Trust Company of Illinois v. Kenny

2019 IL App (1st) 172913No. 1-17-2913
Third Division
January 23, 2019
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
TRUST COMPANY OF ILLINOIS, as )
Successor Trustee of the Alice J. Ruzicka ) Appeal from the
2010 Trust Dated June 20, 2010, as Amended, ) Circuit Court of
and MARQUETTE BANK, as Trustee of ) Cook County.
Trust No. 81-9-5 )
)
Plaintiffs, )
) No. 15 CH 05174
v. )
) Honorable
DENNIS G. KENNY, as Successor Trustee of ) Michael T. Mullen,
the James Ruzicka 2010 Trust Dated June 30, ) Judge, presiding.
2010; FIFTH THIRD BANK, as Trustee of )
Trust No. 5076, EDWARD STACHNIK; )
UNKNOWN HEIRS OF EDWARD )
STACHNIK; ROSE MARY STACHNIK, )
f/k/a Rose Mary Ludvik; UNKNOWN HEIRS )
OF ROSE MARY STACHNIK, f/k/a Rose )
Mary Ludvik; EDWARD WILKOWSKI III; )
ALBERT WILKOWSKI; LISA McCRORY; )
JAMES RUZICKA III; ALEC WILKOWSKI; )
BENJAMIN WILKOWSKI; ELLA )
WILKOWSKI; ROBIN WILKOWSKI; )
MARGARET WILKOWSKI; and THOMAS )
WILKOWSKI, )
)
Defendants )
)
(Trust Company of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee; )
No. 1-17-2913
Dennis G. Kenny, Defendant-Appellant; )
Edward Wilkowski III, Alec Wilkowski, )
Benjamin Wilkowski, and Ella Wilkowski, )
Defendants-Appellees). )
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE COBBS delivered the judgment of the court with opinion.
Presiding Justice Fitzgerald Smith and Justice Howse concurred in the judgment
and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant-Appellant, Dennis G. Kenny, appeals the judgment of the circuit court
denying his motion for summary judgment in a quiet title action filed by the plaintiffs, Trust
Company of Illinois and Marquette Bank. Cross-motions for partial summary judgment were
filed by Kenny, as trustee of the James Ruzicka 2010 Trust and defendant-appellees, Edward
Wilkowski III, Alec Wilkowski, Benjamin Wilkowski, and Ella Wilkowski (Wilkowskis) on
counts I and II of plaintiffs’ complaint. The circuit court denied Kenny’s motion for
summary judgment, granted summary judgment in favor of the Wilkowskis, and entered
judgment for plaintiffs on count I and II of their complaint. On October 19, 2017, the circuit
court denied Kenny’s motion to reconsider.
¶2 On appeal, Kenny argues that the circuit court (1) erroneously applied the after-acquired­
title doctrine to 1981 deed when the deed does not reflect a “sale and conveyance to another”
and (2) violated all sense of equity and fairness by ignoring 2010 estate plan. For the reasons
that follow, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 The cause of action stems from a dispute between the parties over ownership of a single-
family residence located at 370 Uvedale Road, Riverside, Illinois (the Property). The dispute
developed after a number of conveyances were made by individuals with unclear title.
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Therefore, the timeline of the conveyances is pertinent to the disposition of this case and is
set forth below. 1
¶5 A. The Stachniks’ Double Conveyance
¶6 Prior to 1976, Rose Mary Stachnik and her husband Edward Stachnik owned title to the
Property. On August 28, 1976, the Stachniks, executed and recorded a deed in trust (the 1976
Deed). The 1976 Deed purported to convey all legal and equitable title in the Property to
First National Bank of Cicero (Cicero Bank), trust No. 5076 (Stachnik Land Trust).
¶7 In 1977, after the conveyance to Cicero Bank, the Stachniks conveyed the Property again.
On or about April 28, 1977, the Stachniks executed and recorded a warranty deed (the 1977
Deed), selling the Property to James Ruzicka and his wife Alice Ruzicka as joint tenants in
exchange for approximately $130,000.
