People v. Reed

2019 IL App (4th) 170090 Opinion filed March 27, 2019
Modified upon denial of
NO. 4-17-0090
Rehearing May 8, 2019
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Macon County
DEMARIO D. REED, ) No. 14CF1205
Defendant-Appellant. )
) Honorable
) Jeffrey S. Geisler,
) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE CAVANAGH delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices DeArmond and Turner concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 After an evidentiary hearing, the Macon County circuit court denied
postconviction relief to defendant, Demario D. Reed, who is serving a prison sentence of 15
years for armed violence (720 ILCS 5/33A-2(a), 33A-3(a) (West 2014)). He appeals, arguing
that newly discovered evidence he presented to the court in the postconviction hearing proved,
clearly and convincingly, that he actually was innocent of armed violence despite his earlier
negotiated guilty plea to that offense.
¶2 Because the validity of defendant’s guilty plea is undisputed on appeal, we hold,
de novo, that he remains bound by his guilty plea and that his claim of actual innocence cannot
be entertained. See People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 473 (2006); People v. Cannon, 46 Ill. 2d
319, 321 (1970). Therefore, we deny defendant’s petition for rehearing, and we affirm the
judgment.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 In count I of the information, the State alleged that on September 23, 2014,
defendant committed armed violence in that while armed with a shotgun, he knowingly
possessed cocaine (an amount less than 15 grams).
¶5 In April 2015, defendant appeared with appointed defense counsel, who
announced:
“MR. WHEELER: Judge, the defendant is going to offer to enter a plea of
guilty to Count I of [Macon County case No. 14-CF-]120[5], be sentenced to the
Illinois Department of Corrections for a period of 15 years. *** The remaining
charges [(in Macon County case Nos. 14-CF-903 and 14-CF-1206)] will be
dismissed.
THE COURT: [Defendant], you heard what your attorney said. Is that
your understanding of the plea agreement?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.”
¶6 The circuit court then recited count I to defendant and told him the minimum and
maximum punishments for the offense it alleged, armed violence. The court further admonished
him:
“THE COURT: If you plead guilty, you would be giving up your right to a
trial of any kind by a judge or a jury. You would be giving up the right to
confront and cross-examine witnesses who would testify against you in court
during your trial. By pleading guilty, you would be giving up the privilege against
self-incrimination and the presumption of innocence. You would be giving up the
right to subpoena witnesses to come into court to testify for you and to present
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any defenses you might have to this charge, and by pleading guilty, you would be
giving up the right to require the [S]tate to prove you committed this offense
beyond a reasonable doubt. Do you understand the rights you are giving up by
pleading guilty?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: Do you have any questions about your rights this morning?
THE DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: Are you telling me you wish to give up your rights and
plead guilty?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.” (Emphases added.)
Then, at the court’s request, defendant signed a jury waiver.
¶7 Next, the circuit court requested a factual basis. The prosecutor responded:
“MS. DOMASH: The [S]tate would present the testimony of Officer
Daniels of the Decatur Police Department. Officer Daniels would testify that he
observed this defendant on September 23rd of 2014 on a porch in Decatur,
Illinois. He observed the defendant flee upon sight of him. The defendant was
running oddly. When he entered the house, he located a shotgun and cocaine. The
defendant was located in a bedroom, and the shotgun had the defendant’s DNA
[(deoxyribonucleic acid)] on it.”
¶8 After the prosecutor provided that factual basis, defendant confirmed to the circuit
court that no one had forced him, in any way, to plead guilty and that the plea agreement was the
only promise ever made to him in return for his proposed guilty plea. He also denied having any
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questions about his “rights, the possible sentences, or anything else.” The court then asked
defendant a final time:
“THE COURT: Are you telling me you wish to continue to plead guilty
this morning?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.”
¶9 Finding a factual basis for the guilty plea to count I and further finding the guilty
plea to be knowing and voluntary, the circuit court accepted the guilty plea and sentenced
defendant to imprisonment for the agreed-upon term of 15 years. (The parties also had agreed to
proceed immediately to sentencing, to waive a presentence investigation report, and to have the
pretrial bond report stand as a prior history of criminality.)
¶ 10 In January 2016, with the circuit court’s permission (see 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f)
(West 2016)), defendant filed a successive postconviction petition, in which he claimed to be
innocent of count I, armed violence, the offense to which he had entered the negotiated guilty
plea. He submitted, as proof of his innocence, an affidavit by his codefendant, Davie Callaway.
In the affidavit, which was dated October 15, 2015, Callaway averred that he alone was the one
who had possessed the cocaine referenced in count I and that defendant had been unaware the
presence of the cocaine.
