People v. Brown

Illinois Official Reports
Appellate Court
People v. Brown, 2014 IL App (4th) 120887
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption MICHAEL B. BROWN, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. Fourth District
Docket No. 4-12-0887
Filed October 8, 2014
Held The appellate court reversed the first-stage dismissal of defendant’s
(Note: This syllabus pro se postconviction petition alleging that his trial counsel was
constitutes no part of the ineffective in failing to advise him that he would be subject to a life
opinion of the court but sentence if he was found guilty of the two first degree murder charges
has been prepared by the filed against him, especially when it was likely he would have rejected
Reporter of Decisions his counsel’s advice not to ask for an instruction on second degree
for the convenience of murder if he had known a life sentence was possible, since defendant
the reader.) presented the gist of a constitutional claim in view of the reasonable
probability that defendant could have been convicted of second degree
murder if such an instruction had been given; therefore, the cause was
remanded for second-stage proceedings, including the appointment of
counsel, if requested.
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of McLean County, No. 08-CF-181; the
Review Hon. Robert L. Freitag, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on Michael J. Pelletier, Jacqueline L. Bullard, and Ryan R. Wilson, all of
Appeal State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.
Jason Chambers, State’s Attorney, of Bloomington (Patrick Delfino,
David J. Robinson, and Aimee Sipes Johnson, all of State’s Attorneys
Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE POPE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Knecht and Turner concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Michael B. Brown, appeals the trial court’s first-stage dismissal of his
postconviction petition, arguing the court erred in finding the petition frivolous and patently
without merit where he raised the gist of a meritorious claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel. We reverse and remand for second-stage proceedings.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Because the facts are well known by the parties and have been extensively recounted by
this court in its prior opinion in this case (People v. Brown, 406 Ill. App. 3d 1068, 952 N.E.2d
32 (2011)), we reiterate only those facts necessary to resolve the issues raised on appeal.
¶4 This case arises from a February 12, 2008, incident where Calvin and David Walls were
shot and killed by defendant following an altercation at defendant’s apartment. During the
altercation, defendant fired at least 14 shots, which resulted in at least 11 gunshot wounds.
Thereafter, the State charged defendant with, inter alia, six counts of first degree murder in the
deaths of Calvin and David Walls (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2008)), and two counts
of aggravated battery with a firearm for gunshot wounds to David and Calvin’s brother, Levar
Walls, and defendant’s cousin, Montell Jones (720 ILCS 5/12-4.2(a)(1) (West 2008)).
Defendant maintained he shot the Walls brothers in self-defense.
¶5 Following defendant’s April 2009 jury trial, the following colloquy took place during the
jury instruction conference regarding whether the jury would be instructed on second degree
murder:
“THE COURT: Before we conclude then, let me bring up the subject, because I
want again the record to be clear, the defense has requested in this case, and the court
has ruled it will give instructions regarding self-defense and defense of a dwelling.
Defense has not requested any instructions on second degree murder, and I just want to,
for the record, I want to clarify, [defense counsel], that you have considered and
consulted with your client on the issue of the tendering of second degree instructions
and that you have decided, and the defendant has decided, that you do not wish to
tender those instructions.
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[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Judge, we have had a full conversation and discussion
about the legal ramifications of the decision. I have told [defendant] it is one of the four
decisions he has to make as a defendant. He has expressed to me today and on a prior
occasion he does not wish the jury to be instructed on second degree.
THE COURT: [Defendant], as your attorney just indicated, sir, you have been
charged in the indictment with the offense of first degree murder. There is what is often
referred to as a lesser included offense of second degree murder. And at your request
based upon the evidence that’s been presented in this case, the court would instruct the
jury on the offense of second degree murder, that is, that they would have the option of
determining whether or not you’re guilty of first degree murder and if so then
determining whether there was a mitigating factor to reduce it to second degree murder.
[Defense counsel] has indicated that you have discussed these issues with your counsel.
Is that correct, sir?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: All right. Do you feel like you’ve had enough time to talk to him
about that issue?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Do you feel that you understand what that issue is?
THE DEFENDANT: I feel it’s too confusing of an issue for the jury.
THE COURT: All right. You do feel that you understand the issue of second degree
murder after talking to your counsel?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: Now, have you decided based on the advice he has given you that
you do not want the jury instructed on the issue of second degree murder?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: All right. And this is your decision?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Do you have any questions at all at this time about that?