¶8 B. The Ruzickas
¶9 After receiving the 1977 Deed, the Ruzickas took possession of the Property, paid all real
estate taxes, and continuously lived on the Property for over 30 years—from 1977 until their
respective deaths in 2010 and 2014. During that time, the Ruzickas made several
conveyances.
¶ 10 1. Creation of Multiple Trusts
¶ 11 On or about September 18, 1981, the Ruzickas executed and recorded a deed in trust (the
1981 Deed) to Garfield Ridge Trust & Savings Bank (Garfield Bank) as trustee of land trust
number 81-9-5 (Ruzickas Land Trust). 2 The Ruzicka Land Trust agreement designated the
Ruzickas as holding the beneficial interest and power of direction as joint tenants. On or
1
We rely on the parties’ stipulation to the facts surrounding the timeline of the conveyances.
2
Marquette Bank is the successor to Garfield Bank, the named trustee of the Ruzicka Land Trust.
Marquette Bank is not a party to this appeal.
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about September 17, 2001, the Ruzickas executed an amendment to the Ruzicka Land Trust
that extended the agreement for an additional 20 years.
¶ 12 On June 30, 2010, the Ruzickas established two individual trusts: the James Ruzicka
2010 Trust (James Trust) and Alice J. Ruzicka Trust (Alice Trust). On or about August 16,
2010, the Ruzickas, in their individual capacities, executed and recorded a deed in trust (the
2010 Deed). The 2010 Deed conveyed to the Ruzickas their individual interests in the
Property as trustees of their respective trusts.
¶ 13 2. Death and Distribution
¶ 14 On September 3, 2010, James Ruzicka passed away. Upon his death, Alice Ruzicka
became a successor trustee of the James Trust and James’s estate was disposed of through the
terms and provisions of his trust. The terms of the James Trust provided that the trustee
distribute one-half of the residue of James’s trust to his heirs and one-half to Alice’s heirs.
The distribution of the residue of James’s trust was directed as follows: of the half designated
for James’s heirs, half to his sister, Mary Pizzo and one-sixth to each of his nephews, James
Ruzicka, Thomas Ruzicka, and Robert Ruzicka, whereas the half designated for Alice’s heirs
was one-fourth to her grandnephew, Edward Wilkowski III, one-fourth to her grandniece,
Lisa McCrory, and one-half to her nephew, Albert Wilkowski Jr.
¶ 15 On December 2, 2011, Alice, in her capacity as trustee of the James Trust, executed and
recorded a trustee’s deed (the 2011 Deed), which transferred an undivided one-half interest
from the James Trust to the Alice Trust. On December 14, 2012, Alice executed a
survivorship amendment to the Ruzicka Land Trust. The survivorship amendment not only
stated that Alice survived James but also named the Alice Trust as the sole beneficiary upon
her death.
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¶ 16 After Alice’s death on July 13, 2014, Kenny became successor trustee of the James Trust
and plaintiff-appellee, Trust Company of Illinois, became successor trustee of the Alice
Trust. Alice’s estate was disposed of through the terms and provisions of her trust that
provided for a final distribution of all assets held in the trust. Particularly, the terms provided
that the trustee distribute title to the Property to Alice’s grandnephew, defendant-appellee,
Edward Wilkowski III.
¶ 17 C. The Property Dispute
¶ 18 Plaintiffs, Trust Company of Illinois and Marquette Bank, filed suit to quiet title in the
circuit court of Cook County. In count I of the complaint, plaintiffs alleged that Marquette
Bank, as trustee of the Ruzicka Land Trust and successor of Garfield Bank, currently holds
all legal and equitable title to the Property. Moreover, plaintiffs asserted that the 1976 Deed
is null and void and should be set aside because there is no evidence to show that the
Stachnik Land Trust was created. In count II, plaintiffs alleged that even if the court found
the 1976 Deed to be a valid conveyance of the Property, the Ruzickas still acquired title to
the Property through adverse possession. Therefore, the Ruzickas’ subsequent 1981 Deed to
Garfield Bank and successor Marquette Bank was valid. In count III, Trust Company of
Illinois sought guidance from the court regarding whether it should pursue a claim to
invalidate the 2011 Deed.
