimeter per week.”
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Benson continued that after 32 weeks, the fundal height starts to fall off and is no longer a one-
to-one ratio. Benson noted that “the baby is actually growing at an absolute rate faster than it was
before,” but experience has shown that after week 32, a fetus’s growth is “filling out the abdo-
men instead of just primarily growing upward.”
¶ 20 Benson noted that macrosomia occurs in fetuses that weigh 4,500 grams or more.
Such a diagnosis causes concern because, although the head is the largest part of a fetus, the
shoulders of a fetus weighing more than 4,500 grams could get stuck during natural delivery,
which is referred to as shoulder dystocia. Shoulder dystocia could cause temporary or permanent
injury, brain damage, or death. Benson advised that an estimated fetal weight should be per-
formed when the patient is admitted with labor pains, explaining that the risk of shoulder dysto-
cia for all fetuses is 1.4%, but that risk increases to 9.4% for fetuses weighing 4,500 grams and
can be as high as 20% for fetuses weighing more than 5,000 grams.
¶ 21 The following exchange then occurred:
“[CRIMS’ COUNSEL]: Is there any way to avoid *** a
shoulder dystocia that takes place during a vaginal birth?
[BENSON]: Well, if the head is already delivered, there’s
no way to avoid it. Obviously, one way to avoid a shoulder dysto-
cia would be to do a [C-section] at some point before the head
comes out, but basically *** there has to be a reason for that.
[CRIMS’ COUNSEL]: And what reasons come to mind
that might suggest a [C-section] instead of a vaginal birth?
[BENSON]: *** [N]ormally, these reasons occur before the
start of labor and they’re *** chiefly related to estimates of fetal
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weight and so *** the standard of care is to offer a woman a [C-
section] if the estimated fetal weight is 5,000 grams or more.”
¶ 22 Benson acknowledged that Dietrich ordered an ultrasound in April 2005 because
she was concerned that unborn Collin was large for his gestational age, but after reviewing the
report generated by that ultrasound, Benson commented that the “report was conspicuous for in-
formation that it [did not] have.” Specifically, Benson concluded that the report was incomplete
because it neither documented an estimated fetal weight nor a percentile value, which Dietrich
could have easily obtained by requesting it from the ultrasound computer database. Benson add-
ed that generally, an obstetrician would begin having a discussion with the expectant mother
about macrosomia when a fetus is 4,500 grams. Such a discussion would include the risks to the
fetus as well as options, such as a C-section, and the associated risks such a procedure poses to
the mother and child. Benson noted that inducing labor “is thought to increase the risk of shoul-
der dystocia by at least two-fold.”
¶ 23 Benson revealed that during his review of the Teri’s medical records, he did not
find documentation that Dietrich (1) estimated Collin’s fetal weight, (2) discussed the possibility
that Collin might be macrosomic with Teri, (3) communicated to Teri the risks associated with
the vaginal delivery of a macrosomic fetus, or (4) informed Teri of the benefits and disad-
vantages of a natural childbirth versus a delivery by C-section.
¶ 24 Based on his review of the medical reports and depositions, Benson opined to a
reasonable degree of medical certainty that Dietrich’s performance fell below the standard of
care for an obstetrician in that Dietrich (1) relied on an incomplete April 2005 ultrasound report
to rule out that Collin was potentially macrosomic, (2) failed to recognize that Collin was
macrosomic based on Teri’s fundal height measurements and April 2005 clinical presentation,
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(3) failed to estimate fetal weight within 48 hours of delivery, and (4) choose not to order an ul-
trasound immediately prior to Teri’s induction. Benson also opined to a reasonable degree of
medical certainty that Collin’s brachial plexus injury (1) was caused by Dietrich’s negligence in
proceeding with a natural childbirth and (2) would have more likely than not been avoided had
Dietrich performed a C-section.
¶ 25 D. Dietrich’s Motion for a Directed Verdict
¶ 26 At the close of the Crims’ case in chief, Dietrich moved for a directed verdict on
the issue of informed consent. Relying on this court’s decision in St. Gemme v. Tomlin, 118 Ill.
App. 3d 766, 455 N.E.2d 294 (1983), Dietrich argued, as follows:
“The St. Gemme case makes it very clear that in an in-
formed consent case, you cannot rely solely on the testimony of the
patient as to what they would have done. *** The standard of an
informed consent is an objective standard. What would a reasona-
ble person do under those circumstances?
What [the Crims] failed to do in this case was to establish,
by expert testimony, that a reasonable patient would not have a
vaginal birth and would pursue a [C-section] instead. That’s the fa-
tal flaw in their case. Without that necessary link, all of the negli-
gence that they allege in the prenatal care, all of the things they say
*** Dietrich should have done lead to a dead end before you get to
the question of damages because they didn’t establish, by expert
testimony, that a reasonable patient in [Teri’s] position would have
elected to have a [C-]section.”
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¶ 27 After taking a short recess, the trial court found that St. Gemme was controlling
precedent and granted Dietrich’s motion for a directed verdict on the issue of informed consent.
