People v. Gonzalez

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Appellate Court Date: 2018.12.04
15:31:03 -06'00'
People v. Gonzalez, 2018 IL App (1st) 152242
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption LEONARDO GONZALEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. First District, Fourth Division
Docket No. 1-15-2242
Filed September 28, 2018
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-CR-14964; the
Review Hon. Thomas V. Gainer Jr., Judge, presiding.
Judgment Reversed and remanded with instructions.
Counsel on Michael J. Pelletier, Patricia Mysza, and Karl H. Mundt, of State
Appeal Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
Mary P. Needham, and Hareena Meghani-Wakely, Assistant State’s
Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court.
Presiding Justice McBride specially concurred, with opinion.
Justice Burke dissented, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 After a jury trial, defendant Leonardo Gonzalez was convicted of attempted first degree
murder and aggravated battery with a firearm, for a shooting on July 3, 2010. Defendant was
sentenced on June 25, 2015, to concurrent sentences of 38 years and 10 years, respectively,
with the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC).
¶2 On appeal, defendant raises numerous claims, including that his conviction and sentence
for aggravated battery must be vacated under the one-act, one-crime rule, since the two
offenses stemmed from the same shooting of the same victim. The State agrees.
¶3 Defendant’s other claims include (1) that the trial court improperly denied his right to
present a defense by barring him from showing the tattoos on his hands to the jury, where the
tattoos would have further established the weakness of the State’s eyewitness identifications,
unless he waived his right not to testify; (2) that the unreliable eyewitness identifications failed
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was, in fact, the shooter, where the police
told the eyewitnesses, prior to their initial identifications that they had found the shooter and
that his photo appeared in the photo spread given to them; (3) that his trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to call numerous alibi witnesses; and (4) that the trial court erred in
denying his motion for a new trial based on evidence of actual innocence.
¶4 For the following reasons, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
¶5 BACKGROUND
¶6 I. Pretrial
¶7 Prior to trial, the State made an oral motion in limine to exclude gang evidence. Defense
counsel explained that the victim had admitted to being in a gang and had stated that he
believed the shooter was also in a gang. However, counsel “agree[d] there should be no gang
evidence [with] regards to” defendant. The assistant state’s attorney (ASA) replied that the
State did not intend to elicit any gang evidence. The ASA confirmed that the victim had stated
to a detective that the victim was in a gang and believed that the shooter had also been in the
same gang. However, the ASA clarified that the victim “indicated to [the ASA] that he does
not know the defendant, and has never known the defendant prior to this incident.” The trial
court ruled that, if defense counsel tried to impeach the victim with his prior statement
concerning gangs, then counsel will have opened the door to the State also to bring in gang
evidence.
¶8 II. Trial
¶9 The following facts were established at trial. On July 3, 2010, at some time after 1 a.m., the
victim left a party, and his van hit a pothole, blowing out a tire, near Harding Avenue and 28th
Street in the South Lawndale neighborhood of Chicago. He called his girlfriend, who arrived in
her sport utility vehicle (SUV), which the two of them sat in while they waited for a tow truck.
In the rearview mirror, the victim observed a man looking inside his van. A second man
approached, and the first man told the second man that there was a stereo in the van. The first
man tried to open the van by reaching into the van through a window. The victim exited his
girlfriend’s vehicle and told the two men not to steal the stereo from his van. As the first man
started backing away from the van, the victim walked toward it. The first man then lifted up his
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shirt with his left hand, pulled out a gun from his waistband with his right hand, cocked the gun
with his left hand, and fired at the victim. When the shooting started, the victim was
approximately six feet away from the shooter. After the victim was shot in his right hand three
times, he ran and was shot in the leg and in the posterior. The two men ran off, and the victim’s
girlfriend drove the victim to the hospital.
¶ 10 At trial, the victim testified that he was 26 years old and had three felony convictions for
(1) attempted residential burglary, in 2003, (2) burglary in 2004, and (3) criminal damage to
government property, in 2012. On July 2, 2010, he was at a wedding party at his grandmother’s
house, where he consumed six beers. He stopped drinking by 1 a.m. on July 3, 2010.
¶ 11 The victim testified that, after leaving the party, his van hit a pothole near 28th Street and
Harding Avenue, which was a residential neighborhood with streetlamps. It was “like three in
the morning,” so there were no other drivers on the road. He parked his van on 28th Street, and
there was a streetlamp right by his van, at the corner. After inspecting the broken wheel, he
called both a tow truck and his girlfriend. When his girlfriend arrived 10 minutes later, she
parked her SUV on Harding Avenue, about three houses or 50 feet away from his van, and he
entered the passenger side of her SUV. While talking to his girlfriend and waiting in her SUV
for the tow truck, he also kept an eye on his van by looking in the rearview mirror.
¶ 12 The victim testified that, after five minutes, he observed a man walk to his van and peer
inside by the driver’s side. Then this first man walked across the street towards a second man
who was exiting from the rear of a house. The two men were talking loudly, and the victim had
his window rolled down, and so the victim could clearly hear the first man state “there’s a
stereo in that car.” The van’s windows were rolled down, and the first person returned to the
van and stuck “pretty much half his body” inside the van, through the passenger window. The
victim could hear the first man trying to open the van’s door from the inside. At this point, the
second man was three feet from the first man.
¶ 13 The victim testified that he exited his girlfriend’s SUV and approached his van. As the
victim approached, both men looked toward him. The first man stopped leaning into the van,
turned toward the victim, and was standing five or six feet away. In court, the victim identified
the first man as defendant, who the victim had “never” observed before. The victim testified
that he told the first man: “this is my van. Don’t steal it. Don’t rob it. I live [nearby].” At that
moment, the first man backed 8 or 10 feet away from the van, and the victim walked toward the
passenger side of his van. The first man lifted up his shirt with his left hand, pulled a gun out of
his waistband with his right hand, cocked it back with his left hand, and pointed it at the
victim’s abdomen. Before the first man fired, the victim placed his hands over his abdomen
and was shot in his right hand three times. When the shooting started, the victim was six or
seven feet away from the gun.
¶ 14 The victim testified that, after he was shot in his right hand, he turned and ran and was hit
two more times, once in the leg and once in his posterior. The bullet in his leg exited through
his lower stomach, while the second bullet, in his posterior, remained in his body. The first
man fired a total of 10 to 12 times at the victim. The victim screamed that he was shot in the
chest, in the hope that the firing would stop. After the victim observed the two men run away,
the victim ran toward and entered his girlfriend’s SUV, and she drove him to the hospital.
¶ 15 The victim testified that, when he first arrived at the hospital, he received morphine.
During the 24 hours that the victim was at the hospital, he was visited twice by the Chicago
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police. During the first visit, the victim estimated that his pain level was a 10, on a scale of 1 to
10, and he had to stop the conversation with the police.
¶ 16 The victim testified that, on August 5, 2010, he met with Detective Jose Gomez who
showed him a photo spread. The victim identified the bottom left photo as a photo of the
shooter and initialed and dated it. In court, the victim identified both “a lineup photo-spread
advisory form” that he had signed1 and the six-photo spread itself. On the next day, August 6,
2010, the victim was informed that the shooter had been arrested, and he and his girlfriend
went to a police station to view a lineup. During the lineup, he identified the shooter as the
second person from the left, who was wearing a jersey stating “Detroit.” In court, the victim
identified a set of photos as photos of the lineup and identified defendant as the person whom
he had identified in the lineup.2
¶ 17 At the end of the direct examination, when asked if he was sure that defendant was the
shooter, the victim replied:
“VICTIM: I’m 100 percent sure. I was only a couple feet away. I had a good
glimpse of his tattoos and his face to—
ASA: Rest at this time, Judge, with regards to this witness.”
¶ 18 On cross-examination, the victim testified that, when the shooter cocked the gun with his
left hand, the victim noticed that the shooter had tattoos on his arms. When asked whether the
shooter had tattoos on his hands, the victim responded that he “was just focused on the ones on
the arms.” When defense counsel asked if the victim was focused on the left hand that had
lifted the shirt and cocked the gun, he replied “yes.” When counsel asked if the victim noticed
any tattoos on the shooter’s left hand, the victim then stated that he “was more focused on [the
shooter’s] face and his reactions to see if he would say anything.” Counsel then asked, when
the victim was focused on the shooter’s face, whether he noticed an overbite. The victim
testified that he did not notice an overbite because he was “concentrated on the face part.”
When counsel asked again whether the victim noticed any tattoos on the shooter’s hands, he
replied: “There were tattoos that I still can’t distinguish like what they were.”
¶ 19 On cross-examination, the victim testified that it took 10 minutes to drive to the hospital,
and that he spoke to the police five minutes later. At that time, he told the police that the two
men were Hispanic and that they were dressed in all black clothing, but he did not mention that
the shooter had tattoos and a “shag” haircut. The victim explained that, in a shag haircut, the
hair is long in back. Although the victim testified on direct examination that he received
morphine at the hospital, on cross-examination he testified that he did not know what
medications he received at the hospital and he did not tell the police that he was on morphine.
¶ 20 On cross-examination, the victim testified (1) that he spoke to the police a second time on
July 3, 2010; (2) that when the police asked him if his van had been rammed, he told them no;
and (3) that when the police asked further questions, he replied that he did not want to speak to
them anymore.
