People v. Carter

FIFTH DIVISION
October 12, 2007
No. 1-06-0210
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County
)
v. )
)
GERALD CARTER, ) Honorable
) James Michael Obbish,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE O’MARA FROSSARD delivered the opinion of the court:
Defendant Gerald Carter challenges the trial court’s order assessing $90 in costs and fees
pursuant to section 22-105 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/22-105 (West 2004))
upon dismissing defendant’s successive post-conviction petition as frivolous. On appeal he
argues as follows: (1) there is no filing fee for post-conviction petitions authorized by statute; (2)
assessment of costs and fees pursuant to section 22-105 (735 ILCS 5/22-105 (West 2004))
violates equal protection and due process; and (3) his mittimus should be corrected to reflect
seven days credit. For the following reasons, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Defendant was convicted after a jury trial of possession of a controlled substance with
intent to deliver and was sentenced to an extended term of 15 years in the Illinois state
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penitentiary. On direct appeal defendant argued that he was not proven guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt because the State’s witness was impeached, his testimony was unbelievable and
there was no evidence of intent to deliver. He also argued the trial court erred in admitting
testimony of an anonymous call to police, testimony about gang activity and by not allowing
cross-examination regarding gang activity. We affirmed. People v. Carter, No. 1-99-1228
(2000) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
On July 16, 2001, defendant filed a pro se post-conviction petition alleging ineffective
assistance of counsel both at trial and on direct appeal. On August 20, 2001, the trial court
summarily dismissed defendant’s post-conviction petition. In addressing the allegations of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel, the trial court indicated that defendant “failed to establish
the requisite showing of either deficient performance or sufficient prejudice.” The trial court also
found that due to a lack of support for defendant’s underlying claim, he could not prevail on a
claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. The trial court further held that, with the
exception of defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, all other claims
were barred by the doctrines of res judicata and waiver. We granted defendant’s motion to file a
late notice of appeal.
The sole issue defendant raised on appeal of the dismissal of his pro se post-conviction
petition was whether both trial counsel and appellate counsel were ineffective for failing to
challenge the State’s use of a nonexistent conviction for possession of a stolen motor vehicle in
aggravation at defendant’s sentencing hearing.
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On October 17, 2003, we affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of defendant’s petition in
People v. Carter, No. 1-02-0254 (2003) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). We
concluded that “even absent the mistaken possession of a stolen motor vehicle conviction,
defendant was nonetheless eligible to be sentenced as a Class X offender, which meant that he
could properly be sentenced to a term of not more than 30 years.” Carter, slip op. at 6.
On December 6, 2005, defendant filed the consecutive pro se petition which is the subject
of the instant appeal. He alleged various constitutional violations, including the State’s improper
use of the possession of a stolen motor vehicle conviction in sentencing, denial of his right to a
jury trial, improper enhancement of sentence, ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to
present a motion for directed verdict or a notice of appeal, and ineffective assistance of counsel
for failing to investigate a jury polling error. The trial court on December 13, 2005, dismissed
the consecutive petition as frivolous. The court concluded that the allegations were either waived
or res judicata and defendant had not satisfied the “cause-and-prejudice test.”
In a separate order the trial court assessed $90 in “fees and actual court costs”against
defendant upon finding the consecutive petition frivolous. The order reads as follows:
“This matter having come to be heard for assessment of
court costs and fees pursuant 735 ILCS 5/22-105 (West 2004), the
court having denied the successive petition for post-conviction
relief in November 2005, upon a finding that it was entirely
frivolous in that:
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1. it lacked an arguable basis in law or in fact; and
2. the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein
are not warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument
for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the
establishment of a new law.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that petitioner be
assessed the following filing fees and actual court costs in the
amount of $90.00 for filing a petition to vacate, modify, or
reconsider final judgment pursuant to 705 ILCS 105/27.2(a) (West
2004). In satisfaction of this assessment, the Illinois Department
of Corrections shall collect a first time payment of 50% of the
average monthly balance of petitioner’s trust fund account for the
past six months. Thereafter, 50% of all deposits into petitioner’s
account shall be withheld until the assessment costs are collected
in full.”
