People v. $35,315.00 United States Currency

FILED
2016 IL App (4th) 150685 September 27, 2016
Carla Bender
NO. 4-15-0685 4th District Appellate
Court, IL
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
) Appeal from
) Circuit Court of
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,
) Macon County
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) No. 14MR1046
v. )
$35,315.00 UNITED STATES CURRENCY,
)
Defendant. ) Honorable
) Thomas E. Griffith, Jr.,
(Tykisha Lofton, Claimant-Appellee). ) Judge Presiding.
____________________________________________________________
JUSTICE POPE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Knecht and Justice Turner concurred in the judgment and
opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The State appeals the trial court’s judgment the proceeds of a winning lottery ticket
were not forfeitable under the Illinois Drug Asset Forfeiture Procedure Act (Forfeiture Act) (725
ILCS 150/1 to 14 (West 2014)). We reverse.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 On November 18, 2014, Macon County police officers executed a search warrant at
the residence of Terrance Norwood. Claimant, Tykisha Lofton, lived with Norwood. Police
recovered cannabis, cocaine, a digital scale, packaging material, a loaded SKS assault rifle,
ammunition, and approximately $200 cash.
¶4 During an interview with police, Norwood admitted he sold drugs. Norwood stated
he was unemployed and had no source of income other than drug sales. Norwood explained he
was going to stop selling drugs because he had recently purchased a scratch-off lottery ticket at
the Price Rite in Decatur and won $50,000.
¶5 On November 21, 2014, the State charged Norwood with (1) armed violence for
being armed with a dangerous weapon while possessing cocaine with the intent to deliver (720
ILCS 5/33A-2(a), A-3(a) (West 2014)) (count I), (2) armed violence for being armed with a
dangerous weapon while possessing cannabis with the intent to deliver (720 ILCS 5/33A-2(a),
A-3(a) (West 2014)) (count II), (3) unlawful possession of a controlled substance (cocaine) while
within 1000 feet of church property with the intent to deliver and with a prior conviction for
unlawful possession of controlled substance with the intent to deliver (720 ILCS 570/407(b)(1)
(West 2014)) (count III), and (4) unlawful possession of cannabis with a conviction for prior
unlawful possession of a controlled substance with the intent to deliver (720 ILCS 550/4(d)
(West 2014)) (count IV).
¶6 On January 14, 2015, the State filed a complaint for forfeiture, seeking the
proceeds of the winning lottery ticket, i.e., $35,315. (The parties appear to agree that figure
represents the lump sum value of the $50,000 prize.) The State alleged those funds were subject
to forfeiture as proceeds traceable to Norwood’s illegal drug sales.
¶7 During the bench trial on the State’s complaint, Macon County sheriff’s deputy
Brian Hickey testified he and other officers executed a search warrant at Norwood’s residence on
November 18, 2014. Both Norwood and Lofton were present at the time of the search. In the
bedroom, police observed an SKS assault rifle in plain sight and two boxes of ammunition. In the
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kitchen, police found 7.5 grams of cocaine, a digital scale, and drug packaging material. In
addition, cannabis was located throughout the house. Police also recovered small rocks of crack
cocaine from a vehicle parked at the residence, which was titled in both Norwood’s and Lofton’s
names.
¶8 During an interview with Hickey, Norwood stated he had been unemployed for
several months and admitted he was selling cocaine and cannabis. Norwood stated he was selling
drugs to pay the bills until he got “that little bit of money.” When Hickey asked Norwood what
he meant by “that little bit of money,” Norwood explained he had won $50,000 on a $3 scratch-
off lottery ticket. The ticket had been turned in to the lottery office in Springfield, and Norwood
was waiting to get paid. Hickey testified Norwood told him he purchased the ticket in the
beginning of November and he let Lofton scratch it off.