THE DEFENDANT: No sir.” (Emphasis added.)
¶6 Thereafter, the jury found defendant guilty of two counts of first degree murder of Calvin
and David and aggravated battery with a firearm for shooting Levar. Defendant was acquitted
of aggravated battery with a firearm with respect to Montell.
¶7 The trial court sentenced defendant to natural life in prison for each first-degree-murder
conviction, to run concurrently with a 30-year prison term for the aggravated-battery-
with-a-firearm conviction.
¶8 On direct appeal, defendant argued (1) the trial court erred in submitting the
initial-aggressor instruction to the jury mid deliberation, (2) the evidence was insufficient to
convict, and (3) he was entitled to a $5-per-day credit against fines imposed. In February 2011,
this court affirmed the convictions and remanded to the trial court for modification of the credit
against fines. Brown, 406 Ill. App. 3d at 1084, 952 N.E.2d at 45. In September 2011, a petition
for leave to appeal was denied. People v. Brown, No. 112245 (Sept. 28, 2011).
¶9 In June 2011, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition under the Post-Conviction
Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 to 122-7 (West 2010)). In his petition, defendant alleged
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ineffective assistance of counsel for counsel’s failure to inform defendant he would be subject
to a natural life sentence if found guilty of both counts of first degree murder. Specifically,
defendant stated:
“Here, prior to the jury instruction conference, trial counsel informed the defendant
that he could tender an instruction for second degree murder to the jury which would
allow the jury to consider whether he committed first degree murder or second degree
murder, but it would also give the jury a way to find him guilty of murder. Further, trial
counsel advised that because the State withdrew the death penalty and due to the fact
that the defendant didn’t have a prior conviction for first degree murder[,] he faced
concurrent sentences of 20-60 years of imprisonment if he was found guilty of both
first degree murder charges because the deaths were simultaneous. However, trial
counsel never informed the defendant that a natural life sentence of imprisonment was
mandated if he was found guilty of both charges[,] nor that the trial court would be
allowed to rely on two sentencing factors that required the imposition of a natural life
sentence.”
¶ 10 Defendant attached to the petition a letter written to him from his trial counsel dated April
17, 2009, the date of the guilty verdicts, wherein counsel stated, in relevant part:
“Sentencing will occur after the posttrial motion. First degree murder is punishable by
20 to 60 years in prison at 100% time. Personal discharge of weapon which causes the
death carries an additional 25 years at 85% time. For the court to impose natural life, it
would have to find a prior conviction for first degree murder[,] which does not exist as
these convictions are simultaneous. Further, I do not believe the first degree murder
sentences can be imposed consecutively. It would be unrealistic to expect a sentence
less than 45 years (minimum on murder and the enhancement for discharge of the
firearm[)]. What may be problematic is the aggravated battery conviction can be run
consecutive (6 to 30) and probably will as the [S]tate will argue it is mandatory that it
does.”
¶ 11 According to defendant, had he known he would face natural life in prison, he would not
have agreed with counsel’s advice during his jury trial to forego the tendering of a
second-degree-murder instruction to the jury.
¶ 12 In August 2012, in a written order, the trial court dismissed the petition as frivolous and
patently without merit. The court found the decision to forego the second-degree-murder
instruction was not objectively deficient based on the court’s admonishments and the fact
defendant clearly preferred, as a matter of trial strategy, to give the jury only the options of
guilty of first degree murder or acquittal of first degree murder on the grounds of self-defense.
The court further found, even though counsel may have been incorrect in advising defendant of
the maximum penalty he faced if found guilty of first degree murder of both victims, the record
reflected at the arraignment the court had fully advised defendant of the potential penalties he
faced, including natural life in prison.
¶ 13 Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal and the trial court appointed the office of the State
Appellate Defender (OSAD) to represent defendant. Thereafter, OSAD filed a motion to
withdraw as counsel under Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551 (1987), asserting no
meritorious issues could be raised. On April 2, 2014, we denied OSAD’s motion. People v.
Brown, 2014 IL App (4th) 120887-U.
¶ 14 This appeal followed.
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¶ 15 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 16 On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred in dismissing his postconviction
petition at the first stage of the postconviction proceedings where he sufficiently set forth the
gist of an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. We agree.