¶ 19 Kenny and the Wilkowskis both moved for partial summary judgment on only counts I
and II of plaintiff’s complaint by filing cross-motions. The suit to quiet title turned on the
current status of the Property’s ownership. Thus, the issues before the circuit court were
(1) whether the 1976 Deed should be set aside due to the lack of evidence showing its
existence, (2) whether the 1981 Deed conveying the Property from the Ruzickas to the
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Ruzicka Land Trust was valid, and (3) whether any of the conveyances by the Ruzickas
subsequent to the 1981 Deed were valid.
¶ 20 D. The Circuit Court’s Ruling
¶ 21 The circuit court denied Kenny’s motion for summary judgment, granted summary
judgment in favor of the Wilkowskis, and entered judgment for the plaintiffs on count I and
II of their complaint. The circuit court, on its own motion, dismissed count III as being moot
in light of its findings.
¶ 22 The circuit court found that an issue of material fact remains as to the 1976 Deed given
that there is no evidence to establish the existence of the Stachnik Land Trust, aside from the
1976 Deed itself. The court held that the existence of the 1976 Deed created a genuine issue
of material fact. Therefore, the circuit court found that the “issue of whether the 1976 Deed
should be set aside cannot be resolved at this stage of the proceedings.”Accordingly, the
circuit court noted that whether the Ruzickas subsequently acquired title to the Property
through the 1977 Deed was unclear. Notwithstanding this issue of material fact, the circuit
court held that the Ruzickas acquired title to the Property by adverse possession under color
of title in 1984, upon expiration of the seven-year statute of limitation.
¶ 23 The circuit court further held that 1981 Deed conveying the Property from the Ruzickas
to the Ruzicka Land Trust was a valid conveyance by applying the after-acquired-title
doctrine. 765 ILCS 5/7 (West 2016). Additionally, the circuit court found that all attempts by
the Ruzickas to convey the Property subsequent to the 1981 Deed were made without legal
authority. The circuit court also noted that the Ruzickas held a beneficial interest in the
Property as joint tenants, thereby James’s interest passed to Alice upon his death and Alice’s
interest remains assigned to her trust. As such, Marquette Bank is the current holder of all
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legal and equitable title to the Property and the beneficial ownership of the Property belongs
to the Alice Trust in its entirety.
¶ 24 On August 3, 2017, Kenny filed a motion to reconsider. In his motion to reconsider,
Kenny argued that the circuit court incorrectly applied the after-acquired-title doctrine to the
1981 Deed because it did not involve a sale and conveyance. On October 19, 2017, the
circuit court denied Kenny’s motion to reconsider. Kenny now appeals the circuit court’s
order granting summary judgment in favor of the Wilkowskis.
¶ 25 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 26 First, Kenny argues that the circuit court’s sua sponte application of the after-acquired­
title doctrine was erroneous because the statute is expressly limited to transactions involving
both a sale and conveyance. Kenny contends that the 1981 Deed was neither a sale nor a
conveyance and therefore the after-acquired-title doctrine does not apply. Next, Kenny
argues that the circuit court misconstrued our supreme court’s holding in Tompkins State
Bank v. Niles, 127 Ill. 2d 209 (1989). Lastly, Kenny argues that the circuit court’s decision
violates all sense of equity and fairness by awarding 100% of the Property’s title to the Alice
Trust. Kenny contends that this award is contrary to the Ruzickas’ intentions as expressed by
the execution of their individual trusts in 2010. Therefore, Kenny requests this Court to
reverse the circuit court’s decision.
¶ 27 A. Standard of Review
¶ 28 We review a trial court’s entry of summary judgment de novo. Bagent v. Blessing Care
Corp., 224 Ill. 2d 154, 163 (2007). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings,
depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
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matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2016). When parties file cross-motions for
summary judgment, “they agree that only a question of law is involved and invite the court to
decide the issues based on the record.” Pielet v. Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 28. “Our function
is to determine whether the trial court correctly found that no genuine issue of material fact
existed and whether it correctly entered summary judgment ***.” Morningside North
Apartments I, LLC v. 1000 N. LaSalle, LLC, 2017 IL App (1st) 162274, ¶ 10 (citing
Fitzwilliam v. 1220 Iroquois Venture, 233 Ill. App. 3d 221, 237 (1992)). Furthermore, “[i]t is
the trial court’s judgment and not its reasoning that is on appeal.” Id. (citing Material Service
Corp. v. Department of Revenue, 98 Ill. 2d 382, 387 (1983)).