Defendant challenges the assessment of $90 in fees and court costs. He argues there is no
filing fee for post-conviction petitions authorized by statute. Further, he contends that the statute
relied upon by the trial court in assessing the $90 fee violated defendant’s due process and equal
protection rights because it improperly restricts defendant’s reasonable access to the courts and
unfairly applies to prisoners in violation of both the United States and Illinois Constitutions.
U.S. Const., amend. XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §2. We address each argument in turn.
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ANALYSIS
I. $90.00 Fee Authorized By Statute
In the instant case, the court after finding defendant’s successive post-conviction petition
frivolous assessed a $90 filing fee pursuant to section 22-105 of the Code of Civil Procedure,
which provides that the prisoner is “responsible for the full payment of filing fees and actual
court costs.” 735 ILCS 5/22-105 (West 2004). In conjunction with section 22-105, the court
assessed against defendant “filing fees and actual court costs in the amount of $90 for filing a
petition to vacate, modify, or reconsider final judgment pursuant to 705 ILCS105/27.2(a) (West
2004).”
Defendant argues he should not have been assessed a $90 filing fee because section 22-
105 does not “specify the cost of filing a post-conviction petition, nor does that section cross-
reference any other statutory section where such information can be found.” He further argues
that section 27.2(a) is inapplicable because the “court lacked the authority to assess the $90 filing
fee pursuant to section 27.2(a) of the Clerks of Courts Act, which outlines the fees in counties
with population over 3,000,000.” In support of that contention, defendant argues that section
27.2(a) only applies to civil cases and as such cannot be relied upon in the context of the instant
post-conviction petition to authorize the assessment of the $90 filing fee. We address
defendant’s challenge to section 22-105 and section 27.2(a).
A. Trial Court Correctly Applied Section 22-105
Pursuant to section 22-105 (735 ILCS 22-105(a) (West 2004)), if a trial court makes a
specific finding that the pleading, motion or other paper filed by a prisoner is frivolous, the
prisoner is responsible for the full payment of filing fees and actual court costs. Section 22-105,
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entitled “Frivolous lawsuits filed by prisoners,” states in subsection (a), in relevant part, as
follows:
“(a) If a prisoner *** files a pleading, motion, or other
filing which purports to be a legal document in a case seeking post-
conviction relief under Article 122 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure of 1963, *** and the Court makes a specific finding that
the pleading, motion, or other filing which purports to be a legal
document filed by the prisoner is frivolous, the prisoner is
responsible for the full payment of filing fees and actual court
costs.” 735 ILCS 5/22-105(a) (West 2004).
Section 22-105(b) indicates that a pleading, motion or paper is frivolous if it satisfies any
or all of the following:
“(1) lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact;
(2) it is being presented for any improper purpose, such as
to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the
cost of litigation;
(3) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein
are not warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument
for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the
establishment of new law;
(4) the allegations and other factual contentions do not have
evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are not likely to
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have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further
investigation or discovery; or
(5) the denials of factual contentions are not warranted on
the evidence, or if specifically so identified, are not reasonably
based on a lack of information or belief.” 735 ILCS 5/22-105(b)
(West 2004).
In addressing defendant’s challenge to section 22-105, we find People v. Gale, No. 1-06-
0038 (September 7, 2007), and People v. Hunter, No.1-06-0367 (September 21, 2007),
instructive. The instant case challenges the fee assessed against defendant after the court found a
successive post-conviction to be frivolous, while Gale and Hunter addressed a similar argument
in the context of an original post-conviction petition. For purposes of our analysis, however, the
status of the petition as either original or successive is not significant. In either factual context
the well reasoned principles articulated in Gale and Hunter are applicable.
Relying on Gale, we reject defendant’s argument that a filing fee is not statutorily
authorized because section 22-105 does not “specify the cost of filing a post-conviction petition.”