¶ 17 The Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 to 122-7 (West 2010)) establishes a three-stage process for
adjudicating a postconviction petition. People v. Beaman, 229 Ill. 2d 56, 71, 890 N.E.2d 500,
509 (2008). At the first stage, the trial court must review the postconviction petition and
determine whether “the petition is frivolous or is patently without merit.” 725 ILCS
5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2010). “[A] pro se petition seeking postconviction relief under the Act
for a denial of constitutional rights may be summarily dismissed as frivolous or patently
without merit only if the petition has no arguable basis either in law or in fact.” People v.
Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 11-12, 912 N.E.2d 1204, 1209 (2009). A petition lacks an arguable basis
either in law or in fact where it “is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory” “which is
completely contradicted by the record.” Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 16, 912 N.E.2d at 1212.
¶ 18 In the first stage of a postconviction proceeding, the allegations of the petition, liberally
construed and taken to be true, need only state “the gist of a constitutional claim.” (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 244, 757 N.E.2d 442, 445
(2001). The “gist” means the essence, the main point or part (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary 493 (10th ed. 2000)), as opposed to a factually complete statement of the claim
(Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d at 244, 757 N.E.2d at 445). By requiring, in the first stage, only “the gist
of a constitutional claim,” the supreme court intends to set “a low threshold.” (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d at 244, 757 N.E.2d at 445. As such, only “a
limited amount of detail” is required in the petition, and the petition need not make any legal
arguments or cite any legal authority. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d
at 244, 757 N.E.2d at 445.
¶ 19 On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred in dismissing his postconviction petition
at the first stage where he sufficiently set forth the gist of an ineffective-assistance claim.
Ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims are reviewed under the two-pronged standard set
forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Under Strickland, a defendant must
prove (1) his attorney’s actions constituted errors so serious as to fall below an objective
standard of reasonableness; and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced defendant in that, but
for the deficient performance, a reasonable probability exists the trial would have resulted in a
different outcome. People v. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d 194, 219-20, 808 N.E.2d 939, 953 (2004).
Defendant must prove both prongs of the Strickland test in order to prevail. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d
at 220, 808 N.E.2d at 954. At the first stage of postconviction proceedings, however, a
defendant need establish only it is arguable counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness and he arguably was prejudiced as a result. People v. DuPree, 397
Ill. App. 3d 719, 737, 922 N.E.2d 503, 518 (2010).
¶ 20 According to defendant, his trial counsel’s performance was deficient when counsel
incorrectly advised him regarding the potential sentences he faced on the two convictions for
first degree murder. Defendant maintains had he known a natural life sentence was mandatory
if he was convicted of two murders, he would have asked the jury to be instructed on second
degree murder. (Indeed, we note if counsel himself had known natural life was mandatory, he
may well have advised defendant to request a second-degree-murder instruction.) Defendant
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contends he was prejudiced because it is at least arguable the jury would have convicted him of
that crime instead of first degree murder.
¶ 21 It is undisputed defendant was subject to mandatory natural life sentences on the
first-degree-murder convictions for having caused the death of more than one person (730
ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) (West 2008)). The letter from his trial counsel attached to his
postconviction petition clearly demonstrates he was advised of the incorrect sentencing range.
In addition, the trial court never admonished defendant a natural life sentence was mandatory if
he was convicted of two murders. Brown, 2014 IL App (4th) 120887-U, ¶ 29. Instead, the court
told defendant he “ ‘could be sentenced to *** natural life’ ” and “ ‘could be sentenced’ ” to 20
to 60 years’ imprisonment. Brown, 2014 IL App (4th) 120887-U, ¶ 6. Defendant had the right
to decide whether to tender a second-degree-murder instruction. People v. Brocksmith, 162 Ill.
2d 224, 229, 642 N.E.2d 1230, 1232 (1994). However, defendant was provided with incorrect
information regarding the sentence he faced. As such, his ability to make an informed decision
regarding the instruction may have been impaired. Thus, we find counsel’s performance
arguably fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. We note, while the State argues
the decision not to request an instruction was strategic and matters of trial strategy are immune
from ineffective-assistance claims, we fail to see how a “strategy” based on a fundamental
misunderstanding of the law can be considered a true strategy. See People v. Pugh, 157 Ill. 2d
1, 19, 623 N.E.2d 255, 263 (1993) (rejecting the State’s strategy argument where defense
counsel’s advice was clearly attributable to a misapprehension of the law).