¶9 Hickey testified he also interviewed Lofton. According to Hickey, Lofton never
gave any indication she was the one who paid for the ticket. She told him Norwood purchased
the ticket and she scratched it off. Lofton maintained she knew Norwood smoked cannabis but
she was unaware he was selling drugs. While the SKS rifle was located in plain sight, Lofton
stated she never noticed it. Hickey testified one of the cell phones seized belonged to Lofton. On
that phone, police found text messages referring to “loud.” Hickey explained “loud” is a street
term for high-grade cannabis. On Norwood’s cell phone, there were images of Lofton and
Norwood with marijuana plants. Hickey testified Norwood advised he had told Lofton he was
selling drugs but he was going to stop once they got the lottery money.
¶ 10 After the trial court denied Lofton’s motion for a directed finding, she presented
her case. Lofton testified she and Norwood had been living together “for years.” Lofton lived at
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the residence with her three children (ages five, six, and eight). Lofton maintained Norwood did
not give her the money to purchase the ticket. Lofton testified she was unemployed both at the
time of the hearing and at the time the lottery ticket was purchased. Although she last babysat in
September, Lofton claimed to have received payment for those services in October 2014. Lofton
explained she purchased the first ticket, which yielded a free ticket, with money she received
from babysitting. According to Lofton, the free ticket was the winning ticket. Lofton testified she
immediately went to the Springfield lottery office and filled out a claim form. A copy of that
form was introduced into evidence. It showed her name, social security number, phone number,
driver’s license number, and signature, and it was dated October 30, 2014. Lofton testified she
did not have an agreement to split the winnings with Norwood. Lofton did not recall speaking to
police about the ticket. She also testified she was unaware Norwood was dealing drugs.
According to Lofton, she did not know there was a weapon, a digital scale, or cocaine in the
residence.
¶ 11 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found in favor of Lofton. With
regard to who purchased the ticket, the trial court found the following:
“This Court believes that Mr. Norwood purchased the lottery ticket.
This Court believes that he purchased the ticket more likely than not
with drug money.
[Norwood] indicated at that time that drug money was his only
source of income. He used the [drug] money to pay his bills and to
help support his family. And by the way, he was going to change
because he had won this ticket and so on and so forth. Before Mr.
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Norwood and [Lofton] understood the consequences this is what Mr.
Norwood told the authorities and what [Lofton] told the authorities.
This Court does find that Detective Hickey’s testimony on this point
is credible and [Lofton’s] testimony on the point is not credible.”
¶ 12 However, the trial court denied the State’s complaint on the basis that although the
ticket was purchased with drug money, it was not forfeitable under the Forfeiture Act.
Specifically, the court found the following:
“This Court does not believe that forfeiting the proceeds that were
purchased from a lottery ticket was what the *** Forfeiture Act was
intended to do. The proceeds in this particular case were the windfall
of purchasing one $3 lottery ticket. They were not derivative from the
sales of drugs except, perhaps, for the $3. They did not stem from the
sale of drugs.
*** I did carefully review the [Betancourt] case, which, of course,
says just the opposite in terms of what I am stating. I do not agree
with the reasoning in that particular case. I am not bound by the
decision of a federal third decision out of the state of Texas. And just
to comment briefly, I think, at some point in time the—the argument
that everything stems from something has to stop.
What if, for instance, they had taken the proceeds and
invested [them] in some type of successful dry cleaning business or
some such thing, and they’re making *** $100,000 a year from the
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dry cleaning business, are those proceeds then forfeitable?
What if, for instance, *** some cannabis dealer had earned $10,000
selling cannabis, and he decided he was going to put himself through
medical school or something with that money, earned a medical
degree and was out successfully working? Is that money then
forfeitable? At some point the—the connection has to stop.”
The trial court concluded forfeiture was not appropriate under the circumstances presented by
this case.
¶ 13 On July 29, 2015, the State filed a motion to stay judgment pending appeal, which
the trial court granted. According to the court’s order, “The monies shall be held in abeyance by
the Illinois State Lottery Commission.”