We adopt the analysis articulated in Gale as follows:
“While section 22-105(a) may not refer in exact words to
prisoners filing ‘post[-]conviction petitions,’ it unmistakably
states that a fee will apply to a prisoner’s pleading, motion or
other filing ‘seeking post[-]conviction relief under Article 122 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure.’ 735 ILCS 5/22-105(a) (West
2004). That the fee will apply to post[-]conviction petitions, then,
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cannot be any clearer, as these petitions are ‘seeking post[-
]conviction relief’ and are brought under our Post-Conviction
Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2004)). Such a
finding is in line with section 21 of our Court of Claims Act ***
specifically authorizing our trial courts to impose fees when a
prisoner’s petition is found to be frivolous. See 705 ILCS 505/21
(West 2004).” Gale, slip op. at 17-18.
In rejecting defendant’s additional argument that a filing fee is not statutorily authorized
because section 22-105 does not “cross-reference any other statutory section where such
information can be found,” we rely on the following well-reasoned principles of Hunter:
“We acknowledge that section 22-105 of the Code does not
reference or cross-reference a statute specifically providing the cost
of filing a post[-]conviction petition. It appears that this is because
there is no initial filing fee for a post[-]conviction petition. Section
22-105 assesses fees only after a legal document in a post[-]
conviction proceeding is found to be frivolous. Once a court has
made that determination, it must look elsewhere in determining the
costs to be assessed the prisoner, depending on the type of legal
document filed. When possible, this court should construe a
statute so that it is not rendered meaningless. See People v.
Maggette, 195 Ill. 2d 336, 350 (2001). Therefore, contrary to
defendant’s argument, the lack of specific fee amounts or cross-
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references to specific fee statutes in section 22-105 does not render
the section meaningless or invalid.” Hunter, slip op. at 12.
Relying on Gale and Hunter, we conclude the trial court correctly applied section 22-105.
735 ILCS 5/22-105 (West 2004). We further note, the fact that section 22-105 delineates a
specific method for collecting fees from prisoners provides additional support for our conclusion
that section 22-105 was properly applied in the instant case. Section 22-105 not only authorizes
fees to be assessed against prisoners who file frivolous petitions but provides a method for
collecting fees from prisoners as follows:
“On filing the action or proceeding the court shall assess
and, when funds exist, collect as a partial payment of any court
costs required by law a first time payment of 50% of the average
monthly balance of the prisoner’s trust fund account for the past 6
months. Thereafter 50% of all deposits into the prisoner’s
individual account under [s]ections 3-4-3 and 3-12-5 of the Unified
Code of Corrections [730 ILCS 5/3-4-3, 3-12-5] administered by
the Illinois Department of Corrections shall be withheld until the
actual court costs are collected in full. The Department of
Corrections shall forward any moneys withheld to the court of
jurisdiction. If a prisoner is released before the full costs are
collected, the Department of Corrections shall forward the amount
of costs collected through the date of release.” 735 ILCS 5/22-105
(West 2004).
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The language of section 22-105 demonstrates the legislative intent to provide the
mechanism by which the assessed fees are to be collected from prisoners. The specific language
of the statute undermines defendant’s argument that the court lacked statutory authority to assess
the $90 filing fee. Accordingly, for the reasons previously discussed, we conclude the trial
correctly applied section 22-105. 735 ILCS 5/22-105 (West 2004).
B. Trial Court Correctly Applied Section 27.2(a)
Defendant further argues that the $90 fee was not valid because the trial court relied on
section 27.2(a) of the Clerks of Courts Act (705 ILCS 105/27.2(a) (West 2004)), which he
contends applies to civil, criminal, probate, and other proceedings, but, however, “nowhere in
section 27.2a is a fee specified for filing a post-conviction petition.” Defendant further contends
that section 27.2a fees cannot apply to post-conviction petitions because such petitions are “not
the same as a petition to vacate or modify any final judgment or order of court.”