¶ 29 B. Section 7 of the Illinois Conveyances Act
¶ 30 Kenny contends that the circuit court improperly applied the after-acquired-title doctrine,
which he argues is limited to transactions that involve both a “sale and conveyance to
another” and the 1981 Deed was neither a sale nor a conveyance. The Wilkowskis agree that
the 1981 Deed to Garfield Bank was not a sale; however, they assert that it was a
conveyance, and the doctrine only requires one or the other. As the parties disagree over the
scope of the doctrine as codified in section 7 of the Conveyances Act (765 ILCS 5/7 (West
2016)), the issue is one of statutory interpretation.
¶ 31 Interpretation of a statute is a question of law and is subject to de novo review on appeal.
People v. Ramirez, 214 Ill. 2d 176, 179 (2005). The fundamental rule of statutory
construction is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. Wisniewski v.
Kownacki, 221 Ill. 2d 453, 460 (2006). The most reliable indicator of that intent is the
“language of the statute, which is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning.” Solon v.
Midwest Medical Records Ass’n, 236 Ill. 2d 433, 440 (2010). In determining the plain
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meaning of statutory terms, a court must “consider the statute in its entirety, the subject it
addresses, and the apparent intent of the legislature in enacting it.” Id.¶ 32 When the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, a court may not depart from the
plain language by reading into the statute “ ‘exceptions, limitations or conditions that the
legislature did not express.’ ” Evanston Insurance Co. v. Riseborough, 2014 IL 114271, ¶ 15
(quoting Kraft, Inc. v. Edgar, 138 Ill. 2d 178, 189 (1990)). Moreover, the language of the
statute must be “applied as written, without resort to extrinsic aids of statutory construction.”
Midwest Medical Records Ass’n, 236 Ill. 2d at 440. However, a court may consider extrinsic
aids of construction if a statute can reasonably be understood in two or more different ways.
Id.¶ 33 1. Plain Language
¶ 34 Section 7 of the Conveyances Act states:
“If any person shall sell and convey to another, by deed or conveyance, purporting to
convey an estate in fee simple absolute, in any tract of land or real estate, lying and
being in this state, not then being possessed of the legal estate or interest therein at the
time of the sale and conveyance, but after such sale and conveyance the vendor shall
become possessed of and confirmed in the legal estate to the land or real estate so
sold and conveyed, it shall be taken and held to be in trust and for the use of the
grantee or vendee; and the conveyance aforesaid shall be held and taken, and shall be
as valid as if the grantor or vendor had the legal estate or interest, at the time of said
sale or conveyance.” 765 ILCS 5/7 (West 2016).
¶ 35 Section 7 of the Conveyances Act begins with the sentence “[i]f any person shall sell and
convey,” creating the condition of “sell and convey” for the after-acquired-title doctrine to be
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triggered. Id. The conjunction “and” is used several times joining the various iterations of
“sell” and “convey.” The use of the conjunction “and” suggests that the legislature intended
that all of the listed conditions or requirements must be satisfied. In re M.M., 2016 IL
119932, ¶ 21.
¶ 36 However, section 7 continues and switches to the use of “or” between “sell” and
“convey” in the last clause of the section. Additionally, the disjunctive “or” is also used in
between the terms “grantor/grantee” and “vendor/vendee.” Generally, the use of “or” and
other disjunctives indicate “ ‘alternatives and requires separate treatment of those
alternatives.’ ” In re E.B., 231 Ill. 2d 459, 468 (2008) (quoting Tietema v. State¸ 926 P.2d
952, 954 (Wyo. 1996)).
¶ 37 The Conveyances Act does not define “grantor/grantee” and “vendor/vendee.” Thus, we
may look to the dictionary meaning of the terms. In re Ryan B., 212 Ill. 2d 226, 232 (2004)
(“In the absence of a statutory definition indicating legislative intent, an undefined word must
be given its ordinary and popularly understood meaning.”). Grantor refers to “[s]omeone who
conveys property to another” whereas vendor refers to a “seller,” usually in the context of
real property. Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). Our reading of these terms is not
disputed by Kenny.