¶ 14 This appeal followed.
¶ 15 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 16 On appeal, the State argues the trial court erred in its interpretation of the
Forfeiture Act when it found the winnings from the lottery ticket were not forfeitable. The State
contends the proceeds of the winning ticket should be forfeitable because they are traceable to
Norwood’s drug dealing. We agree.
¶ 17 Ordinarily, a trial court’s decision in a forfeiture case will not be reversed unless it
is against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. A Parcel of Property Commonly Known
as 1945 North 31st Street, Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, 217 Ill. 2d 481, 508, 841 N.E.2d
928, 944 (2005). However, as this case involves the interpretation of a statute, which is a
question of law, our review is de novo. 1945 North 31st Street, 217 Ill. 2d at 499, 841 N.E.2d at
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939.
¶ 18 As explained by our supreme court:
“ ‘The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain
and give effect to the true intent of the legislature. [Citation.] The
best evidence of legislative intent is the language used in the statute
itself, which must be given its plain and ordinary meaning.
[Citations.] The statute should be evaluated as a whole, with each
provision construed in connection with every other section.
[Citation.] If legislative intent can be ascertained from the statute’s
plain language, that intent must prevail without resort to other
interpretive aids.’ ” 1945 North 31st Street, 217 Ill. 2d at 499, 841
N.E.2d at 938-39 (quoting Paris v. Feder, 179 Ill. 2d 173, 177, 688
N.E.2d 137, 139 (1997)).
¶ 19 The purpose of the Forfeiture Act is to deter individuals from drug trafficking by
imposing a civil penalty in addition to the criminal penalties already provided. People v. One
Residence Located at 1403 East Parham Street, 251 Ill. App. 3d 198, 202, 621 N.E.2d 1026,
1030 (5th Dist. 1993). The Forfeiture Act is based on the federal narcotics civil forfeiture statute
and is to be interpreted “in light of the federal forfeiture provisions contained in 21 U.S.C. 881 as
interpreted by the federal courts” except to the extent they expressly conflict. 725 ILCS 150/2
(West 2014). In addition, the provisions of the Forfeiture Act are to be “liberally construed so as
to effect their remedial purpose.” 725 ILCS 150/13 (West 2014).
¶ 20 The Illinois General Assembly passed the Forfeiture Act to establish uniform
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procedures for the civil forfeiture of property “attributable to” certain drug-related violations of,
inter alia, the Illinois Controlled Substances Act (720 ILCS 570/100 to 603 (West 2014)) and the
Cannabis Control Act (720 ILCS 550/1 to 19) (West 2014)). People v. $280,020 United States
Currency, 372 Ill. App. 3d 785, 791, 866 N.E.2d 1232, 1239 (1st Dist. 2007); 725 ILCS 150/3
(West 2014). Both of those acts provide, in relevant part, all proceeds traceable to an exchange
for a substance in violation of the acts are subject to forfeiture. 720 ILCS 570/505(a)(5) (West
2014); 720 ILCS 550/12(a)(5) (West 2014).
¶ 21 In United States v. Betancourt, 422 F.3d 240, 242 (5th Cir. 2005), a case with very
similar facts to the instant matter, the defendant appealed the district court’s order for forfeiture
of a $5 million lottery prize because the winning ticket was purchased with the proceeds of his
drug trafficking. In affirming the district court’s decision, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
found the proceeds of drug selling used to win the Texas lottery made the lottery winnings
subject to forfeiture. Betancourt, 422 F.3d at 252. The court reasoned “[a]ll proceeds obtained
from unlawful conduct and property traceable to those proceeds are subject to criminal
forfeiture.” Betancourt, 422 F.3d at 250; see also United States v. Four Million, Two Hundred
Fifty-Five Thousand, 762 F.2d 895, 905 (11th Cir. 1985) (rejecting the argument forfeited money
did not constitute the proceeds of narcotics transactions where the money had been exchanged
for goods because the forfeiture statute does not limit forfeiture to property found in the hands of
a drug dealer but applies to all proceeds traceable to drug dealing). According to Betancourt, the
fact “[the defendant] used his drug proceeds to generate a very large return by winning the Texas
lottery is of no import in the forfeiture analysis.” Betancourt, 422 F.3d at 251.