¶ 11 The State moved to dismiss the postconviction petition. One of the reasons the
State gave for its motion was waiver. The State argued that by knowingly and voluntarily
pleading guilty to armed violence, defendant had waived all nonjurisdictional errors, including
errors of a constitutional nature.
¶ 12 The circuit court denied the State’s motion for dismissal, and the petition
advanced to the third stage of the postconviction proceeding, in which the parties adduced
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evidence for the court to weigh as the trier of fact. See People v. Harris, 2013 IL App (1st)
111351, ¶¶ 46-47 (describing the three stages of a postconviction proceeding).
¶ 13 On January 20, 2017, after hearing the evidence, including Callaway’s testimony,
the circuit court denied defendant’s successive petition for postconviction relief. Although the
court held that Callaway’s affidavit and testimony “qualified as new evidence based on his
unavailability at trial in view of his Fifth Amendment Right against self-incrimination” (see U.S.
Const., amend. V; People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 38), the court simply did not believe
Callaway. The court wrote in its judgment:
“The court *** does not find that testimony of Mr. Callaway to be credible
as Mr. Callaway did not come forward with this information until after he pled
and he and the petitioner were in prison together. As such, the court does not find
the petitioner has established a colorable claim of actual innocence.”
¶ 14 This appeal followed.
¶ 15 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 16 On appeal, defendant does not challenge the validity of his negotiated guilty plea
to armed violence; he does not claim that his guilty plea was uninformed or involuntary. Rather,
he claims that his guilty plea was false. He claims he really was innocent of armed violence
when he solemnly declared to the circuit court that he was guilty of that offense. He cites People
v. Shaw, 2018 IL App (1st) 152994, ¶ 41, in which the First District held that “a freestanding
actual innocence claim may be brought [in a postconviction proceeding] after a guilty plea, and
that a defendant need not challenge the knowing and voluntary nature of his or her plea to bring
such a claim.” On March 19, 2019, however, after defendant filed his brief, the First District
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withdrew its opinion in Shaw, as defendant informs us in his petition for rehearing. A withdrawn
opinion lacks precedential value. People v. Jordan, 103 Ill. 2d 192, 205 (1984).
¶ 17 That leaves only one Illinois case, People v. Barnslater, 373 Ill. App. 3d 512(2007), that (albeit in dicta) has addressed the question of whether, in a postconviction
proceeding, a defendant may raise a claim of actual innocence after being convicted on a valid,
i.e., knowing and voluntary, guilty plea. (Although it is true that in People v. Knight, 405 Ill.
App. 3d 461, 471-72 (2010), the Third District allowed the defendant to raise a postconviction
claim of actual innocence after pleading guilty, the defendant in that case additionally attacked
the validity of his guilty plea, claiming his guilty plea had been coerced.) In Barnslater, the First
District remarked: “If a defendant claims that his guilty plea was coerced, then that coercion
provides the necessary constitutional deprivation for which postconviction relief would be
appropriate, but not where he claims actual innocence in the face of a prior, constitutionally valid
confession of guilt.” Barnslater, , 373 Ill. App. 3d at 527. In support of the proposition that a
valid guilty plea foreclosed a postconviction claim of actual innocence, Barnslater quoted from
Cannon, a decision by the supreme court: “ ‘Before his plea of guilty was accepted, the
defendant, represented by appointed counsel, was fully and carefully admonished by the trial
judge, and in the light of that admonition, the defendant’s present [postconviction] claim [of
actual innocence] cannot be entertained.’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 528 (quoting Cannon, 46
Ill. 2d at 321).
¶ 18 The quoted sentence is, in Cannon, an obiter dictum, an inessential remark on a
point not argued by counsel (Lebron v. Gottlieb Memorial Hospital, 237 Ill. 2d 217, 236 (2010)).
In his appeal to the supreme court, the only argument the defendant in Cannon made against the
denial of his postconviction petition was that the board of supervisors of De Witt County had
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been elected illegally, in violation of the one-man, one-vote principle, and that, consequently,
“all of the proceedings in connection with the defendant’s prosecution, including the selection of
grand jurors, were illegal and in violation of his rights under the constitution of the United States
and of this State.” Cannon, 46 Ill. 2d at 320.
¶ 19 After rejecting that sole argument by the defendant, the supreme court in Cannon
added:
“We have examined the claims advanced by the defendant in his post-
conviction petition which were not argued in this court. They amount basically to
an unsupported assertion that the accusation against him was false and that his
daughter and two of his sons were coerced by threats from their mother, the
defendant’s wife, to refrain from asserting the defendant’s innocence [to the
charge of indecent liberties with a child]. Before his plea of guilty was accepted,
the defendant, represented by appointed counsel, was fully and carefully
admonished by the trial judge, and in the light of that admonition, the defendant’s
present claim cannot be entertained.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 321.