¶ 22 Having found defense counsel’s performance arguably deficient, however, does not end
our analysis. An ineffective-assistance claim also requires a showing of prejudice to the
defendant from the deficient performance. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d at 219-20, 808 N.E.2d at 953.
“Prejudice” exists if there is “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” People v. Manning, 241 Ill. 2d
319, 326, 948 N.E.2d 542, 546-47 (2011) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “[T]he prejudice
prong of Strickland is not simply an ‘outcome-determinative’ test but, rather, may be satisfied
if defendant can show that counsel’s deficient performance rendered the result of the trial
unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair.” People v. Jackson, 205 Ill. 2d 247, 259,
793 N.E.2d 1, 9 (2001); Evans, 209 Ill. 2d at 220, 808 N.E.2d at 953-54 (“a reasonable
probability that the result would have been different is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome–or put another way, that counsel’s deficient performance rendered
the result of the trial unreliable or fundamentally unfair”). Again, for first-stage purposes, a
defendant need only establish it is arguable he was prejudiced. DuPree, 397 Ill. App. 3d at 737,
922 N.E.2d at 518.
¶ 23 Defendant argues if his counsel had properly advised him regarding his sentence he would
have requested a second-degree-murder instruction. Defendant maintains if the jury were so
instructed, there exists a reasonable probability it would have found him guilty of second
degree murder instead of first degree murder. The State argues the decision not to request the
second-degree-murder instruction was trial strategy. While we recognize the decision may
have been trial strategy, we also observe counsel’s fundamental misunderstanding of the
potential penalty may well have caused him to advise defendant not to request the instruction.
¶ 24 Second degree murder is a lesser mitigated offense of first degree murder. People v.
Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d 104, 122, 646 N.E.2d 587, 595 (1995). A defendant is guilty of second
degree murder if the elements of first degree murder are established but a statutory mitigating
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factor also exists. See 720 ILCS 5/9-2(a) (West 2008). Here, the jury could have convicted
defendant of second degree murder if he established by a preponderance of the evidence either
he was acting under a sudden and intense passion as a result of serious provocation or believed
he needed to exercise deadly force to defend himself, even though his belief may have been
unreasonable. See 720 ILCS 5/9-2(a), (c), 7-1(a) (West 2008). A defendant is entitled to a
second-degree-murder instruction when “slight” evidence which the jury could believe
supports it. People v. Everette, 141 Ill. 2d 147, 156, 565 N.E.2d 1295, 1298-99 (1990).
¶ 25 Moreover, where, as here, the evidence supported, and the trial court gave, a self-defense
instruction, the court must give a second-degree-murder instruction if requested by defendant.
In People v. Washington, 2012 IL 110283, ¶ 56, 962 N.E.2d 902, the supreme court reaffirmed
its prior holding in People v. Lockett, 82 Ill. 2d 546, 553, 413 N.E.2d 378, 382 (1980), which in
fact mandates instructing the jury on second degree murder whenever the evidence supports
instructing the jury on justifiable use of force and the defendant requests it.
¶ 26 Here, the trial court determined the evidence supported giving a self-defense instruction.
The court also found sufficient evidence supported giving a second-degree-murder instruction
if so requested. While conflicting testimony was presented as to what transpired, evidence
exists to support defendant’s version of events. The presence of that evidence shows
defendant’s allegations are not completely rebutted by the record. As such, it is arguable a
reasonable probability exists the jury, if presented with a second-degree-murder instruction,
would have convicted defendant of second degree murder instead of first degree murder.
¶ 27 Thus, it is at least reasonably arguable defendant was prejudiced when the
second-degree-murder instruction was not tendered. As a result, we cannot say defendant’s
postconviction petition failed to present the gist of a constitutional claim. Accordingly, we
reverse the trial court’s order dismissing defendant’s petition and remand for second-stage
proceedings, including appointment of counsel if requested by defendant. See 725 ILCS
5/122-2.1(b) (West 2012). We note our findings herein are for the limited purpose of
determining whether defendant satisfied the gist standard sufficient to survive a first-stage
dismissal.
¶ 28 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 29 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s first-stage dismissal of defendant’s
postconviction petition and remand for second-stage proceedings.
¶ 30 Reversed and remanded.
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