¶ 38 The use of the disjunctive “or” in the final clause of section 7, as well as in between the
terms “grantor,” “vendor,” and the variants of these terms, suggests that the doctrine does not
necessarily require both a sale and a conveyance and may be applied where there is either a
sale or a conveyance. Thus, we find that the statute as written is ambiguous as it relates to the
requirements to invoke the after-acquired-title doctrine. See People v. Jameson, 162 Ill. 2d
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282, 288 (1994) (providing that when statutory language is susceptible to more than one
reasonable interpretation, the statute is considered ambiguous).
¶ 39 2. Legislative Intent
¶ 40 Having found the statute’s plain language to be ambiguous, we turn to extrinsic aids
to determine its meaning. Our research reveals that there is little information on what the
Illinois General Assembly intended when it included or codified the after-acquired-title
doctrine in section 7 of the Conveyances Act. Unlike modern acts or bills that are
accompanied by committee reports, hearings, floor debates, and other materials that would
aid in determining the legislative intent, there is little to no record on the Conveyances Act.
Furthermore, the Illinois General Assembly passed section 7 as part of a comprehensive act
that covered numerous aspects of conveyance law.
¶ 41 Our research further reveals that while other sections of the Conveyances Act have been
amended over the years, section 7 has had no apparent changes or amendments to its
language since it was enacted in 1827. Notably, courts’ application of the after-acquired-title
doctrine has not prompted legislative change in the language. Thus, we may properly
consider cases that have applied the after-acquired-title doctrine to determine the legislature’s
intent and purpose. See People v. Hairston¸ 46 Ill. 2d 348, 353 (1970) (“where a statute has
been judicially construed and the construction has not evoked an amendment, it will be
presumed that the legislature has acquiesced in the court’s exposition of the legislative
intent”).
¶ 42 3. Judicial Interpretation
¶ 43 Kenny argues that no precedent exists to support the application of the doctrine to this
case, which involves a deed in trust. He argues that courts have mainly applied the doctrine
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in situations involving sales, which require that the “parties standing to each other in the
relation of buyer and seller, their minds must assent to the same proposition, and a
consideration must pass.” Black Law Dictionary 1200 (5th ed. 1979). He reiterates that the
Ruzickas’ 1981 deed in trust did not constitute a sale and therefore the doctrine is
inapplicable. We agree that prior cases have not addressed the after-acquired-title doctrine in
the specific context of a deed in trust or land trusts, however, we do not agree that this proves
the doctrine solely applies to transactions that include both a sale and conveyance. For
instance, the doctrine of estoppel or after-acquired-title doctrine has been applied in the
context of mortgages. See Cooper v. Robinson, 302 Ill. 181 (1922); Gochenour v. Mowry, 33
Ill. 331 (1864); Weegens v. Karels, 374 Ill. 273 (1940); Tompkins, 127 Ill. 2d at 217 (noting
that the after-acquired-title doctrine not only applies to warranty deeds but also to mortgages
as long as the mortgage instrument contains certain covenants of title).
¶ 44 Although a mortgage may include consideration, it is not a sale, and our courts’ prior
application of the doctrine to mortgage cases contradicts Kenny’s proposed construction of
the statute. 3 Thus, we find that section 7 of the Illinois Conveyances Act is not expressly
limited to transactions involving both a sale and conveyance. Rather, as judicially construed,
the after-acquired-title doctrine applies broadly when there is either a sale or conveyance.
¶ 45 C. Tompkins State Bank v. Niles
3
“In 1900, [the Illinois Supreme Court] recognized the common law precept that a mortgage was
a conveyance of a legal estate vesting title to the property in the mortgagee.” Harms v. Sprague, 105
Ill. 2d 215, 222 (1984) (citing Lightcap v. Bradley, 186 Ill. 510, 519 (1900)). Illinois courts later
rejected the “title theory” of mortgages in favor of the “lien theory.” Id. at 222-23. Thus, finding that
“ ‘the holder of the mortgage takes only a lien thereunder.’ ” Id. at 223 (quoting Kling v. Ghilarducci,
3 Ill. 2d 454, 460 (1954)). Regardless, courts have held the doctrine of after-acquired-title applies to
mortgages.