Section 27.2a applies to circuit court fees in counties of 3 million or more. It provides
that a minimum fee of $75 and a maximum fee of $90 is to be charged by those who file
“[p]etition[s] to vacate or modify any final judgment or order of court, except a petition to
modify, terminate, or enforce a judgment or order for child or spousal support or to modify,
suspend, or terminate an order for withholding, if filed later than 30 days after the entry of the
judgment or order.” 705 ILCS 105/27.2a(g)(2) (West 2004).
The circuit court, in exercising its authority to assess filing fees and costs pursuant to
section 22-105, relied on section 27.2a of the Clerks of Courts Act to determine the fee to be
assessed. We are mindful that statutes addressing the same subject will be considered with
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reference to each other to give them harmonious effect under the doctrine of in pari materia.
Hunter, slip op. at 12-13, citing People v. McCarty, 223 Ill. 2d 109, 133 (2006).
While section 27.2(a) applies to petitions to vacate or modify final judgments, the issue in
the instant case is whether section 27.2(a) applies to successive post-conviction petitions. We
note the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2000)) provides
collateral relief from prior final judgments. “A post[-]conviction petition seeks to modify or
vacate a final judgment in the sense that it inquires into issues that relate to and affect a sentence
or conviction of a final judgment that were not, or could not have been, determined on direct
appeal.” Hunter, slip op. at 13, citing People v. Barrow, 195 Ill. 2d 506, 519 (2001). In Gale,
we recognized that section 27.2a(g)2 indicated that “it applies to petitions to vacate or modify
‘any final judgment or order of court.’ 705 ILCS 105/27.2a(g)(2) (West 2004).” Gale, slip op. at
18. The purpose of a post-conviction petition, whether original or successive, is to modify or
vacate a final judgment, and as such section 27.2a fees are applicable. Gale, slip op. at 19
(“[p]ost-conviction petitions act precisely as vehicles for prisoners who are seeking to vacate
and/or modify the final judgments of conviction and/or sentence entered in their causes.
[Citations.]”). Accordingly, we reject defendant’s argument that section 27.2a(g)(2) does not
apply to post-conviction petitions.
For the reasons previously discussed, we conclude there is more than ample statutory
support pursuant to section 22-105 of the Civil Code of Procedure together with section 27.21 of
the Clerks of Courts Act for the trial court to assess $90 in fees and court costs against defendant
upon finding his successive post-conviction petition frivolous.
II. $90 Fee Is Constitutional
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Defendant argues that “because section 22-105 violates the Equal Protection and Due
Process clauses of both the United States and Illinois Constitutions, the assessment order against
Carter must be vacated.” See U.S. Const., amend. XIV; Ill. Const. 1970 art. I, §2. Defendant
further contends that “section 22-105, which should be subjected to strict scrutiny analysis, fails
to withstand even rational basis review.”
Whether a statute is constitutional is reviewed under a de novo standard. People v. Jones,
223 Ill. 2d 569, 596 (2006). Statutes are presumed constitutional, and we must construe the
statute so as to uphold its constitutionality and validity. Jones, 223 Ill. 2d at 595. The party
challenging the constitutionality of the statute has the burden of clearly demonstrating a
constitutional violation. People v. Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d 413, 418 (2000).
The strict scrutiny test applies if the court finds that the statute affects either a
fundamental right or discriminates against a suspect class. People v. Shephard, 152 Ill. 2d 489,
500 (1992). To survive strict scrutiny, the means employed by the legislature must be necessary
to achieve a compelling state interest, and the statute must be narrowly tailored to accomplish
this goal, i.e., the legislature must employ the least restrictive means consistent with the
attainment of the intended goal. Gale, slip op. at 21, citing People v. Cornelius, 213 Ill. 2d 178,
204 (2004) (and cases cited therein). The rational basis test requires a rational relationship to a
legitimate state interest if the statute does not affect a fundamental right or suspect class. Jones,
223 Ill. 2d at 569 (and cases cited therein); People v. Reed, 148 Ill. 2d 1, 7 (1992).
Neither indigent defendants nor prisoners comprise suspect classifications. People v.