¶ 28 E. Subsequent Proceedings
¶ 29 Thereafter, Dietrich presented testimony in her case in chief. (We omit a summa-
tion of that testimony because it is not pertinent to the resolution of this case.)
¶ 30 Following argument, the jury returned a verdict in Dietrich’s favor and against the
Crims. The court later entered a written order, imposing costs on the Crims as permitted by sec-
tion 5-109 of the Code.
¶ 31 This appeal followed.
¶ 32 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 33 The Crims appeal, arguing, in pertinent part, that the trial court erred by granting
defendant a directed verdict on the issue of informed consent. Essentially, the Crims claim that
the court incorrectly determined that the Crims were required to present expert medical testimo-
ny that Teri would have elected a C-Section over natural childbirth. We agree.
¶ 34 A. The Required Elements To Prove Informed Consent
¶ 35 A plaintiff must prove the following four essential elements to prevail in a medi-
cal malpractice action under a theory of informed consent: “(1) the physician had a duty to dis-
close material risks; (2) he failed to disclose or inadequately disclosed those risks; (3) as a direct
and proximate result of the failure to disclose, the patient consented to treatment she otherwise
would not have consented to; and (4) plaintiff was injured by the proposed treatment.” (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) Davis v. Kraff, 405 Ill. App. 3d 20, 28-29, 937 N.E.2d 306, 314-15
(2010) (quoting Coryell, 274 Ill. App. 3d at 546, 653 N.E.2d at 1319). As framed by the parties,
the issue in this case concerns the third element. In this regard, “[t]he gravamen in an informed
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consent case requires the plaintiff to point to significant undisclosed information relating to the
treatment which would have altered her decision to undergo it.” (Internal quotations marks omit-
ted.) Id. at 29, 937 N.E.2d at 315.
¶ 36 B. This Court’s Decision in St. Gemme
¶ 37 Because the trial court’s grant of a directed verdict in Dietrich’s favor was based
on this court’s decision in St. Gemme, we provide the following brief summary of that case.
¶ 38 In St. Gemme, 118 Ill. App. 3d at 767, 455 N.E.2d at 295, the plaintiff saw the
defendant dentist for a problem tooth that the defendant later determined was so diseased that
“[t]he only remedy was extraction, a difficult and complicated procedure.” A possible conse-
quence of the extraction, which the defendant failed to disclose to the plaintiff, was the possibil-
ity of a loss of lip sensation, referred to as paresthesia. Id. at 768, 455 N.E.2d at 295. Left un-
treated, however, the tooth would have become infected and posed a life-threatening condition.
Id. at 767, 455 N.E.2d at 295. After undergoing the extraction, the plaintiff suffered paresthesia,
which was likely a permanent condition. Id. at 768, 455 N.E.2d at 295. The plaintiff sued, alleg-
ing that the defendant failed to obtain her informed consent. Id.¶ 39 The St. Gemme court noted that the ensuing trial turned into a battle of the ex-
perts. Id. at 768, 455 N.E.2d at 296. The plaintiff’s expert testified that the standard of care for
the extraction required the defendant to disclose the risk of postoperative paresthesia. Id. One of
the defendant’s experts averred that no such requirement existed at the time the procedure was
performed. Id. The defendant’s second expert testified that no reasonable person would have re-
fused the treatment the defendant administered. Id. at 769, 455 N.E.2d at 296. However, all of
the experts (1) “testified that there was no reasonable alternative” to the extraction and (2)
“agreed that within a short time the tooth would become abscessed and hence[,] life threatening.”
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Id. The jury found in favor of the defendant and the plaintiff appealed. Id. at 768, 455 N.E.2d at
296.
¶ 40 On appeal, this court noted the following on the issue of proximate cause:
“In all but the most gross malpractice cases there must be expert
evidence not only as to the negligence of the defendant but also as
to a proximate causal connection between the negligence and the
injury suffered by the plaintiff. [Citation.] This principle is appli-
cable to failure-to-warn cases. [Citation.] In the instant case the on-
ly evidence on this matter favorable to the plaintiff came from the
plaintiff herself who testified that if she had known of the risk, she
would not have submitted to the procedure. All of the expert evi-
dence, both plaintiff’s expert and defendant’s experts, was to the
contrary.
All of the experts testified that there was no reasonable al-
ternative.” Id. at 769, 455 N.E.2d at 296.
¶ 41 In affirming the jury’s verdict and concluding that the “plaintiff failed to meet her
burden of proof on the question of proximate cause” (id.), this court agreed with the following
rationale provided by the Supreme Court of California in Cobbs v. Grant, 502 P.2d 1, 11-12
(Cal. 1972):
“The patient-plaintiff may testify on this subject but the is-
sue extends beyond his credibility. Since at the time of trial the un-
communicated hazard has materialized, it would be surprising if
the patient-plaintiff did not claim that had he been informed of the
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dangers he would have declined treatment. Subjectively he may
believe so, with the 20/20 vision of hindsight, but we doubt that
justice will be served by placing the physician in jeopardy of the
patient’s bitterness and disillusionment. Thus an objective test is
preferable: i.e., what would a prudent person in the patient’s posi-
tion have decided if adequately informed of all significant perils.”
