People v. Melvin

Illinois Official Reports
Appellate Court
People v. Melvin, 2015 IL App (2d) 131005
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption JAMES MELVIN, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. Second District
Docket No. 2-13-1005
Filed July 16, 2015
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kane County, No. 09-CF-653; the
Review Hon. Timothy Q. Sheldon and the Hon. James C. Hallock, Judges,
presiding.
Judgment Vacated and remanded.
Counsel on Thomas A. Lilien and Paul Alexander Rogers, both of State Appellate
Appeal Defender’s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.
Joseph H. McMahon, State’s Attorney, of St. Charles (Lawrence M.
Bauer and David A. Bernhard, both of State’s Attorneys Appellate
Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Presiding Justice Schostok and Justice Birkett concurred in the
judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, James Melvin, entered a negotiated guilty plea to attempted predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child (720 ILCS 5/8-4(a), 12-14.1(a)(1) (West 2008)). Per the plea
agreement, he was sentenced to 60 years’ imprisonment. After the dismissal of his first
postconviction petition, defendant moved for leave to file a second one, asserting that his
60-year sentence was void. The trial court denied the motion, and defendant timely appealed.
On appeal, defendant reiterates that his sentence is void because, inter alia, it is the product of
a double enhancement.1 We agree, and therefore we vacate the judgment and remand the cause
so that he may plead anew.
¶2 Defendant was originally charged with 1 count of predatory criminal sexual assault of a
child (720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1) (West 2008)) and 10 counts of aggravated criminal sexual
abuse (720 ILCS 5/12-16(b), (c)(1)(i) (West 2008)). Per the plea agreement, the State amended
the first count to charge attempted predatory criminal sexual assault of a child, to which
defendant pleaded guilty, and dismissed the remaining counts. Attempted predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child is a Class 1 felony. 720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(2), 12-14.1(b)(1) (West 2008).
However, the 60-year sentence to which the parties agreed is a Class X, extended-term
sentence. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-2(a)(2) (West 2008). In presenting the agreement, the State
explained: “In terms of criminal history, defendant has a ’98 predatory criminal sexual assault,
[a] Class X [felony]. [And a] ’96, Class 2 [felony], manufacture of [a] controlled substance[,]
which are the basis for the mandatory Class X [sentence] and extended term.” Specifically,
although defendant’s present offense is a Class 1 felony, the two prior offenses, having been at
least Class 2 felonies, subjected him to a Class X sentence of 6 to 30 years’ imprisonment. 730
ILCS 5/5-5-3(c)(8), 5-8-1(a)(3) (West 2008). Further, the prior Class X felony, having been
greater than a Class 1 felony, subjected him to an extended-term sentence of up to 60 years’
imprisonment. 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(b)(1) (West 2008).
¶3 As defendant asserts, his sentence was thus the product of a double enhancement. “Double
enhancement occurs when a factor already used to enhance an offense or penalty is reused to
subject a defendant to a further enhanced offense or penalty.” People v. Thomas, 171 Ill. 2d
207, 223 (1996). Here, the specific factor so used (and reused) was defendant’s prior Class X
felony. Per the parties’ agreement, as the State articulated it, that offense (along with
defendant’s prior Class 2 felony) subjected him to the enhanced penalty of a Class X sentence,
and then it also subjected him to the further enhanced penalty of an extended-term sentence.
“This is the very definition of a double enhancement.” People v. Milka, 336 Ill. App. 3d 206,
236 (2003), aff’d, 211 Ill. 2d 150 (2004) (victim’s age, as element of predicate felony, exposed
defendant to “a sentence for felony murder” and then “an extended-term sentence for felony
murder”); see also People v. Griham, 399 Ill. App. 3d 1169, 1172 (2010) (double enhancement
where same prior felony enhanced present offense from Class 3 felony to Class 2 felony and
then subjected defendant to Class X sentencing). Thus, the Class X, extended-term sentence, to
which the parties agreed, was not statutorily authorized and was, in turn, void. See id. (absent
1
We note that, because a void judgment may be attacked in any court with jurisdiction of the case,
we may address defendant’s argument without addressing the trial court’s ruling on his motion for
leave to file a second postconviction petition. See People v. Thompson, 209 Ill. 2d 19, 27 (2004).