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¶ 46 Kenny argues that the circuit court erroneously found the doctrine applied by selectively
quoting Tompkins, 127 Ill. 2d 209, and ignoring other parts of the court’s opinion. Kenny
points to the sentence in Tompkins which states:
“The doctrine of after-acquired-title *** provides that if a person sells or conveys to
another an estate in land which the vendor does not possess, but then after the sale or
conveyance, the vendor does ‘become possessed of and confirmed in the legal estate to
the land or real estate so sold or conveyed,’ the vendor holds the subsequently acquired
estate in trust for the person or entity to whom the original conveyance was made.” Id. at
217.
¶ 47 He further argues that the use of the term “vendor” by the Tompkins court rather than
“grantor” indicates that our supreme court contemplated the after-acquired-title doctrine to
apply to a transaction involving a sale. We briefly note that Kenny’s argument regarding the
application of the doctrine requiring a sale is unpersuasive. Although the court used the term
vendor, the court also used the word “or” between the words sell and convey. Thus, the cited
sentence does not support Kenny’s limited construction of the statute. As we previously
indicated, section 7 of the Conveyances Act is to be applied broadly to transactions involving
either sales or conveyances.
¶ 48 Furthermore, we find that the circuit court’s reliance on Tompkins was not misplaced.
The circuit court cited Tompkins only for the proposition that the after-acquired-title doctrine
is “based upon the principle that where one having no title or imperfect title purports to
convey good title to another, and afterwards acquires good title to the land, the subsequently
acquired title should and does inure to the benefit of the original grantee.” Id. The Tompkins
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court never discussed whether there must be both a sale or conveyance for the after-acquired­
title doctrine to apply.
¶ 49 Tompkins dealt with a mortgage foreclosure action. Id. at 213. The action arose out of a
transaction where defendants executed a mortgage in favor of a bank to secure several
outstanding notes. Id. However, at the time they executed the mortgage, the defendants did
not have legal title to the property. Id. at 217. The defendants were later in the position to
inherit title to the property but filed disclaimers of their interest. Id. at 214. The court
considered and briefly discussed the bank’s argument that the mortgage lien attached to and
encumbered the property by virtue of the after-acquired-title-doctrine. Id. at 216-17.
However, the central issue before the court in Tompkins was whether the disclaimers were
valid. The court found that the disclaimers were valid and that defendants never became
“ ‘possessed of or confirmed in the legal estate.’ ” Id. at 221. Accordingly, the court held that
the after-acquired-title doctrine did not apply. Id. Thus, further review of Tompkins does not
inform our disposition of this case nor does it prove that the circuit court erred in citing the
case where it was solely used as citation for the general principle of the after-acquired-title
doctrine.
¶ 50 D. Valid Conveyance
¶ 51 Given that the 1981 Deed was not a sale, which both parties have conceded, we must next
determine whether the 1981 Deed, which purported to convey the Property to the Ruzicka
Land Trust, was a valid conveyance and fell within the scope of section 7 of the
Conveyances Act.
¶ 52 A land trust is a “device by which the real estate is conveyed to a trustee under an
arrangement reserving to the beneficiaries the full management and control of the property.”
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Robinson v. Chicago National Bank, 32 Ill. App. 2d 55, 58 (1961). In a conventional land
trust, the trustee holds the legal title and the beneficial owner holds the equitable title.