1
The advisory form was read into the record on redirect examination, so we provide its contents at
that time.
2
People’s exhibit Nos. 3 through 6 were photos of the lineup. In the lineup, the other three men are
all wearing black or white T-shirts and dark pants. Defendant is wearing a bright blue basketball tank
top stating “Detroit 3” and a pair of shorts and is the only person with visible tattoos.
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¶ 21 Later on cross-examination, when asked again about whether he told the police about
tattoos, the victim replied: “I think I told him like there was some like I said on the arms.” The
victim also testified: “I could have mentioned that there was something on the hands but in the
front of the hands but I didn’t recognize what they are so I didn’t say any.” As to the tattoo that
he recalled, the victim testified: “There was a letter A and some bunny ears on one of the
arms.” Defense counsel then asked his client to stand up, and the court stated: “Now we will
have a sidebar.” After the sidebar was held off the record, 3 the court ruled: “Objection’s
sustained.” Thus, immediately after the victim described the shooter’s tattoos, defense counsel
asked defendant to stand up, and the jury heard the court prohibiting that action without any
explanation.
¶ 22 On cross-examination, the victim testified that the second time that he spoke with police on
July 3, 2010, his girlfriend was also present in the room and she spoke with the police at the
same time that he did. The victim testified that, during that second conversation, he believed he
told the police that the shooter was wearing a “black shirt, beige something.”
¶ 23 On cross-examination, the victim testified that, when he was in court last month, on April
1, 2013, he viewed People’s exhibit No. 2, which was the photo spread. Counsel asked: “And
when you saw that photo that’s when you made the statement the shooter did have a shag,
correct?” The victim replied: “Yes.”
¶ 24 The victim testified (1) that, on August 6, 2010, he viewed a physical lineup; (2) that
People’s exhibit No. 6 is a photo of the lineup; and (3) that, in the photo of the lineup,
defendant does not have a shag haircut. The victim testified: “I wasn’t clear that the shag had to
do with anything else. I was more focused on his face that’s how I pointed him out by his face
and by a haircut.” The following colloquy ensued:
“Q. But it was important enough for you to mention back on April 1st of 2013 last
month, oh, I do remember that the shooter had a shag, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. I can’t hear you?
A. Yes.
Q. But it’s not important now, correct?
A. It is important.
Q. And prior to April 1st, 2013, you had never told anyone in law enforcement that
the shooter had a shag, did you?
A. No, I didn’t because I didn’t see one. ***.”
¶ 25 The victim testified that, on August 5, 2010, when he viewed the photo array, the detective
told him that he had found the shooter and that the shooter was in the photo array:
“DEFENSE COUNSEL: Now, back on August 5, 2010, when you went for the
photo array, that’s when you saw the six photos, you were contacted by a detective, is
that correct?
VICTIM: Yes.
3
This issue was discussed again, on the record, at the end of the victim’s testimony, and we quote
that discussion below.
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DEFENSE COUNSEL: And that detective told you he had discovered the person
that shot you, right?
VICTIM: Yes.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: And they told you that you were going to see a photo array
and the shooter was in that photo array, right?
ASA: Objection.
THE COURT: Overruled.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Is that right?
VICTIM: Yes.”
¶ 26 The victim testified that, before viewing the photo spread, a detective called him to ask if
he was at home and if the detective could come over. The victim agreed, and after the detective
arrived, the detective asked if the victim’s girlfriend was there, and the victim replied that she
was at work but he would call her. The victim informed the detective that his girlfriend should
arrive in 30 minutes, so the detective waited, and the detective and the victim talked during this
time. Defense counsel then asked:
“Q. And while you were talking to him for 30 minutes, at that time, that’s when he
told you he had identified who the shooter was?
A. Correct.”
¶ 27 On redirect examination, the victim testified that, on August 5, 2010, he had the
opportunity to read People’s exhibit No. 1, which was the lineup photo spread advisory form,
that it was also read aloud to him by the detective on August 5, 2010, and that the victim signed
it. The form, which the ASA read into the record, stated in relevant part:
“I, [name], agree to view a lineup/photo spread at [address] on 5 Aug. 2010.
*I understand that the suspect may or may not be in the lineup/photospread.
I understand that I am not required to make an identification.
I do not assume that the person administering the lineup/photospread knows which
person is the suspect.”
¶ 28 On redirect examination, the victim also testified that the detective did not tell him who the
shooter was, that the victim’s girlfriend was not in the room when the victim viewed the photo
spread, and that he was not in the room when she viewed the photo spread.
¶ 29 After the victim was excused from the stand and the jury was excused for lunch, the trial
court and the attorneys held a conference about showing defendant’s tattoos to the jury:
“THE COURT: All right. Now, at some point there was a request by the defense to
have [defendant] stand and show his hands to the witness for the purpose of identifying
or talking about some tattoos I’m not clear are on his hand. Why did you want to do
that?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: I wanted, your Honor, to show that on [defendant’s] left
[ ]hand he has a tattoo which would have been evident to [the victim] if he had viewed
what he say[s] he described when he saw the person lift with his left [ ] hand a shirt[,] as
well as in a cocking motion cock a [pistol], Judge, I believe that I should have been able
to have [defendant] show his hand and let the jury see his hand, your Honor, the same
way that he was identified by [defendant] as the person that shot him.
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THE COURT: Okay. Well, the problem I have with this and the reason I didn’t let
you do it is because there’s absolutely no way for the prosecution to cross-examine
your client, when the tattoo was placed on [his] hand, how long he’s had the tattoo,
whether he had receipts for the tattoo so [defendant] wants to show his hand to the jury,
he’s going to have to do it from the witness stand so that the prosecution can
cross-examine him about that which he’s offering into evidence.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Your Honor, just briefly, with regards to the photo lineups,
[Y]our Honor, being the tattoos are in the lineup which [is] already in evidence.
THE COURT: Then that’s something you can argue, but as far as him making any
displays, they have got to be able to cross-examine and they can’t if you do it that way.”
¶ 30 In the discussion quoted above, where defense counsel argued that “the tattoos are in the
lineup which [is] already in evidence,” he was referring to People’s exhibit Nos. 3 through 6,
the photos of the lineup held on August 6, 2010, approximately a month after the offense.
These photos show that defendant had tattoos across the width of both of his hands, and
defense counsel was correct that these photos were already in evidence. 4 Defendant’s hands
were flat on his lap, so the photos provide a side or horizontal view of the tattoos. Since the
hands were not photographed from above, one cannot discern exactly what the tattoos depict or
precisely how eye-catching they were. However, the tattoos’ existence, on the date of the
lineup, was established and in the record, as defense counsel had argued to the trial court.
¶ 31 The victim’s girlfriend, age 21, testified that on July 3, 2010, after 2 a.m., she received a
call from her boyfriend, who stated that he had a busted tire and needed a tow truck. She then
drove to 28th Street and Harding Avenue in her SUV, arriving “a little after three in the
morning.” The area was residential with street lights. After she parked on Harding Avenue, the
victim entered the passenger side of her SUV. As they were talking and waiting for a tow truck,
she noticed that the victim became distracted, and that is when she noticed two men outside
and she heard them say “something about a radio.” When asked if she was able to view their
faces, she replied: “Just their side face.” In court, she identified defendant as one of the two
men whom she noticed that night.
¶ 32 The victim’s girlfriend testified that, after she noticed the two men, the victim exited her
SUV and approached the two men. The victim stated that the van was his van and that he lived
in the area. One of the men pulled out a silver gun from his shirt and started shooting at the
victim. She heard at least eight shots and observed the victim run. She heard the victim state
“my chest, my chest,” and observed the two men run away. Then the victim entered her SUV,
and she drove him to the hospital, which took less than five minutes. Still on July 3, 2010, but
hours later, she spoke with the police at the hospital.
¶ 33 The victim’s girlfriend testified that, on August 5, 2010, she viewed a photo spread at her
boyfriend’s house with Detective Gomez. Prior to viewing the spread, she viewed and signed
an advisory form.5 From the photo spread, she identified a photo of defendant as the shooter.
4
Toward the end of the trial, when the trial court and counsel were reviewing what exhibits had
already been admitted into evidence, the trial court began: “Here’s what I got, People’s 1 through 13,
admitted into evidence. Do you agree with that, [defense counsel], or not?” Defense counsel then
indicated he agreed. Thus, there is no question that the photos were admitted, thereby establishing the
tattoos’ existence both at the time of identification and shortly after the offense.
5
The ASA reviewed the contents of the advisory form with her on redirect examination.
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In court, she identified People’s exhibit No. 15 as the spread that she had viewed. She also
viewed a physical lineup, although she did not recall the date. From the lineup, she also
identified defendant as the shooter.
¶ 34 The victim’s girlfriend testified that, on July 3, 2010, when she was sitting in her SUV
prior to the shooting and she observed the two men, she recognized defendant as someone with
whom she had gone to high school. She did not know his name, but she recognized his face.
However, when the police spoke with her at the hospital, she did not inform them that she had
recognized the shooter because she was “scared because he had just shot [her] boyfriend so
[she] knew he had a gun.” She also did not tell the police when she met with them again to view
the photo spread because she was still scared.