Although the quoted paragraph from Cannon describes the defendant’s claim of actual innocence
as being “unsupported,” the paragraph is not, in the end, an evaluation of that claim on its
evidentiary merits. Rather, the paragraph concludes that because the defendant was (1) was
represented by counsel in the guilty-plea hearing and (2) fully and carefully admonished by the
trial judge, his postconviction claim of actual innocence “cannot be entertained.” Id. “[I]n the
light of that admonition, the defendant’s present claim [of actual innocence] cannot be
entertained,” as the supreme court put it. (Emphasis added.) Id. To “entertain” a claim means to
“give attention or consideration to” the claim. The New Oxford American Dictionary 567
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(2001). Thus, in the final sentence of the paragraph quoted above, the supreme court declines to
give attention or consideration to the defendant’s claim of actual innocence, not because the
claim is unsupported (as the supreme court remarks earlier in the quoted paragraph) but, rather,
because—while being represented by counsel and after being fully admonished—the defendant
pleaded guilty to the charge of which he now, in the postconviction proceeding, claims to be
actually innocent. That is what the supreme court says in Cannon; and when the supreme court
speaks, we must obey.
¶ 20 There is, however, a slight complication. Because the quoted paragraph of
Cannon could be “sloughed off without damaging the analytical structure of the opinion” and
because it is an aside on a point not argued by counsel, it is, as we said, an obiter dictum.
(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Exelon Corp. v. Department of Revenue, 234 Ill. 2d 266, 277-
78 (2009). “Obiter dictum refers to a remark or expression of opinion that a court uttered as an
aside, and is generally not binding authority or precedent within the stare decisis rule.”
(Emphasis added.) Id. at 277. The supreme court uses the qualifier “generally” because “[e]ven
obiter dict[a] of a court of last resort can be tantamount to a decision and therefore binding in the
absence of a contrary decision of that court.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 282; see
also People v. Williams, 204 Ill. 2d 191, 207 (2003) (“But whether we characterize that portion
of [our previous decision] as judicial or obiter dicta, it still should have guided the appellate
court in this case.”); Country Club Estates Condominium Ass’n v. Bayview Loan Servicing LLC,
2017 IL App (1st) 162459, ¶ 20 n.2 (“[The supreme] court’s discussion of prompt payment
would likely be classified as [an] obiter dictum; nevertheless *** we are bound by it.”).
¶ 21 The question, then, is whether there is a “contrary decision” of the supreme
court—a decision holding that a postconviction claim of actual innocence can be entertained
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after a valid guilty plea. Exelon, 234 Ill. 2d at 282. We are aware of no such decision by the
supreme court. Thus, we conclude that the obiter dictum of Cannon is still the law. See id.¶ 22 While so concluding, we acknowledge that in People v. Washington, 171 Ill. 2d
475, 489 (1996), the supreme court stated:
“We believe that no person convicted of a crime should be deprived of life
or liberty given compelling evidence of actual innocence. *** We therefore hold
as a matter of Illinois constitutional jurisprudence that a claim of newly
discovered evidence showing a defendant to be actually innocent of the crime for
which he was convicted is cognizable as a matter of due process.”
“It is fundamental, however, that the precedential scope of a decision is limited to the facts
before the court.” People v. Palmer, 104 Ill. 2d 340, 345-46 (1984). “The words of a judicial
opinion do not have a vitality independent of the facts to which the opinion is addressed ***.”
People v. Arndt, 49 Ill. 2d 530, 533 (1971). The facts in Washington were that the defendant was
convicted of murder after a trial. Washington, 171 Ill. 2d at 476. Later, in a postconviction
petition, he raised a claim of actual innocence. Id. at 478. He supported his claim with an
affidavit by Jacqueline Martin, whose in camera testimony tended to prove that someone other
than the defendant was the murderer. Id. at 477-78. For six years, Martin had refrained from
coming forward and had hid in Mississippi out of fear of the man she now implicated. Id. at 478.
The trial court granted the defendant a new trial “on the ground that Martin’s testimony was new
evidence which, if believed, would have ‘had some significant impact’ upon the jury.” Id. The
State appealed. Id. The appellate court “affirmed the grant of relief as to the newly discovered
evidence claim.” Id. at 479. The supreme court in turn affirmed the appellate court’s judgment
(id. at 490), holding, “as a matter of Illinois constitutional jurisprudence[,] that a claim of newly
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discovered evidence showing a defendant to be actually innocent of the crime for which he was
convicted [was] cognizable [in a postconviction proceeding] as a matter of due process.” Id. at
489.