Paine/Wetzel Associates, Inc. v. Gitles, 174 Ill. App. 3d 389, 393 (1988). An Illinois land
trust is different in that the trustee holds both the legal and equitable title while the
beneficiary only holds personal property interest. Id.¶ 53 Kenny argues that the 1981 Deed was not a conveyance to another because a conveyance
is a transfer of control from one person to a third party. As support, he cites to FirstMerit
Bank, N.A. v. Soltys, 2015 IL App (1st) 140100. However, the court in Soltys did not define a
conveyance as a transfer of control. Rather, the court provided that “ ‘[t]itle refers only to a
legal relationship to the land, while ownership is comparable to control.’ ” Id. ¶ 23 (quoting
IMM Acceptance Corp. v. First National Bank & Trust Co. of Evanston, 148 Ill. App. 3d
949, 954 (1986)). The court also noted that “ ‘courts have recognized that the beneficiary is
the owner of and has an interest in the real estate res’ ” and that “ ‘every attribute of real
property ownership, except title, is retained by the beneficiary under the trust agreement.’ ”
Id. (quoting IMM Acceptance Corp., 148 Ill. App. 3d at 954-55). Thus, we understand
Kenny’s argument to mean that the beneficiary is a true owner of a land trust and therefore, a
land trust arrangement does not constitute a conveyance.
¶ 54 However, in Bennett v. Chicago Title & Trust Co., the court declined to extend the
proposition that a land trust beneficiary has an “ ‘interest in the real estate res of [the] land
trust for some purposes’ beyond cases involving statute of frauds, real estate taxation and an
eminent domain proceeding.” 404 Ill. App. 3d 1088, 1097 (2010); see also People v. Chicago
Title & Trust Co., 75 Ill. 2d 479, 493-94 (1979) (holding that a land trust beneficiary is the
owner of the real estate for purposes of taxation); Department of Conservation v. Franzen, 43
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Ill. App. 3d 374, 381 (1976) (noting that a land trust beneficiary held an interest in the
property for purposes of filing a cross-petition in a eminent domain proceeding). As such, we
decline to expand this principle of the beneficiary as the true owner to conveyances.
Therefore, we agree with the Wilkowskis that that a conveyance is a transfer of interest, not
necessarily ownership, control, and all residual beneficial interest. Given that a land trust is a
device through which legal and equitable interest is conveyed or transferred to a trustee, we
find that the 1981 Deed was a valid conveyance under the Illinois Conveyances Act and the
after-acquired-title doctrine was applicable in this case.
¶ 55 E. Status of Ownership
¶ 56 Having determined that the 1981 Deed was a valid conveyance under section 7 of the
Illinois Conveyances Act, we must determine whether the circuit court erred in holding that
Marquette Bank is the current holder of all legal and equitable title to the Property and 100%
of the beneficial ownership of the Property belongs to the Alice Trust.
¶ 57 In a land trust, the powers of a beneficiary and trustee are distinct. Madigan v. Buehr, 125
Ill. App. 2d 8, 16-17 (1970). A beneficiary of a land trust cannot convey an interest in the
real property held by the trust because a mere beneficiary does not typically hold legal or
equitable title. See Paine/Wetzel Associates, 174 Ill. App. 3d at 393. Therefore, when a
beneficiary of a land trust deals with the property as if no trust exists and contracts, as owner,
to sell the property, then the contract is void as being beyond the beneficiary’s power to act.
Nikolopulos v. Balourdos, 245 Ill. App. 3d 71, 78 (1993).
¶ 58 Here, the Ruzickas executed a Deed in Trust, conveying the Property to the Ruzicka Land
Trust. Garfield Bank was named as the trustee holding legal and equitable title to the
Property whereas the Ruzickas owned all the beneficial interest in the property as joint
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tenants. Furthermore, the Land Trust agreement provided that the power to convey the
Property was reserved solely for Garfield Bank as the named trustee. Therefore, the Ruzickas
had no right to convey the Property as beneficiaries. Accordingly, we find that the Ruzickas’
attempts to convey the Property subsequent to the 1981 Deed were invalid or unenforceable
and that the circuit court did not err in finding Marquette Bank, as successor to Garfield
Bank, is the current title holder with beneficial ownership belonging to the Alice Trust.
¶ 59 Lastly, we find Kenny’s argument that the circuit court’s decision violates all sense of
equity and fairness meritless. By affirming the circuit court’s judgment, we find that the
circuit court correctly applied the after-acquired-title doctrine to the 1981 Deed and found the
2010 Deed and 2011 Deed to be improper attempts to convey the Property.
¶ 60 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 61 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 62 Affirmed.
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