¶ 35 On cross-examination, the victim’s girlfriend admitted that, the day before, she had stated
that the reason she did not reveal she recognized the shooter was because she did not want her
boyfriend to know that she knew the shooter. While she was driving the victim to the hospital,
she also called the police. At the hospital, she spoke to her boyfriend while two police officers
were present and asking questions. In court, she did not recall telling the officers that she had
given her SUV to the victim’s brother and that she had no way of contacting him. She also did
not recall telling them that she did not recognize any of the people involved in the incident. She
denied telling the officers that the shooter had either one or two companions with him. She did
recall telling the officers that she knew the shooter from high school so she was “a little
shocked” the day before when the ASA did not know that. She also recalled telling the police,
in the victim’s presence, that the shooter wore a beige and black shirt. She did not recall the
victim telling the officers that he did not want to talk to them any more after they asked if his
van had been struck or rammed.
¶ 36 On cross-examination, the victim’s girlfriend testified that, after the hospital, she did not
speak to the police again for a month, until she met with them at the victim’s house. When she
was heading to the victim’s house that day, she had no idea that the police were there. When
she arrived, the victim was there with his grandmother, and two detectives were there, one of
whom was named “Detective Gomez.” All four were sitting in the living room of the
single-family house. Prior to her viewing the photo spread, the detectives told her that they had
identified the shooter and his photo was in the photo spread:
“DEFENSE COUNSEL: [B]efore they showed you the pictures, they told you they
had identified who the shooter was, right?
A. Yes.
Q. And they told you the shooter was going to be in the lineup in the photo array
that you were going to see, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. And then you were shown the photo array, correct?
A. Correct.
Q. And that’s when you recognized [defendant] who you went to high school with,
correct?
A. Yes.
Q. And that’s who you picked out?
A. Yes.”
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However, she did not inform the police at that time that defendant had attended her high
school, and she did not inform them the following day when she selected defendant from a
physical lineup.
¶ 37 The victim’s girlfriend testified that, between August 6, 2010, the date of the physical
lineup, and “yesterday’s date,” which was May 7, 2013, she did not speak to the police. She
testified, that prior to May 7, 2013, she had not informed the police that she recognized
defendant from school.6 The two men involved in the incident wore T-shirts, and she was not
sure whether she told the police that one of them had tattoos. Periodically, the police would call
her to give her updates about the case, and every time the police called, she would speak to the
victim about the incident and the men involved in it. However, she did not inform her
boyfriend that she knew defendant from high school until sometime shortly after August 5,
2010. When she told him, she also stated to him that she had not told the police. The next time
that she told someone, other than her boyfriend, was when she told the ASA on May 7.
¶ 38 On redirect examination, the victim’s girlfriend testified that Detective Gomez showed her
the advisory form before showing her the photo spread and that she read and understood it. The
ASA read the advisory form into the record, and it stated in relevant part:
“I, [name], agree to view a lineup/photo spread at [address] on 5 Aug. 2010.
*I understand that the suspect may or may not be in the lineup/photospread.
I understand that I am not required to make an identification.
I do not assume that the person administering the lineup/photospread knows which
person is the suspect.”
Then the ASA asked “[a]t no point did Detective Gomez tell you that he already had the
shooter in that photo array, correct?” and she answered “yes.” However, on cross-examination,
she had testified that there were two detectives present, and the ASA did not inquire about the
other detective. Similarly, with respect to the physical lineup, the ASA asked only whether
Detective Gomez had stated that the shooter was in the physical lineup, and she responded that
Detective Gomez had not. She testified that no one had told her who to select from the photo
array or lineup.
¶ 39 On recross-examination, defense counsel inquired about the photo spread:
“Q. You knew when you were having a conversation with the detectives on August
5, 2010, that you were going to participate in a photo lineup, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. And the police officers explained to you what you were about to do when you
looked at the lineup, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. Yes?
A. Yes.
Q. When they explained that to you, they were explaining that to both you and [the
victim]?
6
This testimony contradicted her earlier testimony on cross when she testified that she did recall
telling the officers that she knew the shooter from high school and, thus, she was “a little shocked” the
day before when the ASA did not know that.
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A. Correct.
Q. They told you they had identified the person who shot [defendant] on July 3,
2010, correct?
A. No.[7]
Q. They told you they wanted you to look at some photos, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. And they told you that you were going to sign on the photo of the person that
shot [the victim] on July 3, 2010, right?
A. Initial.
Q. Initial, right?
A. Yes.
Q. And they told you all of that before you went into a separate room, correct?
A. Correct.”
¶ 40 The State’s next witness, Elizabeth Dawson, was an evidence technician with the Chicago
Police Department who processed the crime scene on July 3, 2010, at 5 a.m. Specifically, she
photographed the victim’s green van and a nearby red vehicle and searched for firearm
evidence, which she did not find. On cross-examination, she testified that she did not look for
fingerprints on the green van. She looked for but did not find any bullet fragments or spent
shell casings. She testified that, as she was sitting on the witness stand, she was currently
wearing on her hip a semiautomatic weapon. Defense counsel asked her to demonstrate to the
jury how she would cock a semiautomatic weapon, and then counsel stated: “So that the record
is clear, could it reflect that with your right hand you made a forward movement with your
right hand with your left hand on top of it in a backward position, going in a backward
position.” Dawson agreed, and she also testified that, if a semiautomatic weapon was fired, she
would expect to find spent shell casings. She agreed that “the spent shell casing is the rear
portion of ammunition or bullet in common terms.”
¶ 41 The State’s next witness, Detective Jose Gomez, testified that he had been employed with
the Chicago Police Department for 21 years. Detective Gomez testified that, on August 5,
2010, he met with the victim at his residence for the purpose of showing him a photo spread.
The victim also called his girlfriend and told her to come over “because [Detective Gomez]
needed to talk to her.” Both the victim and his girlfriend read and signed a lineup advisory form
and selected defendant from the photo spread. Detective Gomez testified that the victim and
his girlfriend viewed the spread separately. On August 6, 2010, the victim and his girlfriend
also separately viewed a physical lineup at the police station and selected defendant from the
lineup. Detective Gomez denied telling either the victim or his girlfriend that the detective had
the shooter or knew who the shooter was.
¶ 42 On cross-examination, Detective Gomez testified that he spoke with the victim outside of
his house and that he did not recall speaking with the victim’s grandmother. When Detective
Gomez finished speaking with the victim and finished showing him the photo spread, the
detective asked the victim to contact his girlfriend and “have her come over.” Thus, the
This answer is in direct contradiction to the answer that the victim’s girlfriend gave to the same
7
question on cross that we quoted above. Supra ¶ 36.
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victim’s girlfriend knew why she was coming over, namely, because the detective “needed to
talk with her.”
¶ 43 On cross-examination, Detective Gomez testified that, prior to visiting the victim on
August 5, 2010, he told him: “I’m going to show him some photo arrays and if he sees the
person who shot him on the date [of] the incident I want him to pick him out.” Detective
Gomez testified that he was aware that the victim had been asked on July 3, 2010, about
damage to the victim’s vehicle and had refused to answer any further questions at that time. On
August 5, 2010, the victim’s girlfriend arrived in 10 to 15 minutes. When Detective Gomez
testified that he could not recall what the victim’s girlfriend had stated on August 5, 2010, the
defense introduced defendant’s exhibit Nos. 1 and 2, which were the two reports that Detective
Gomez generated with respect to this investigation. Exhibit No. 1 was the case report, and
exhibit No. 2 was a general progress report. After reviewing his reports, he testified that she
did not inform him either on August 5 or August 6, 2010, that she had gone to high school with
defendant.
¶ 44 Detective Gomez testified that the victim and his girlfriend arrived together at the police
station on August 6, 2010, before viewing the physical lineup. Neither of them informed the
detective that they recognized any of defendant’s tattoos, and the girlfriend never informed
him that she knew defendant.
¶ 45 On redirect examination, Detective Gomez testified that defendant was the only person in
both the photo spread and the lineup. On recross-examination, he testified that he was aware
that there were different ways to show a photo lineup and one of those ways is to show the
photos one at a time instead of showing a group of photos as he did.
¶ 46 The State rested, and the trial court denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. The
defense called Detective Paul McDonagh, who testified that he had been employed with the
Chicago Police Department for 16½ years. On July 3, 2010, after 3 a.m. he went to the hospital
to interview the victim of a shooting. When Detective McDonagh arrived, the hospital staff
were still working on the victim, and thus, the detective’s conversation with the victim was
“very limited.” The victim stated the offenders were “two Hispanic males” dressed in black.
The victim did not provide any information regarding either tattoos or a shag haircut. After
speaking briefly with the victim, Detective McDonagh left the hospital and went to the vicinity
of 28th Street and Harding Avenue, where the offense occurred. While there, he spoke to
individuals who identified themselves as witnesses. He also looked for firearm evidence and
did not find any “expended cartridge casings.” After returning to the hospital, Detective
McDonagh had “information” that he had “learned pursuant to the investigation,” and he
confronted the victim with that information. One of the questions the detective asked was
whether his vehicle had been rammed. The detective had found physical evidence of fresh
damage to the victim’s van. Once the detective asked that question, the victim ended the
conversation.