Botruff, 212 Ill. 2d 166, 176-77 (2004) (suspect classifications include race, national origin, sex
or illegitimacy; in cases not involving these, rational basis test is to be used). As to defendant’s
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fundamental rights, while there is a fundamental right to access to the courts, there is not a
fundamental right to such access without expense. Crocker v. Finley, 99 Ill. 2d 444, 454-55
(1984). Accordingly, we reject defendant’s contention that we should use the strict scrutiny test
in addressing his challenge to the constitutionality of section 22-105. Rather, we will apply the
rational basis test in addressing his due process and equal protection arguments.
A. Due Process
Defendant argues that section 22-105 “unfairly subjects indigent petitioners to pecuniary
punishment for attempting to exercise a state-granted post-conviction remedy, in violation of a
prisoner’s due process right of meaningful access to the court.” We are mindful that meaningful
access to the court requires that litigants have a “reasonably adequate opportunity to present
claimed violations of fundamental constitutional rights to the courts.” Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S.
817, 825, 52 L. Ed. 2d 72, 81, 97 S. Ct. 1491, 1494 (1977).
However, while there is a fundamental right to access to the courts (Bounds v. Smith, 430
U.S. at 821, 52 L. Ed. 2d at 78, 97 S. Ct. at 1494; Tedder v. Fairman, 92 Ill. 2d 216, 222 (1982)),
the constitution does not guarantee citizens the right to litigate without expense, and fees can be
imposed if related to the operation and maintenance of the courts. Crocker v. Finley, 99 Ill. 2d
444, 454-55 (1984). As noted in Gale, this principle has been reaffirmed in various cases,
including assessing costs against indigent defendants upon appeal. Gale, slip op. at 22, citing
People v. Nicholls, 71 Ill. 2d 166 (1978) (cash bail bond can be applied to appointed counsel
fees even when defendant is indigent); People v. Maxon, 318 Ill. App. 3d 1209 (2001) (fees
charges by clerks of the court for reproduction of court records do not violate a litigants
constitutional right to access the courts); Lee v. Pucinski, 267 Ill. App. 3d 489, 494 (1994)
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(mandatory $1 fee charged for dispute resolution fund does not violate constitutional right to
access the courts); Wenger v. Finley, 185 Ill. App. 3d 907, 915 (1989) (upholding the
constitutionality of retaining the 10% bond fee to cover court costs and related fees); Schlib v.
Kuebel, 46 Ill. 2d 538 (1970) (upholding jury demand fee); Fried v. Danaher, 46 Ill. 2d 475
(1970).
Defendant, relying on Smith v. Bennett, 365 U.S. 708, 709, 6 L. Ed. 2d 39, 40, 81 S. Ct.
895, 896 (1961), argues that inability to pay a filing fee cannot limit a defendant’s post-
conviction right. We rejected a similar argument in Hunter and concluded that no financial
consideration is interposed which denies a prisoner’s access to the courts by application of
section 22-105. We noted as follows:
“Defendant fails to recognize that section 22-105 assesses court
costs and filing fees after a filed legal document is found to be
frivolous, but not before the actual filing. Because no financial
consideration is ‘interposed’ between a prisoner and his access to
the courts, his due process argument under Smith must fail.”
Hunter, slip op. at 14.
We noted in Hunter that “although the right of access to the courts may be fundamental
[citations], section 22-105 does not operate in a manner that affects a prisoner’s access to the
courts. The fees and costs are assessed only after a legal document is found to be frivolous. The
statute, at most, only impinges on a prisoner’s right to file frivolous legal documents without cost
with the court.” Hunter, slip op. at 16. We follow the well-reasoned principles articulated in
Hunter and, applying the rational basis test, reject defendant’s constitutional challenge under
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Smith v. Bennett, because indigent prisoners are not a suspect class (People v. Bonilla, 170 Ill.
App. 3d 26, 34 (1988)), and no financial consideration is interposed between a prisoner and his
access to the courts (Hunter, slip op. at 14)).