¶ 42 C. Dietrich’s Response
¶ 43 In response to the Crims’ argument, Dietrich claims, as she did in the trial court,
that the Crims failed to establish—through expert testimony—that a reasonable person in Teri’s
position would not have opted for a vaginal birth and, instead, would have elected to undergo a
C-section procedure if Dietrich had provided that option. In support of that claim, Dietrich pos-
its, as follows:
“St. Gemme held that in ‘all but the most gross malpractice cases’
there must be expert evidence not only as to the negligence of the
defendant but also as to the proximate causal connection between
the negligence and the plaintiff’s injury. The trial court recognized
that this case was not one of ‘gross negligence,’ which meant that
it [was] essential to have at least some expert testimony as to what
a reasonably prudent patient would do given all the options.”
We disagree with Dietrich’s interpretation of St. Gemme.
¶ 44 In St. Gemme, this court affirmed the jury’s finding in favor of the defendant den-
tist because the plaintiff failed to present any evidence whatsoever that the defendant could have
performed, for example, another procedure that would have addressed her dental concerns in-
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stead of the extraction that carried the risk of paresthesia. Although the defendant solicited expert
testimony that no reasonable person would have refused the treatment the defendant adminis-
tered, our affirmance of the jury’s verdict in Gemme was not based on that evidence. Instead, our
determination was based on expert medical testimony that no viable alternative existed to the ex-
traction procedure performed other than to elect not to proceed with that procedure, which all the
experts in St. Gemme agreed would have been fatal. That specific testimony—that is, that no via-
ble alternative to the extraction existed—could only have been solicited from experts in the field
of dentistry or oral surgery, as occurred in St. Gemme. Thus, absent a viable alternative, the
plaintiff’s testimony in St. Gemme that she would have opted to forego the extraction if the de-
fendant alerted her to risk of paresthesia was, at best, self-serving.
¶ 45 In addition, we question (1) the logic of requiring expert medical testimony from,
for example, an obstetrician, as to what a reasonable person would do when faced with various
medical options and (2) how that opinion testimony is relevant or admissible, given that it is not
within the scope of the obstetrician’s expertise. Simply put, we view St. Gemme as procedurally
distinct and conclude that it does not stand for the proposition that Dietrich asserts.
¶ 46 In Coryell, 274 Ill. App. 3d at 546, 653 N.E.2d at 1319, the First District reversed
the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in the defendant’s favor because it concluded that in
the underlying medical malpractice action involving informed consent, the plaintiff “was not re-
quired to present expert evidence specifically as to proximate causation.” The Coryell court
acknowledged that “expert evidence is generally necessary to assist the jury in determining
whether the physician’s breach of his duty to diagnose or to timely diagnose proximately caused
the plaintiff’s injury since that determination usually requires knowledge, skill, or training in a
technical area outside the comprehension of lay persons.” Id. at 549-50, 653 N.E.2d at 1321.
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However, pertinent to this appeal, the First District continued, as follows:
“In an informed consent action, however, after they have been ed-
ucated as to the information that the physician should have dis-
closed to the plaintiff ***, no one is in a better position than the ju-
ry to determine whether any alleged undisclosed information
would have altered the plaintiff’s decision to undergo the proposed
treatment had it been disclosed. Moreover, since the issue of prox-
imate causation in an informed consent case relates to what a per-
son of ordinary prudence would do under the same or similar cir-
cumstances as those confronting the plaintiff, it is even more com-
pelling that the members of the jury, based on their own
knowledge and experience, and using their native common sense,
understand and determine the issue of whether, after proper disclo-
sure, a prudent person would have nonetheless proceeded with the
proposed treatment.” Id. at 550, 653 N.E.2d at 1321.
We agree with Coryell.
¶ 47 Dietrich acknowledges Coryell, but she argues that the trial court in the instant
case was bound by this court’s decision in St. Gemme, which Dietrich contends is in direct con-
flict with the First District’s decision in Coryell on the issue of whether expert testimony is re-
quired to determine what a reasonably prudent patient would do given available medical options.
However, for the reasons we have already mentioned, we disagree with Dietrich’s characteriza-
tion and conclude that no conflict exists.
¶ 48 In this case, we agree with the Crims that the trial court erred by granting a partial
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directed verdict in Dietrich’s favor on the issue of informed consent because the Crims presented
competent evidence that (1) an alternative to the natural birth procedure existed, (2) the alterna-
tive procedure could have mitigated the injuries Collin sustained, and (3) Teri testified that had
she been advised of that alternative, she would not have proceeded with the natural childbirth.
See Schiff v. Friberg, 331 Ill. App. 3d 643, 657-58, 771 N.E.2d 517, 530 (2002) (“A directed
verdict should not be granted if there is any evidence demonstrating a substantial factual dispute
or where the credibility of witnesses is at issue.”). Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s
judgment and remand for a new trial.
¶ 49 In so concluding, we note that in their appeal, the Crims also raise an evidentiary
claim. However, because we have reversed and remanded for a new trial, we decline to address
the Crims’ evidentiary claim.
¶ 50 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 51 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for
further proceedings.
¶ 52 Reversed; cause remanded.
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