¶ 47 Detective McDonagh testified that on July 3, 2010, he also spoke with the victim’s
girlfriend and asked her to provide a description of the offenders. She never told him that she
recognized any of them or that one had gone to high school with her. She told him that she
could not give him access to her vehicle because it had been given to the victim’s brother and
she had no way of contacting him. Neither the victim nor his girlfriend mentioned that the
shooter had tattoos. The victim did not state that it was because of the morphine he received
that he did not want to have a conversation. The detective’s questions required only a one- or
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two-word answer, and the victim’s answers were coherent. On recross-examination, Detective
McDonagh testified that, when he spoke with the victim, the victim was receiving “a drip” that,
based on his experience, is normally a saline solution with painkiller, “usually morphine.” The
victim’s girlfriend was crying and distraught. While at the crime scene, the detective was
unable to obtain the names of any witnesses. The last question defense counsel asked was:
“[Y]ou had learned pursuant to your investigation at the scene that the car had been rammed
prior to shooting, correct?” The State objected, and the trial court sustained the objection. The
defense then rested, and defendant did not take the stand.
¶ 48 After the jury was excused, defense counsel explained that Detective McDonagh indicated
in his report that there was a witness who told the detective that the victim’s vehicle had been
rammed by a van and that three individuals exited their van and chased the victim around the
vehicle while shooting at him. Defense counsel argued that this version contradicted the
description of events testified to by the victim and his girlfriend. Although hearsay, defense
counsel argued that he should have been able to ask about the victim’s reaction when
confronted with this information. The court ruled, “[N]o I don’t think there was any way for
you to get into what you got into. I gave you a great deal of leeway.”
¶ 49 After closing arguments, the trial court provided detailed jury instructions, including that
the jurors “should disregard questions and exhibits that were withdrawn or to which objections
were sustained” and “should disregard testimony and exhibits which the Court has refused or
stricken.”8 In addition, the court instructed: “The evidence which you should consider consists
only of the testimony of the witnesses and the exhibits which the Court has received.” After
listening to the jury instructions and deliberating, the jury found defendant guilty of attempted
first degree murder and aggravated battery with a firearm.
¶ 50 III. Posttrial Motions
¶ 51 On August 5, 2013, defense counsel filed a posttrial motion for a new trial that made
mostly boilerplate claims, such as that the State failed to prove defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. One of the few nonboilerplate claims, which was made with an eye toward
sentencing, was that defendant “has no criminal record.”
¶ 52 On February 3, 2014, defense counsel filed an amended posttrial motion for a new trial that
claimed, among other things, that on December 11, 2013, defense counsel had discovered new
evidence of actual innocence that could not have been discovered earlier. Attached to this
motion were the affidavits of two witnesses who averred that at a small “get together” on April
3, 2013, they overheard the victim state that he had been shot but “that the person that had been
locked up for it was not the person that shot him” and “that the friends of the person that was
locked up would have to give [the victim] money to drop the charges.” One of the witnesses,
Yesenia De La Cruz, averred that, in November 2013, she spoke with defendant’s sister and
asked the name of the victim in defendant’s case. On December 4, 2013, De La Cruz called the
other witness, Rosa Pliego, and on December 11, 2013, they visited defense counsel and swore
out affidavits.
8
Similarly, prior to trial, the trial court instructed the jury, including that it “will decide the disputed
issues of law that arise during the trial” and that “[i]f an objection to a question is sustained, you should
not guess at what the answer might have been.”
- 12 -
¶ 53 On April 30, 2014, defendant filed a pro se posttrial motion in which he claimed, among
other things, that “I feel my lawyer *** took advantage of me because of my birth defect, I
always was I Special Ed [sic] growing up in school.” Attached to the motion was a letter by
defendant in which he stated that he was “an innocent man,” that he “was at home with my
daughter [‘]n the whole family,” and that he wanted to take a lie detector test.
¶ 54 On December 2, 2014, defendant engaged new counsel who submitted a supplemental
posttrial motion for a new trial that claimed defendant received ineffective assistance of
counsel for several reasons, including (1) that trial counsel failed to move either for a mistrial
or to suppress the identifications after the victim and his girlfriend testified that the detective
stated that the shooter was in the photo spread and lineup and (2) that trial counsel failed to
introduce evidence of defendant’s tattoos. Attached to the motion was an affidavit from
defendant in which he averred that he had taken special education classes from second grade
through sophomore year of high school and that he has “the same tattoos on my hands today
that I had on the date of the offense.”
¶ 55 On March 10, 2015, defendant’s new counsel filed a second supplemental posttrial motion
claiming ineffective assistance of counsel for several reasons, including that his trial counsel
failed to call three alibi witnesses, 9 that defendant’s sister had provided defendant’s trial
counsel with an affidavit from one of the three alibi witnesses prior to trial, and that when
defendant’s sister attempted to retrieve the affidavit from counsel after trial, he denied
knowledge of it.
¶ 56 IV. Posttrial Hearing
¶ 57 A. Defense Case
¶ 58 On defendant’s posttrial motions for a new trial based on actual innocence and ineffective
assistance of counsel, the trial court held a posttrial hearing on April 22, 2015. Defendant
called seven witnesses. In sum, two witnesses, Rosa Pliego and Yesenia De La Cruz, testified
that they heard the victim talking at a party about how the person in jail for the offense was not
the shooter and how the victim wanted money to drop the charges. Three alibi witnesses
testified that defendant was at home at the time of the offense, and defendant’s sister, Nancy
Gonzalez, testified that she brought affidavits from the alibi witnesses to trial counsel prior to
trial. The three alibi witnesses were Rosario Calderon, the grandmother of defendant’s two
daughters and the mother of his girlfriend, and Rosario’s two sons, Julian Calderon and Victor
Zea. The three witnesses testified that defendant, Julian, and Zea were at home playing video
games during the night, at the time when the offense occurred. Rosario lived in a one-family
house, and defendant, his girlfriend, and their daughters lived in the basement.
¶ 59 Defendant testified at the posttrial hearing that when he asked his trial counsel why he did
not contact the alibi witnesses, trial counsel replied that they did not need them and he “got this
beat.” Defendant testified that, during the night of the shooting, he was at home watching his
daughter but then she went downstairs and went to sleep and he stayed upstairs with his
girlfriend’s brothers playing video games. Defendant also testified that the tattoos on his hands
were not gang tattoos but were his daughter’s names and that he had these same tattoos when
9
Defendant’s appellate brief states that the motion included affidavits from the three alibi
witnesses, but the affidavits are not attached to the motion in the appellate record. However, the record
does have their testimony at the subsequent posttrial hearing.
- 13 -
he was arrested. The parties stipulated that the tattoo on defendant’s right hand was 4½ inches
by 2 inches and stated “Nevaeh” with a heart on top of the “v”; and that the tattoo on his left
hand was 3 inches by 1½ inches and stated “Alani.”10
¶ 60 B. State’s Case
¶ 61 In response, the State called defendant’s trial counsel, who denied that defendant’s sister
gave him affidavits and explained that he decided not to introduce evidence of the tattoos on
defendant’s hands for fear that it might open the door to gang evidence. 11 With respect to the
tattoos, counsel testified: “It was my belief that if we put in tattoos on his hands, that could
possibly open up the door to other gang evidence.” On cross-examination, trial counsel
testified that he recalled that defendant had a tattoo on one hand but did not recall whether
defendant had tattoos on both hands. He did not approach the State or file a motion in limine
seeking to prohibit the State from introducing gang evidence if he introduced evidence of the
hand tattoos on the ground that this was solely a matter of identification.
¶ 62 Trial counsel testified that he learned from reading police reports that defendant had told
the police when he was arrested that he was at home during the evening of the offense “taking
care of his child at his child’s mother’s residence.”12 While trial counsel did meet prior to trial
with Nancy Gonzalez, defendant’s sister, he denied that she gave him affidavits from other
possible witnesses at that time or that he was ever informed, prior to trial, that defendant had an
alibi for the night of the offense that he was at home playing video games.
¶ 63 Trial counsel testified that the only possible alibi defense that he was told about was by
defendant and the alibi was that defendant “was with his child’s mother’s mother that evening.
That they were having a relationship and smoking marijuana.” By “relationship,” he testified
that he meant “a physical, sexual relationship.”13 Trial counsel told defendant that the alibi
was not “believable.” Defendant provided counsel with the grandmother’s telephone number
and asked trial counsel to contact her. “The next day or the day after,” trial counsel placed a
phone call and did not receive a reply. He testified that the grandmother, Rosario Calderon,
also did not call him. Trial counsel testified that he did not pursue this line of defense because
of defendant’s prior statement to the police and because of a prior “statement by his children’s
mother that indicated that he had not been there and something to the effect they [sic] she had
not seen him on that day or a few days prior to.” When trial counsel was asked on
cross-examination how defendant’s prior statement that he was at home conflicted with an
alibi that he was at home, counsel replied that it conflicted with the girlfriend’s statement.
However, trial counsel did not explain and was not asked how the girlfriend’s statement that
she had not observed defendant that day or a few days before conflicted with an alibi that
10
According to both the presentence investigation report and defendant’s testimony at the posttrial
hearing, Nevaeh and Alani are the names of defendant’s two daughters. “Nevaeh” is “heaven” spelled
backwards.