Defendant, relying on People v. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d 192, 208 (2004), further argues that
although “section 22-105 purports to recoup court fees and costs, the manner in which this is
accomplished reveals that, in reality, ‘the legislature sought to penalize a defendant for filing a
frivolous petition.’ ” We rejected the same argument in Hunter as follows:
“However, the ‘penalty’ a defendant is assessed is
specifically comprised of the ‘filing fees and actual court costs’
due to any frivolous petition a defendant might file. 735 ILCS
5/22-105(a) (West 2004). It is an attempt by the court to defray the
costs of disposing of frivolous petitions while simultaneously
discouraging frivolous petitions. See People v. Anderson, 352 Ill.
App. 3d 934, 946 (2004); see also Crocker v. Finley, 99 Ill. 2d 444,
454 (1984) (holding that court filing fees may be imposed for
purposes relating to the operation and maintenance of the courts).
Accordingly, we find no due process violation in section 22-105
requiring prisoners to pay filing fees and actual court costs for
filing frivolous petitions.” Hunter, slip op. at 14-15.
When we apply the rational basis test under a due process analysis, as long as the statute
has a rational relationship to a legitimate state interest, the statute must be upheld. People v.
Williams, 358 Ill. App. 3d 363, 366-67 (2005). We agree with the conclusion reached in Gale
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that section 22-105 is rationally designed to make prisoners responsible for fees and costs
associated with frivolous filings:
“Our legislature has made clear, by its enactment of various
statutory provisions, that, while it is willing to offer certain types of
further relief to prisoners beyond their trials and appeals, it is
concerned with the number of frivolous petitions’ that may be filed
seeking such relief which, in turn, impacts the efficiency of our
courts and the effectiveness of our administrative process.” Gale,
slip op. at 23 (and cases cited therein).
Contrary to defendant’s contention, the statute does not unfairly subject “indigent
petitioners to pecuniary punishment for attempting to exercise a state-granted post-conviction
remedy in violation of a prisoner’s due process right of meaningful access to the court.” Rather,
section 22-105 specifically delineate a prisoner’s responsibility when filing a pleading, motion or
other document, as noted in People v. Gale as follows:
“[S]ection 22-105 informs all prisoners, regardless of wealth, that
they may not file a frivolous petition; it then outlines exactly what
‘frivolous’ means so they can guard against such a determination
(see 735 ILCS 5/122-105(b) (West 2004)); and finally, it specifies
that payment of fees and costs charged when a petition is held to be
frivolous is to be collected from that prisoner only ‘when funds
exist,’ only in the amount corresponding to his prison trust fund
account, and only until the fees are collected in full (735 ILCS
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5/22-105(a) (West 2004) (setting out the payment scheme based on
prison trust fund account)). In fact, on this last point, section 22-
105(a) specifically states that ‘[n]othing in this Section prohibits an
applicant from filing an action or proceeding if the applicant is
unable to pay the court costs.’ 735 ILCS 5/22-105(a) (West
2004).” (Emphasis omitted.) Gale, slip. op. at 23-24.
Section 22-105 does not present a “pecuniary punishment” violating a prisoner’s due
process right of meaningful access to the court. “Rather, it simply charges fees and costs to the
prison trust fund accounts of all prisoners regardless of financial status and only if these funds
exist, but ultimately never prohibits them from exercising their post[-]conviction relief rights.”
Gale, slip op. at 24. For the reasons previously discussed, section 22-105 does not violate
substantive due process because it is rationally related to our state’s interest in maintaining the
efficiency and administration of our legal system.
In addressing a challenge to procedural due process, we take into consideration the
statute’s specific procedures and whether the statute provides an “ ‘opportunity to be heard “at a
meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” ’ [Citation.]” People v. R.G., 131 Ill. 2d 328,
353-54 (1989); People v. Porter, 122 Ill. 2d 64, 73 (1988) (holding the Post-Conviction Hearing
Act’s provision permitting courts to dismiss petitions that are frivolous does not violate due
process because the lower pleading standards for indigent prisoners provide them a hearing with
meaningful time and in a meaningful manner). To successfully challenge section 22-105 for
violation of procedural due process, defendant would have to demonstrate that the statute
deprived him of a protected liberty or property interest. People v. Logan, 302 Ill. App. 3d 319,
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332 (1998).