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clear legislative intent to the contrary, a doubly enhanced sentence is statutorily unauthorized
and void).
¶4 The State asserts that this case is distinguishable from cases like Griham, because here
defendant’s prior offense was used only “to enhance the punishment, not the class of the
[present] offense.” But this assertion ignores the supreme court’s definition of a double
enhancement: “when a factor already used to enhance an offense or penalty is reused to subject
a defendant to a further enhanced offense or penalty.” (Emphases added.) Thomas, 171 Ill. 2d
at 223. “For example, the same factor has been used to double enhance an offense [citation], a
punishment [citation], or some combination of the two [citation].” Id. at 223-24. Thus, a
double enhancement did not require the enhancement of the offense first and then the
punishment; it is sufficient that the punishment was enhanced twice.
¶5 The State responds, however, that defendant’s argument is akin to the one rejected in
Thomas. There, as here, the defendant was convicted of a Class 1 felony, and two prior
offenses subjected him to a Class X sentence of 6 to 30 years’ imprisonment. Then, relying in
aggravation on those same prior offenses, the trial court sentenced him to 15 years’
imprisonment. The defendant argued that the trial court’s reliance in aggravation constituted a
second enhancement. “However,” the supreme court said, “this ‘second use’ of defendant’s
prior convictions does not constitute an enhancement, because the discretionary act of a
sentencing court in fashioning a particular sentence tailored to the needs of society and the
defendant, within the available parameters, is a requisite part of every individualized
sentencing determination. [Citation.] The judicial exercise of this discretion, in fashioning an
appropriate sentence within the framework provided by the legislature, is not properly
understood as an ‘enhancement.’ ” Id. at 224-25.
¶6 As defendant replies, Thomas is easily distinguishable. There, the defendant’s prior
offenses increased, only once, the sentencing range within which the trial court could exercise
its discretion. They increased the range to 6 to 30 years’ imprisonment, and the trial court,
though relying on those offenses again, imposed a sentence within that range and thus within
its own discretion. Here, however, if defendant’s prior offenses had merely increased the
sentencing range to 6 to 30 years’ imprisonment, the trial court would have had no discretion to
impose a sentence of 60 years. That sentence would have been within its discretion only upon
the second increase of the sentencing range, to up to 60 years. So, in sum: whereas in Thomas
the sentence was authorized after only one use of the prior offenses, here the sentence was
purportedly authorized after only the second use. As a result, here the sentence was not
authorized at all.
¶7 A trial court may not impose an unauthorized sentence, even if the parties agree to it. See
People v. Hare, 315 Ill. App. 3d 606, 609 (2000). Thus, defendant’s 60-year sentence cannot
stand. Defendant suggests that we simply reduce his sentence to the nonextended Class X
maximum of 30 years, but obviously we cannot do so without substantially altering an
essential provision of the parties’ agreement. Accordingly, we must vacate the entire
agreement. See id. at 609-11 (court could not salvage agreement by increasing unauthorized
four-year prison term to Class X minimum of six years). Per defendant’s alternative
suggestion, we vacate the trial court’s judgment and remand the cause so that defendant may
plead anew to whatever charges the State decides to reinstate. However, we recognize the
importance of plea agreements. Thus, if, upon receiving our opinion, and after consulting with
the local State’s Attorney, the State wishes to accept defendant’s offer to persist in his guilty
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plea to attempted predatory criminal sexual assault of a child, in exchange for a 30-year
sentence, it may file a petition for rehearing to that effect, and, in the interest of judicial
economy, we will enter a new judgment without a remand. Of course, the State instead may
accept our remand, reinstate the original charges, and enter a new plea agreement or proceed to
trial.
¶8 The judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is vacated, and the cause is remanded
with directions.
¶9 Vacated and remanded.
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