11
This made limited sense, since the tattoos on defendant’s hands were the names of defendant’s
two daughters. In addition, defense counsel did, in fact, try to introduce evidence of defendant’s tattoos
when he asked defendant to stand for the purpose of displaying them to the jury.
12
Defendant also lived in the same house.
13
At the posttrial hearing, defendant denied ever telling counsel this.
- 14 -
defendant was at home that night. Counsel did testify: “I did not believe the veracity of what he
was telling me.”
¶ 64 Trial counsel testified that, at a posttrial court appearance, Rosario Calderon, the
grandmother of defendant’s daughters, accused him of not returning her telephone calls. On
direct examination, he testified that he tried to call her once. On cross-examination, he
testified, “[o]nce or twice,” and then testified that he was “not sure how many phone calls [he]
made.” The State also called Rosario Calderon, who testified that she called trial counsel twice
prior to trial and that he never contacted her.
¶ 65 C. Ruling
¶ 66 The trial court denied the posttrial motions. In denying the motions, the trial court made a
number of observations, including that “the jury had more than ample time to observe what
counsel calls—what is already in the record as the size of the tattoos on his hands” and that
“just sitting there, you can see the tattoos.”14 In effect, the trial court found that the jurors had
considered defendant’s hand tattoos, despite the trial court’s express instruction to them not to
consider any exhibits “to which objections were sustained.”
¶ 67 With respect to the alibi, the trial court found that “these three witnesses established an
alibi for the defendant that would have put him in the house on [a certain street] at the time of
the shooting.” However, the trial court observed that the alibi contradicted a statement that
defendant’s girlfriend “apparently” made to the police that defendant was not “at the house”
and contradicted defendant’s statement that he was at home watching his daughter. 15 In
addition, trial counsel testified that he was not told that defendant was playing video games but
that he was having sex and smoking marijuana with his daughters’ grandmother, which was a
story that counsel found unbelievable.
¶ 68 The trial court found that “the video game alibi was a good alibi” but that “it would be
strategically very risky thing to do knowing that it is going to be shot out of the water by
Chicago police officers” who spoke earlier to defendant and his girlfriend.
¶ 69 With respect to Rosa Pliego and Yesenia De La Cruz, who testified that they heard the
victim talking at a party about how the person in jail for the offense was not the shooter and
how he wanted money to drop the charges, the trial court found that it reflected poorly on their
credibility that they waited to report what they had heard. The trial court observed that the
party occurred three weeks before trial but they did not come forward with this information
until after trial. The trial court found this information should have led to “a mad dash to the
lawyer’s office to get the lawyer to stop the imminent trial.”
14
In its ruling on the posttrial motions, the trial court did not explain how the jurors were supposed
to know that they were free to consider this evidence, after the trial court had barred it in front of them
and then instructed them to disregard any evidence “to which objections were sustained.” Immediately
after the victim had described the shooter’s tattoos, defense counsel asked defendant to stand up, and
the jury heard the court prohibiting defendant from showing his tattoos.
15
The State’s “Answer to Discovery,” filed February 13, 2013, states that defendant’s girlfriend
made a written statement that was provided to defendant in open court and that police reports were also
provided in open court. However, the appellate record contains neither her written statement nor police
reports.
- 15 -
¶ 70 After reviewing the evidence, the trial court denied the posttrial motions for a new trial.
¶ 71 V. The Sentencing
¶ 72 On June 25, 2015, defendant’s new counsel filed a third supplemental posttrial motion, in
which he claimed that the State failed to prove great bodily harm. The jury instructions stated
that the State had charged that, during the commission of attempted first degree murder,
defendant had personally discharged a firearm that proximately caused great bodily harm.
¶ 73 On June 25, 2015, the trial court denied the third supplemental posttrial motion and
proceeded to sentencing. After hearing from three witnesses in mitigation and listening also to
factors in aggravation, the trial court sentenced defendant to 38 years with IDOC for attempted
murder and 10 years for aggravated battery, to run concurrently. Defendant immediately filed a
motion to reconsider sentencing, which was denied. On June 25, 2015, defendant filed a notice
of appeal, and this timely appeal followed.
¶ 74 ANALYSIS
¶ 75 Since the evidence in this case was closely balanced and we find that the trial court did err
in ruling that defendant could not offer evidence of his tattoos without testifying, and where the
trial court failed to consider the testimony of Yesenia De La Cruz and Rosa Pliego, we remand
for a new trial. We find that the tattoo evidence, together with the testimony of De La Cruz and
Pliego, could reasonably change the result of the verdict in this case.
¶ 76 I. Tattoos
¶ 77 On appeal, defendant claims that the trial court erred in barring him from showing his hand
tattoos to the jury without subjecting himself to cross-examination. In the case at bar,
identification was the only issue, and defendant’s only defense at trial was misidentification.
The only evidence linking defendant to the offense were the identifications of the victim and
his girlfriend, who did not tell the police initially that the shooter had any tattoos. Defendant
claims that barring the jury from considering the prominence, type, and size of his tattoos
prevented him from offering a meaningful defense.
¶ 78 The trial court stated that it barred the display because the prosecution lacked the
opportunity to cross-examine defendant as to when the tattoos were placed on defendant’s
hands. Thus, defendant’s claim on appeal raises a purely legal question, namely, whether a
display of tattoos is testimonial and subject to cross-examination, as the trial court found.
While evidentiary rulings are generally within the sound discretion of the trial court, de novo
review applies to an evidentiary question if that question concerns how to correctly interpret a
rule of law. People v. Caffey, 205 Ill. 2d 52, 89 (2001); People v. Williams, 188 Ill. 2d 365, 369
(1999) (“Where a trial court’s exercise of discretion has been frustrated by an erroneous rule of
law, appellate review is required ***.”). An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court’s
ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable or where no reasonable person would take the
view adopted by the trial court. People v. Patrick, 233 Ill. 2d 62, 68 (2009). By contrast,
de novo consideration means that we perform the same analysis that a trial judge would
perform. People v. Schlosser, 2017 IL App (1st) 150355, ¶ 28.
¶ 79 Simply put, the exception to the general rule of deference applies in cases where a trial
court’s exercise of discretion has been frustrated by the erroneous application of a rule of law.
- 16 -
Caffey, 205 Ill. 2d at 89. Where “the only issue for the reviewing court is the correctness of the
trial court’s legal interpretation, de novo review is appropriate.” People v. Risper, 2015 IL App
(1st) 130993, ¶ 33. Thus, de novo review applies to this claim. However, our result would be
the same whichever standard we applied.16
¶ 80 A criminal defendant is constitutionally guaranteed a meaningful opportunity to present a
complete defense. People v. White, 2017 IL App (1st) 142358, ¶ 30 (citing Holmes v. South
Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 324 (2006); People v. Ramirez, 2012 IL App (1st) 093504, ¶ 43; U.S.
Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8). The right is abridged by evidentiary
rulings that infringe upon a weighty interest of the accused and are arbitrary or
disproportionate to the purpose that they are supposed to serve. Holmes, 547 U.S. at 324.
Arbitrary rules are ones “that excluded important defense evidence but that did not serve any
legitimate interests.” Holmes, 547 U.S. at 325.
¶ 81 Defendant argues in his brief to this court that Illinois courts have long held that physical
in-court demonstrations are not testimony, and the State does not dispute this point of law.17
People v. Warmack, 83 Ill. 2d 112, 126 (1980) (“no testimonial compulsion was involved”
when the trial court forced the defendant to model certain clothing in front of the jury); People
v. James, 348 Ill. App. 3d 498, 508-09 (2004) (“a tattoo was not testimonial in nature and the
defendant’s sixth amendment right to confrontation was not violated where a nontestifying
codefendant’s gang tattoos were displayed to the jury”);18 see also Gilbert v. California, 388
U.S. 263, 266 (1967) (compelling the defendant to provide handwriting exemplars did not
violate his fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination); People v. Hayes, 353 Ill.
App. 3d 355, 360 (2004) (no error occurred when the trial court ordered the defendant to walk
before the jury in order to demonstrate a limp); People v. Speirs, 231 Ill. App. 3d 807, 807-09
(1992) (no error occurred when the defendant was compelled to show the tattoo on his arm to
the jury, after the victim testified that he recalled a tattoo on his attacker’s arm).
¶ 82 In People v. Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d 143, 149 (1998), a police officer was allowed to
testify to the gang significance of a tattoo on a codefendant while the codefendant was required
to stand in the well of the courtroom and display his tattoo. In that case of first impression in a
trial which was conducted jointly before two juries, we recognized that the courtroom display
of the codefendant’s gang-related tattoos was not testimony and did not trigger Davenport’s
sixth amendment right to cross-examine the prosecution’s witnesses because the codefendant’s
body was used as an exhibit or demonstrative evidence. Davenport, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 154.
¶ 83 In Speirs, 231 Ill. App. 3d at 811, although not based upon the nontestimonial nature of the
display, the appellate court held that the trial court properly required a defendant who was
charged with aggravated battery to remove his jacket to reveal his tattoos on his arms, which
16
Neither party on appeal has much discussion about the appropriate standard of review. The State
assumes that the abuse-of-discretion standard applies.
17
Although in its appellate brief the State “maintain[s] that the trial court’s evidentiary rule was
correct,” it offers no discussion of statute or case law to support that assertion.