We agree that imposition of a fee for an inarticulate claim which was, however, not
frivolous would in fact violate the right of meaningful access to the court. However, in the
instant case, the fee was imposed for frivolous claims brought in the context of a successive post-
conviction petition. Pursuant to the “cause and prejudice” test, the defendant must show “cause”
for failing to raise the issue in a prior proceeding and actual “prejudice” resulting from the
claimed error. Jones, 211 Ill. 2d at 149; People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 457-59 (2002)
(“cause and prejudice” test mandatory for successive post-conviction petitions for relief). We are
mindful that a defendant who fails to include an issue in his original or amended post-conviction
petition may raise the issue in a successive petition if he satisfies the requirements of the “cause
and prejudice” test with respect to each claim presented. Jones, 211 Ill. 2d at 148-49. However,
in the instant case, not only were the allegations in defendant’s petition either waived or res
judicata, defendant made no attempt to recognize, address or satisfy the “cause and prejudice”
test, which is a prerequisite for successive post-conviction relief. People v. Jones, 211 Ill. 2d
140, 148-49 (2004).
The record reflects the experienced trial judge followed the provisions of the Post-
Conviction Hearing Act (Act), together with sections 22-105 of the Civil Code of Procedure and
27.2a of the Clerks of Court Act in properly finding the successive petition frivolous. Based on
the Act and those provisions, the trial judge provided in writing that defendant’s petition satisfied
the specific criteria under section 22-105, which rendered defendant’s successive petition
frivolous.
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The Act provides a procedural mechanism by which a criminal defendant can allege a
substantial denial of constitutional rights in the proceedings which resulted in conviction. 725
ILCS 5/122-1 (West 2000). Under the Act the petitioner is given an opportunity to be heard at a
meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. See In re Phillip C., 364 Ill. App. 3d 822, 831
(2006) (statute satisfies procedural due process by providing opportunity to be heard at a
meaningful time and in a meaningful manner). Under the language of the Act, the legislature
demonstrated its intent to protect the courts from burdensome and frivolous litigation as provided
by section 122-4 in relevant part as follows:
“A petitioner who is a prisoner *** who files a pleading *** that
purports to be a legal document seeking post-conviction relief ***
against the State *** in which the court makes a specific finding
that the pleading *** is frivolous shall not proceed as a poor
person and shall be liable for the full payment of filing fees and
actual court costs ***.” 725 ILCS 5/122-4 (West 2000).
As noted in Gale, similar to the above provision which discourages frivolous post-
conviction pleading and litigation, the legislature has discouraged frivolous petitions by
prisoners for habeas corpus, mandamus and section 2-1401 relief. Gale, slip op. at 23, citing
People v. Anderson, 352 Ill. App. 3d 934, 946 (2004); 735 ILCS 5/22-105 (West 2002)
(allowing for assessment of filing fees and court costs against prisoners for frivolous pleadings);
730 ILCS 5/3-6-3(d) (West 2002) (allowing revocation of prisoner’s good-time credits for filing
frivolous pleadings); Mason v. Snyder, 332 Ill. App. 3d 834, 845 (2002); Helm v. Washington,
308 Ill. App. 3d 255, 259 (1999).
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In the instant case, defendant had his opportunity for trial, for appeal, for filing his initial
post-conviction petition, for appeal of the dismissal of that petition, for filing a successive post-
conviction petition and for appeal of the dismissal of that successive petition. The record
reflects defendant had more than an adequate opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and
in a meaningful manner. In no way did the assessment of the $90 fee curtail or limit his
opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Defendant has not
demonstrated what more process is “due.” See Phillip C., 364 Ill. App. 3d at 832 (and cases
cited therein).