¶ 23 But then, at the end of Washington, the supreme court added:
“Procedurally, such claims should be resolved as any other claim brought under
the [Post-Conviction Hearing] Act. Substantively, relief has been held to require
that the supporting evidence be new, material, noncumulative[,] and, most
importantly, of such a conclusive character as would probably change the result
on retrial.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.¶ 24 Those final words of guidance in Washington demonstrate how closely the
holding of a case can be tethered to the facts of the case. If the facts in Washington were changed
so that, instead of a trial ending in a guilty verdict, there had been a guilty plea, it would have
made no sense to forecast the probable result of a “retrial.” Id. Without a trial in the first place,
there could have been no retrial. Nor would it have made any sense to ask whether the evidence
was “new, material, [and] noncumulative.” Id. By pleading guilty, the defendant would have
dispensed with evidence, inculpatory or exculpatory; he would have “waive[d] his rights to a jury
trial and to proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Emphasis in original.) Hill v. Cowan, 202 Ill. 2d
151, 154 (2002). Because a guilty plea would have “release[d] the State from proving anything
beyond a reasonable doubt” (emphasis in original) (id.), no newly discovered evidence would
have been “material” (Washington, 171 Ill. 2d at 489). Evidence, in general, would have been
immaterial and superfluous; the valid guilty plea would have made it so. In short, here is the
problem with entertaining a postconviction claim of actual innocence after a knowing and
voluntary guilty plea: the supreme court dictates that all postconviction claims of actual
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innocence, without exception, “must meet the Washington standard” (People v. Coleman, 2013
IL 113307, ¶ 91), and guilty-plea cases, because they dispense with evidence, are inherently
incapable of meeting the Washington standard—which would suggest that a defendant who
validly pleaded guilty cannot raise a postconviction claim of actual innocence, as Justice
Schaefer wrote in Cannon. See Cannon, 46 Ill. 2d at 321.
¶ 25 The guilty-plea waiver rule poses an equally formidable obstacle. “A guilty plea
waives all nonjurisdictional defenses or defects.” People v. Horton, 143 Ill. 2d 11, 22 (1991).
That includes nonjurisdictional defenses that are constitutional in nature. People v. Townsell, 209
Ill. 2d 543, 545 (2004). Actual innocence was a nonjurisdictional defense to the charge, and,
thus, it was a defense that the guilty plea waived. See id. “[A] valid guilty plea relinquishes any
claim that would contradict the admissions necessarily made upon entry of a voluntary plea of
guilty.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Class v. United States, _____ U.S. _____, _____,
138 S. Ct. 798, 805 (2018). Otherwise, Illinois Supreme Court Rule 402(a)(4) (eff. July 1, 2012)
would require the giving of an admonition that was patently untrue. In accordance with Rule
402(a)(4), the circuit court admonished defendant: “If you plead guilty, you would be giving up
your right to a trial of any kind by a judge or a jury.” If, by a postconviction claim of actual
innocence, defendant now can obtain a trial, his guilty plea would not have waived his right to a
trial, and that admonition would have been false.
¶ 26 Defendants cannot knowingly and voluntarily plead guilty in the trial court and
then turn around and complain to a reviewing court that the trial court found them guilty. That
would be paradoxical if not duplicitous. Assuming, for the sake of argument, that defendant’s
conviction of armed violence is a constitutional error because he really is innocent, it is an error
he himself invited by pleading guilty to armed violence. People v. Kane, 2013 IL App (2d)
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110594, ¶ 27 (“The use of invited error as a basis for postconviction relief is clearly frivolous
and patently without merit.”). After being fully admonished and while represented by counsel,
defendant affirmatively and voluntarily procured his own conviction by pleading guilty. He
expressly consented to a procedure whereby the court would convict him of armed violence
without proof. See Hill, 202 Ill. 2d at 154. “[U]nder the doctrine of invited error, an accused may
not request to proceed in one manner and then later contend on appeal that the course of action
was in error.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368, 385 (2004).
Defendant is estopped from “us[ing] the exact ruling or action [he] procured in the trial court as a
vehicle for reversal on appeal.” Id. The case for estoppel is especially strong considering that, as
a result of defendant’s guilty plea, the State’s evidence might have grown stale.
¶ 27 In sum, until the supreme court makes an exception to the well-established
doctrines of waiver and estoppel, we must faithfully apply those doctrines. See In re Shermaine
S., 2015 IL App (1st) 142421, ¶ 32. Likewise, until the supreme court says otherwise, we must
follow the obiter dictum of Cannon. See Exelon, 234 Ill. 2d at 282.
¶ 28 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 29 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment, and we award
the State $50 in costs against defendant. See 55 ILCS 5/4-2002(a) (West 2016).
¶ 30 Affirmed.
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