18
See also United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. 27, 35 (2000) (“[A] criminal suspect may be
compelled to put on a shirt, to provide a blood sample or handwriting exemplar, or to make a recording
of his voice. The act of exhibiting such physical characteristics is not the same as a sworn
communication by a witness that relates either express or implied assertions of fact or belief.”).
- 17 -
were similar to those described by the victim, since those tattoos were relevant to the issue of
identification.
¶ 84 More recently, there is authority which suggests a defendant should be allowed to
demonstrate or display his tattoos without providing testimony. In White, 2017 IL App (1st)
142358, ¶¶ 26-29, 36, this court vacated the defendant’s conviction and remanded for new trial
where the trial court’s erroneous limitation and exclusion of defendant’s arm tattoos was not
harmless. Here, the trial judge did not have the benefit of the White decision when he ruled, nor
was the issue in White the same as the one we are confronted with in this appeal. Since this
specific issue has not been addressed directly in any other Illinois decision, it is this court’s
opinion that we should set forth a clear rule for trial judges to follow when confronted with a
similar issue in the future.
¶ 85 Courts of other jurisdictions which have dealt directly with the issue of a defendant’s
request to display some physical characteristics without testifying have allowed such displays
on the basis of due process. These courts have held that to permit the State the right to require
a defendant to display some physical characteristic without allowing a defendant the same
right to display a physical characteristic would violate that defendant’s right to due process.
See State v. Martin, 519 So. 2d 87, 90-92 (La. 1988) (since defendant could have been
compelled by the State to demonstrate any tattoos he had on his body without violating his
privilege against self-incrimination, as display would not be testimonial, defendant was
entitled to show his tattoos or lack of them at trial where such display was material, without
any cross-examination as to tattoo’s origin); United States v. Bay, 762 F.2d 1314, 1315-17
(1984) (holding that it was error to refuse bank robbery defendant, who did not take the stand,
to exhibit to the jury the tattoos on the backs of his hands, where on cross-examination, the
teller at the bank testified that she did not remember anything unusual about defendant’s hands
except that he had long fingers; the hand display would be relevant to other robbery counts
where other tellers saw defendant do things with his hands and handed him money and, when
asked what they remembered about the perpetrator’s appearance, specifically including his
hands, they did not mention any tattoos on the perpetrator’s hands). Based upon all of the
above, we find that a defendant’s right to display a physical characteristic should not be
conditioned upon a defendant’s relinquishment of his fifth amendment right not to testify.
¶ 86 Like the introduction of any physical evidence, a foundation for that evidence is required.
Therefore, the party offering a tattoo into evidence, to be published or displayed to the jury, has
the burden to establish a foundation that the tattoo was placed on the defendant or viewed by
others at the relevant time. Without such a foundation, a display of tattoos or a lack of tattoos
would have no evidentiary basis.
¶ 87 In the case at bar, the trial court stated that it barred the display, for the following reasons:
“Well, the problem I have with this and the reason I didn’t let you do it is because
there’s absolutely no way for the prosecution to cross-examine your client, when the
tattoo was placed on [his] hand, how long he’s had the tattoo, whether he had receipts
for the tattoo so [defendant] wants to show his hand to the jury, he’s going to have to do
it from the witness stand so that the prosecution can cross-examine him about that
which he’s offering into evidence.”
Not only is that ruling legally wrong as we discussed above, it was also factually problematic
for the following reasons. The victim testified that he was “100 percent sure” that defendant
was the shooter because he had “a good glimpse of his tattoos”—when the ASA cut off his
- 18 -
answer. The lineup photos in evidence were not taken from above defendant’s hands but from
the front of his hands, which were flat on his lap, and, thus, show a two-dimensional or
horizontal view of the tattoos. However, the hand tattoos are unmistakably there and
unmistakably in evidence, as of the date the photos were taken, but not necessarily before that
time. What is not in evidence is a good view of how eye-catching and prominent they are and
what they actually display. People v. Minter, 2015 IL App (1st) 120958, ¶ 95 (discussing
another case, this court observed that “the defendant’s tattoos were relevant to establish his
identity because one of the State’s witnesses identified him by the tattoos”).
¶ 88 If the jurors were faithfully following the instructions given to them, and we have been
given no reason to think that they were not, then the jurors were told specifically to disregard
any evidence, “to which objections were sustained,” such as the tattoos on defendant’s hands.
The trial court’s ruling caused the jurors, if they were following the instructions, to disregard
this evidence.
¶ 89 When the trial court revisited the issue again during the posttrial hearing, the trial court
found no error, finding that the tattoos were “obvious to the jury” and, “just sitting there, you
can see the tattoos.” Again, this assumes that the jurors considered the evidence that they had
been explicitly told not to consider.
¶ 90 Apart from a defendant testifying himself, there are any number of ways of laying a proper
foundation for the viewing of tattoos. Any witnesses who knew defendant could testify that he
had the tattoos at or before the date of the shooting. A receipt or other business record from a
tattoo parlor, if properly introduced, could also establish a foundation—all without subjecting
defendant to cross-examination. Defendant concedes on appeal that he failed to preserve this
issue for appeal. We find that the trial court’s ruling, that defendant could not admit evidence
of his tattoos without surrendering his right not to testify, constituted a clear and obvious error.
Thus, the next question is whether this ruling rose to the level of plain error.19
¶ 91 When a defendant has failed to preserve an error for review, we may still review the issue
for plain error. People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48; Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a) (“Plain errors or
defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the
attention of the trial court.”). The plain error doctrine allows a reviewing court to consider
unpreserved error when (1) a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely
balanced that the error also threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant,
regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error occurred and the error
is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of
the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill.
2d 551, 565 (2007). For the reasons already explained above, a clear and obvious error
occurred. Thus, we next consider whether the evidence was closely balanced. To determine
whether the evidence at trial was close, “a reviewing court must evaluate the totality of the
evidence and conduct a qualitative, commonsense assessment of it within the context of the
case.” Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 53.
¶ 92 At trial, as we have explained, the State presented no evidence linking defendant to the
offense except for the identifications by the victim and his girlfriend. The State offered no
testimony that defendant was arrested at or near the scene of the crime. The State did not
19
This court is not certain that this concession is correct, but we accept it for purposes of our
analysis.
- 19 -
introduce a confession or any incriminating words or actions by defendant. The State presented
no evidence that defendant tried to flee or avoid the police. The evidence technician testified
that she recovered no gun or ballistics evidence from the scene. The State offered no items
found on or near defendant, such as ammunition. Although the victim testified that the shooter
tried to enter the victim’s van, inside and out, the evidence technician stated that she did not
look for fingerprints. Immediately after the offense, the only description that the victim and his
girlfriend provided was that the offenders were Hispanic men dressed in black—a description
that could fit a vast number of men in the city of Chicago. The State provided no evidence or
testimony of how the police came to select this particular Hispanic man to place in a photo
spread. Defendant had no prior felony convictions and only three minor misdemeanors from
years ago. In sum, there was no introduced link between defendant and the shooting except for
the victim’s and his girlfriend’s selection of defendant from the photo spread and lineup shown
to them.
¶ 93 While the identification of one eyewitness is enough to find that the evidence was
sufficient to find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt (e.g., People v. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d
532, 545 (1999)), the question for us at this juncture in our analysis is not sufficiency but
whether the evidence was closely balanced. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 566 (“[w]hether the
evidence is closely balanced is, of course, a separate question from whether the evidence is
sufficient to sustain a conviction”).
¶ 94 At trial, as we have explained, the State presented no evidence linking defendant to the
offense except for the identifications by the victim and his girlfriend. The State offered no
testimony that defendant was arrested at or near the scene of the crime. The State did not
introduce a confession or any incriminating words or actions by defendant. The State presented
no evidence that defendant tried to flee or avoid the police. The evidence technician testified
that she recovered no gun or ballistics evidence from the scene. The State offered no items
found on or near defendant, such as ammunition. Although the victim testified that the shooter
tried to enter the victim’s van, inside and out, the evidence technician stated that she did not
look for fingerprints. Immediately after the offense, the only description that the victim and his
girlfriend provided was that the offenders were Hispanic men dressed in black—a description
that could fit a vast number of men in the city of Chicago. The State provided no evidence or
testimony of how the police came to select this particular Hispanic man to place in a photo
spread. Defendant had no prior felony convictions and only three minor misdemeanors from
years ago. In sum, there was no evidentiary link between defendant and the shooting except for
the victim’s and his girlfriend’s selection of defendant from the photo spread, the lineup shown
to them and their in-court identifications.
¶ 95 Both eyewitnesses testified at trial that, prior to their initial identification from the photo
array, the police told them (1) that the police had found the shooter and (2) that his photo was
in the photo array. The witnesses were thereby encouraged to select the photo that most
resembled the shooter rather than selecting a photo only if they were positive it was, in fact, the
shooter. After the ASA led the victim’s girlfriend through every line of the advisory form on
redirect examination, she answered “no” on recross-examination when asked if the police told
her that they had identified the person who shot the victim. However, it is unclear if this “no”
referred to the form or to the prior conversation that she had already testified to because, when
subsequently asked if the police told her that she was “going to sign” on the photo of the person
who shot the victim, she replied affirmatively.