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¶ 22 In this case, the plain language of the relevant statutes clearly provides “all
proceeds traceable” to the sale of drugs are forfeitable. 720 ILCS 570/505(a)(5) (West 2014);
720 ILCS 550/12(a)(5) (West 2014). The trial court found Norwood purchased a scratch-off
lottery ticket with proceeds derived from his drug dealing. While Lofton testified she made the
purchase and did not know Norwood sold drugs, the court found her testimony was not credible.
According to Lofton, the initial ticket yielded a free ticket, which ended up being the winning
ticket. Because of the direct link between the lottery winnings and the funds used to purchase the
original ticket, the winnings can reasonably be considered “proceeds traceable” to Norwood’s
illegal drug sales. As such, those proceeds are forfeitable under the Forfeiture Act. The trial
court’s conclusion to the contrary was error.
¶ 23 In support of her argument the lottery winnings are not subject to forfeiture, Lofton
cites this court’s opinion in Walker v. Rogers, 272 Ill. App. 3d 86, 92-93, 650 N.E.2d 272, 276
(4th Dist. 1995), for the proposition a voluntary assignment of future payments of lottery prizes
is prohibited by section 13 of the Illinois Lottery Law (20 ILCS 1605/13 (West 1992)). Lofton
maintains, as a result, she “could not in any way, even if ordered to do so, assign her rights to a
future payout of the winning lottery ticket” to the State.
¶ 24 We acknowledge Rogers finds the first clause of section 13 of the Lottery Law
“absolutely prohibits a lottery winner from assigning his prize winnings.” Rogers, 272 Ill. App.
3d at 92-93, 650 N.E.2d at 276; see, e.g., Midland States Life Insurance Co. v. Hamideh, 311 Ill.
App. 3d 127, 130-32, 724 N.E.2d 32, 35-36 (1st Dist. 1999) (security interest in lottery winnings
was invalid where lottery winner could not pledge as collateral for a loan her right to receive
future installment payments of her winnings). The general prohibition against the assignment of
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lottery winnings “evidences the state’s desire to exercise its parens patriae protection over
lottery winners.” Hamideh, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 134, 724 N.E.2d at 37.
¶ 25 However, as noted in Rogers, the second clause of section 13 states “ ‘any person
pursuant to an appropriate judicial order may be paid the prize to which a winner is entitled.’ ”
(Emphasis in original.) Rogers, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 93, 650 N.E.2d at 276 (quoting 20 ILCS
1605/13 (West 1992)). It does not state a lottery winner can assign her prize winnings pursuant
to a judicial order. Rogers, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 93, 650 N.E.2d at 276. Indeed, “[t]here is a
difference between an order enforcing a judgment and an order declaring an assignment.”
Rogers, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 93, 650 N.E.2d at 276. We interpreted the second clause of section 13
“as applying to judicial orders entered in separate proceedings where disposition of a lottery
prize is an appropriate remedy, such as an order directing payment of prize winnings to a former
spouse as part of an equitable distribution or spousal support in a marital dissolution case, for a
child support arrearage, or a garnishment order allowing a debtor to satisfy a judgment from a
debtor-lottery winner.” Rogers, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 93, 650 N.E.2d at 276. Here, a judicial
forfeiture order would be appropriate for section 13 purposes. Lofton would not be making an
assignment of the lottery proceeds. Rather, the State is seizing the proceeds by a judicial
forfeiture order. As such, Lofton’s argument in this regard fails.
¶ 26 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 27 For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court’s judgment.
¶ 28 Reversed.
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