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¶ 96 This error was compounded when defendant was the only person to appear in both the
photo array and the subsequent lineup. Since the police told the witnesses that they had found
“the shooter” and since defendant was the only person in both the photo array and the lineup,
the only person who could have possibly been “the shooter,” according to the police, was
defendant, who was the only person to appear in both displays.
¶ 97 The police conduct in conducting the photo array and lineups may have undermined the
reliability of the identification by the victim, who testified that he had never observed either the
shooter or defendant before. However, the day before trial, the victim’s girlfriend volunteered
to the authorities,20 for the first time, that she recognized defendant from school. Thus, if
believed, she had some independent basis for recognizing defendant. However, her view of the
shooter was compromised, since she testified that she observed only the side of the shooter’s
face. She was sitting inside her vehicle rather than standing on the street as the victim had been.
¶ 98 We reverse and remand for a new trial. Based upon all the above, we find that the trial court
erred in denying evidence of defendant’s tattoos. The evidence of the tattoos, and the two
additional witnesses who claim the victim admitted that defendant is not the person who shot at
him, could possibly change the result in this case and meet the test for a new trial based upon
actual innocence. People v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 332 (2009) (to support a claim of actual
innocence, the evidence must be newly discovered, material and not merely cumulative, and of
such a conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial).
¶ 99 II. Double Jeopardy
¶ 100 When a reviewing court remands for a new trial, it must consider whether a new trial would
violate double jeopardy. People v. McKown, 236 Ill. 2d 278, 311 (2010). If the evidence
presented at the first trial could permit “any” rational trier of fact to find defendant guilty,
retrial is permitted. McKown, 236 Ill. 2d at 311; White, 2017 IL App (1st) 142358, ¶ 36
(observing “the minimal standard for a sufficiency of the evidence challenge”). Since one
eyewitness identification can render a verdict simply sufficient, double jeopardy is not a bar to
a new trial. E.g., Smith, 185 Ill. 2d at 545 (the testimony of a single witness may be sufficient to
convict).
¶ 101 CONCLUSION
¶ 102 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
¶ 103 Reversed and remanded with instructions.
¶ 104 PRESIDING JUSTICE McBRIDE, specially concurring:
¶ 105 Although I agree with the decision to reverse and remand for a new trial, I do so for two
simple reasons: (1) the trial court’s denial of defendant’s request to present evidence of his
tattoos was an error that was plain: the evidence was closely balanced, and defendant has
carried his burden of persuasion that the outcome of the trial would probably have been
different if he had been allowed to present this evidence (People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167,
178-79, 186-87 (2005)), and (2) the motion for a new trial based upon actual innocence should
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As we discussed, she never told the police. She told the prosecutor the day before trial.
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have been granted. It is the combination of these two rulings under the facts and circumstances
of this case which undermines confidence in the outcome of defendant’s trial and warrants a
reversal and remand for a new trial.
¶ 106 Speaking first to the motion for a new trial, it is my opinion that defendant clearly
established the evidence was new, material, noncumulative, and likely to change the outcome
on retrial. People v. Molstad, 101 Ill. 2d 128, 134-36 (1984). The most significant testimony
presented on the claim of actual innocence at the hearing on defendant’s multiple motions for a
new trial, was that of Rosa Pliego and Yesenia De La Cruz. Both witnesses testified that they
attended a party where the victim in this case, Mr. Montenegro, spoke about being shot and
that the person in jail for shooting him was not the person who actually shot him. Montenegro
was also heard to say that he wanted money from that person’s family and friends in order for
him to drop the charges against that person. Thus, under Molstad, this evidence should have
been scrutinized more closely to determine defendant’s guilt or innocence. Molstad, 101 Ill. 2d
at 136.
¶ 107 Considering the closeness of the evidence in this case, which I describe below, the outcome
of the defendant’s trial probably would have been different had the jury heard from these two
witnesses. Finally, although the trial court rejected the new alibi testimony, based upon the
claim of ineffectiveness of trial counsel, the hearing did disclose that there were other alibi
witnesses available to testify at a new trial. It should also be noted that there was no conflict
concerning these new alibi witnesses, because of a statement made by the mother of
defendant’s children. Her hearsay statement, which was actually never testified to but was
made to a police officer shortly after defendant’s arrest, could not be used to impeach another
alibi witness’s statement that defendant was with that person on the night of this shooting. The
person to whom it was made, a police officer, if it was made, could not testify to this hearsay
statement, and it is doubtful that the mother of defendant’s children would testify and possibly
be impeached, when other alibi witnesses were available. In any event, the testimony of these
two witnesses, Pliego and De La Cruz, regarding statements of the victim which indicated this
defendant did not shoot the victim were, in themselves, sufficient to undermine confidence in
the verdict at defendant’s trial.
¶ 108 As to the presentation of the tattoo evidence, I agree, for the reasons cited above, that
defendant should have been allowed to present this evidence without surrendering his right not
to testify. However, it is also apparent from the record of the proceedings on defendant’s
motions for a new trial that defendant’s sister would also have been available to testify that
defendant’s tattoos were on his hands at or around the time of the commission of the offenses
at issue here. Her testimony at that hearing established a sufficient foundation to show that the
tattoos were on defendant’s hands and in place at the time of the shooting. This testimony
surrounding the placement of defendant’s tattoos would also probably change the result on
retrial. Further, any claim that this evidence would open the door to gang evidence is not
supported by this record, because there is no question that the tattoos were the names of
defendant’s two daughters and nothing more. Consequently, there was sufficient evidence to
show that a new trial should have been granted based upon what can only be described as a
closely balanced case. Although the evidence presented at trial was enough to satisfy the
sufficiency of the evidence argument on appeal, it is not enough to withstand the defendant’s
argument on his right to present his defense and whether he is entitled to a new trial on actual
innocence grounds.
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¶ 109 As to plain error, there is little doubt that the evidence in this case was closely balanced.
Both eyewitnesses were impeached on numerous matters, their identifications were riddled
with inconsistencies, and the victim of the shooting was a convicted felon. The prosecution’s
case also lacked corroborating physical evidence or any incriminating statement of defendant.
In addition, and very early on, the victim refused to answer questions posed by police
concerning what another unnamed eyewitness told police about this shooting, specifically
whether prior to the shooting, the victim’s vehicle was rammed by another vehicle, that three
people—not two—got out of that other vehicle, and that they then chased the victim on the
street and eventually shot him. This area of inquiry was not allowed to be explored by the
defense even though it was completely contrary to the version of events testified to by the
victim and his girlfriend and even though there was evidence that a police officer noticed that
the victim’s vehicle appeared to have been recently damaged. Granted, this testimony was
perhaps inadmissible, but the testimony that an officer noticed recent damage to the victim’s
vehicle was not hearsay, and these facts show that the victim was uncooperative and
demonstrate further evidence concerning the victim’s credibility.
¶ 110 Since we are remanding for a new trial, it is not necessary to address any of the defendant’s
other claims, in particular, the claim of ineffectiveness of trial counsel. Accordingly, I concur
in the decision to reverse and remand for a new trial for the two reasons stated in this special
concurrence.
¶ 111 JUSTICE BURKE, dissenting:
¶ 112 I write separately because I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court
committed reversible error in preventing defendant from showing his tattoos to the jury.
Although the majority has not addressed the defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel due to the reversal on other grounds, I also write separately to address the ineffective
assistance of counsel claim that was briefed by both parties.
¶ 113 The victim and his girlfriend testified for the State that on July 3, 2010, they were waiting
for a tow truck in the girlfriend’s SUV when two men approached the victim’s nearby van. The
victim approached the two men because he believed they were attempting to steal the stereo
from his van. Defendant had been leaning inside of the van. Defendant pulled a gun out of his
waistband when the victim was six or seven feet away him, and he shot the victim three times
in the hand, once in the leg, and once in the posterior. The victim and his girlfriend testified
that the streetlights provided enough light so that they could see clearly. The victim could see
defendant’s face and identified him as the shooter in a photo array, in a lineup, and at trial. He
had never seen defendant before the shooting but was sure defendant was the shooter because
he got a good look at his face and the tattoos on his arms.
¶ 114 The victim’s girlfriend also testified that she could see the sides of both men’s faces from
the SUV and identified defendant as the shooter in a photo array, in a lineup, and at trial. The
victim’s girlfriend also testified that she recognized defendant because they attended the same
high school, but she acknowledged that she did not tell police that information. The victim told
police that there were two male offenders, both of whom were Latino, wearing black and beige
clothing. The jury found defendant guilty of the charged offense.
¶ 115 Defense counsel filed a posttrial motion for a new trial alleging that there was newly
discovered evidence of defendant’s actual innocence. Defendant engaged new counsel who
filed two supplemental posttrial motions. Defendant’s new counsel alleged that defendant’s
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trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by, inter alia, not introducing evidence of
defendant’s hand tattoos and failing to call three alibi witnesses.
¶ 116 The court held an extensive hearing on defendant’s posttrial motions where defendant
called seven witnesses. Two of the witnesses testified that they heard the victim state that the
person who was “locked up” was not the person who shot him and that he wanted money from
that person’s friends or family to drop the charges. Defendant also presented the testimony of
three alibi witnesses who testified that defendant was at home playing video games at the time
of the offense. Defendant’s sister testified that she presented affidavits from these alibi
witnesses to defendant’s trial counsel prior to trial. Defendant testified that he asked his trial
counsel about the alibi witnesses but trial counsel told him that he did not need to call the alibi
witnesses because he could win the case without them.
¶ 117 The State presented the testimony of defendant’s trial counsel, who testified that he did not
present an alibi defense because the police reports indicated that defendant’s girlfriend told
police that defendant was not at the house that day. Trial counsel testified that the only alibi
evidence he was presented with prior to trial was defendant’s claim that at the time of the
offense he was having sex with his children’s maternal grandmother. Trial counsel did not
present this alibi because he did not believe defendant was being truthful and because it was
contradicted by defendant’s girlfriend’s statement to police. Trial counsel testified that he had
met with defendant’s sister but she had not given him any affidavits. Trial counsel also testified
that he was never presented with any evidence regarding defendant being at home playing
video games at the time of the offense.
¶ 118 Trial counsel also testified that he made a strategic decision to not introduce evidence of
defendant’s tattoos at trial because, based on the pretrial motion in limine, that would open the
door for the State to present evidence of defendant’s gang-related tattoos. He believed,
however, that questioning the witnesses regarding whether they saw defendant’s tattoos was
relevant to defendant’s defense.
¶ 119 The trial court denied defendant’s posttrial motions, finding that the testimony of the alibi
witnesses that defendant was at the house playing video games at the time of the shooting
contradicted the statement defendant’s girlfriend gave to police that defendant was not at the
house that day. The court also noted that trial counsel did not find defendant’s alibi, the only
alibi he knew about prior to trial, believable. The court thus determined that it was reasonable
for trial counsel to not present an alibi defense because of the State’s opportunity for
impeachment. With regard to defendant’s tattoos, the court observed that the jury had the
opportunity to observe the tattoos on defendant’s hands throughout the trial, even though
defense counsel did not present any evidence of them.
¶ 120 The court also rejected defendant’s claim of actual innocence based on the testimony of
two witnesses, noting that, because they knew defendant, the court did not believe the two
witnesses would wait to come forward until after the trial. Accordingly, the court did not find
their testimony credible.
¶ 121 I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court’s comments that defendant
could not introduce evidence of his tattoos without taking the stand and being subject to
cross-examination constituted reversible error. The majority addresses this issue as an error of
law subject to de novo review. I find that, not only does the majority apply the incorrect
standard of review, but the majority’s analysis also confuses the issue. The majority presents
the issue as whether defendant’s demonstration would be testimonial. The issue identified by
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the trial court, however, was one of foundation, an issue the majority touches upon only briefly
and only after finding error.
¶ 122 Initially, the majority correctly recognizes that evidentiary rulings are generally within the
sound discretion of the trial court and that such rulings will not be reversed absent an abuse of
discretion. People v. Caffey, 205 Ill. 2d 52, 89-90 (2001). Without much explanation, however,
the majority concludes that de novo review is appropriate in this case because “defendant’s
claim on appeal raises a purely legal question, namely, whether a display of tattoos is
testimonial and subject to cross-examination.” This, however, is mischaracterization of the
trial court’s ruling. The majority quotes from the trial court’s comments but ignores the
substance of the statements. The trial court stated:
“Well, the problem I have with this and the reason I didn’t let you do it is because
there’s absolutely no way for the prosecution to cross-examine your client, when the
tattoo was placed on [his] hand, how long he’s had the tattoo, whether he had receipts
for the tattoo so [defendant] wants to show his hand to the jury, he’s going to have to do
it from the witness stand so that the prosecution can cross-examine him about that
which he’s offering into evidence.”
¶ 123 Here, the court’s comments identify the crux of the issue that the majority glosses over:
foundation. The court’s comments recognize that defendant has a right to not testify and he
would not waive that right by showing his tattoos to the jury, i.e., that demonstration would be
nontestimonial. The court clearly states that if defendant were to show his tattoos to the jury
“there’s absolutely no way for the prosecution to cross-examine your client,” that is, defendant
is in “no way” subject to cross-examination merely by displaying his tattoos to the jury. The
court’s concern, however, was establishing a foundation for when the tattoos were placed on
defendant’s hands.
¶ 124 It is important to remember that, in this case, the shooting occurred on July 3, 2010. The
victim and his girlfriend viewed a photo array with defendant’s photograph on August 5, 2010,
and viewed the lineup with defendant in it on August 6, 2010. The trial court acknowledged
that defendant’s hand tattoos were visible in the lineup photograph, but this cannot and does
not serve as evidence that defendant had the tattoos on the night of the incident over a month
prior.
¶ 125 Defense counsel was offering evidence of the tattoos to challenge the witnesses’
identification. However, defendant’s tattoos are relevant only if he had them on the date of the
offense. Thus, based on how this issue was presented to the trial court, defendant was the only
person who could provide the required foundation. The court thus correctly found that if
defendant wanted to display his tattoos in the manner defendant requested, he would have to
take the stand to establish a proper foundation and be subject to cross-examination on that
topic. As the majority recognizes, defendant could have established a foundation for the tattoos
through another witness or through a business record, if admissible. However, that was not the
issue that was presented to the trial court, and the trial court was merely required to rule on the
issue that was presented to it, not to suggest every possible avenue through which defendant
could establish a foundation for this evidence.
¶ 126 The majority’s misidentification of the issue is further illustrated by its citation of People v.
White, 2017 IL App (1st) 142358. Somewhat contradictorily, the majority notes that the trial
court did not have the “benefit” of the White decision when it ruled but also finds that the
“issue in White [was not] the same as the one we are confronted with in this appeal.” The
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majority is correct that the issue in this case was not before the White court. In White, the issue
was whether the trial court denied defendant a meaningful opportunity to present his defense
and confront the witnesses against him by being permitted to display both his arm tattoos. Id.
¶ 30. There was no discussion in that case of whether such a demonstration was testimonial,
and there was no discussion of whether defendant presented a proper foundation. Notably,
however, the majority in White noted that it took “no issue with the proposition that a court
may limit, restrict, or deny altogether a demonstration in the appropriate circumstances. And
we will defer to that ruling unless we find, as we do here, that the court abused its discretion.”
Id. ¶ 37. Thus, the court in White recognized, unlike the majority here, that whether to permit
defendant to display his tattoos is within the trial court’s discretion and that, under appropriate
circumstances, the court may restrict or deny defendant an opportunity to do so.
¶ 127 In this case, there is simply no basis to find that the trial court abused its discretion where
defendant failed to establish any foundation to show that he had the tattoos on the date of the
offense. The court’s comments do not suggest that defendant was precluded from introducing
this evidence unless he waived his right not to testify but merely suggest that if defendant,
personally, was going to introduce the evidence of his tattoos suggesting that he had them on
the date of the offense, then defendant would be required to establish the foundation for that
evidence and be subject to cross-examination for his foundational testimony. Such a ruling
does not represent an abuse of discretion.
¶ 128 The majority concludes that the court’s error constituted plain error. As discussed, I do not
find that the court’s ruling constituted clear or obvious error, and thus no plain error occurred.
Even assuming an error occurred, however, I would not find that the evidence was closely
balanced and that the error threatened to tip the scales of justice against defendant. People v.
Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 564-65 (2007) (citing People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 186-87
(2005)). At trial, the victim testified that he identified defendant by his haircut, the tattoos on
his arms, and because he was able to see defendant’s face from six or seven feet away on a
well-lit street. When defense counsel asked the victim if he had a clear look at defendant’s
hands, the victim responded, “No. I was focused on the face.” The victim also testified that he
clearly saw a tattoo on defendant’s arms of a “letter ‘A’ and some bunny ears.”
¶ 129 The victim’s girlfriend similarly testified that she was able to see the side of defendant’s
face as he approached the victim’s van. Defense counsel questioned both witnesses regarding
whether they observed any tattoos on defendant’s hands, and they both testified that they did
not. Thus, there were two positive identifications of defendant, and both witnesses testified
that they relied on physical characteristics other than defendant’s hands in identifying him,
whether or not he had the hand tattoos at the time of the shooting. This evidence was sufficient
to prove defendant guilty at trial, and there is no basis for finding that if defendant had been
permitted to display his hand tattoos to the jury that the result would have been different. Thus,
the evidence was not so closely balanced that the evidence of defendant’s hand tattoos would
have tipped the scales of justice.
¶ 130 Finally, during posttrial proceedings, the trial court heard testimony from two witnesses
who claimed to hear the victim saying that defendant was not the shooter and he would drop
the charges if he received money from the defendant’s family and friends. The trial court did
not just review affidavits from the potential witnesses making these claims. The trial court
conducted an extensive hearing with these witnesses. The trial court did what a trial court is
supposed to do. He assessed their credibility, and he found it lacking. Being in the courtroom,
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being able to see and hear witnesses, is solely the function of the trial court. Reading the record
on appeal does not, and cannot, give this court the ability to discern what a trial court sees and
hears. That is why the trial court is given deference in making those determinations. That is
why we review the court’s determinations on granting a motion for new trial based upon newly
discovered evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. People v. Rudell, 2017 IL App (1st)
152772, ¶ 38. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent and find that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in precluding defendant from displaying his hand tattoos to the jury or in denying his
motion for new trial.
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