Section 22-105 requires a defendant to pay fees only if the funds exist in his prison trust
fund. The record reflects that section 22-105 does not present a “pecuniary punishment” for
indigent petitioners attempting to exercise a state-granted post-conviction remedy. “Rather, it
simply charges fees and costs to the prison trust fund accounts of all prisoners regardless of
financial status and only if these funds exist, but ultimately never prohibits them from exercising
their post[-]conviction relief rights.” Gale, slip op. at 24. For the reasons previously discussed,
we find no substantive or procedural due process violation.
B. Equal Protection
Defendant argues that by “targeting ‘prisoners’ to the exclusion of other indigent
petitioners, section 22-105 violates the equal protection clause.” Defendant contends “there is
no compelling reason or rational basis for deterring only prisoners from filing frivolous post-
conviction petitions.” Based on the principles previously recognized, we apply the rational
basis test in addressing defendant’s equal protection argument. We conclude the statute at issue
has a rational relationship to a legitimate State objective. As we recognized in Hunter, a
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prisoner is free to file whatever legal documents he so chooses without being assessed an initial
filing fee. Hunter, slip op. at 16. We rejected this same equal protection challenge in Hunter as
follows:
“Section 22-105 assesses filing fees and costs if the documents
being filed are later found to be frivolous. Therefore, we find that
the assessments bear a rational relationship to the State’s legitimate
interest in discouraging frivolous claims and compensating the
courts for the expenses of processing and disposing of such claims.
See [People v. Anderson, 352 Ill. App. 3d 934, 946 (2004)]; see
also [Crocker v. Finley, 99 Ill. 2d 444, 454 (1984)]. Accordingly,
we find that fees and costs imposed under section 22-105 do not
violate the equal protection clause.” Hunter, slip. op. at 16-17.
The Illinois Post-Conviction Hearing Act, together with sections 22-105 and 27.2a(g),
does not deprive indigent prisoners of pursuing a meritorious post-conviction claim; rather, all
petitions are reviewed for merit before proceeding to the stage requiring the receipt of proof and
appointment of counsel. 725 ILCS 5/122-1 (West 2000). Section 27.2a(g) as applied to section
22-105 provides for court costs when a prisoner files a frivolous post-conviction petition.
Indigent, as well as nonindigent, petitioners are equally subject to application of the Post-
Conviction Hearing Act. In People v. Jones, 168 Ill. App. 3d 925, 932 (1988), this court
expressly found the Act did not violate the equal protection clause of the Constitution because
the threshold requirement that all petitioners demonstrate a meritorious claim applied equally to
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both indigent and nonindigent petitioners. Section 22-105 provides a mechanism by which a
prisoner can be billed for court costs through his prison account on an incremental basis after the
court enters a written finding indicating the prisoner’s pleading was in fact “frivolous” as defined
in subsection (b) of 22-105.
In applying the rational basis test under an equal protection analysis, we note that, while
this principle requires the government to treat similarly situated individuals in a similar fashion,
it does not prevent the government from drawing distinctions between different categories of
people in enacting legislation. Gale, slip op. at 24, citing People v. Coleman, 111 Ill. 2d 87, 95
(1986). The statute at issue must only have a rational basis for distinguishing the category of
people to which it applies from the category of people to which it does not apply. People v. R.L.,
158 Ill. 2d 432, 443 (1994), citing People v. Shephard, 152 Ill. 2d 489, 500 (1992).
Defendant contends that “[t]hough the State’s interest in deterring frivolous lawsuits may
be compelling, there is no compelling reason for acting to deter only prisoners from exercising
their post-conviction rights, without also deterring probationers and persons on mandatory
supervised release.” We rely on the well-reasoned and logical principles articulated in Gale to
reject defendant’s argument and conclude as follows:
“However, defendant’s assertion that this violates equal protection
because it does not apply to probationers and *** [mandatory-
supervised releasees] is incorrect. It is true that probationers and
[mandatory-supervised] releasees, along with those released on
appeal bond and those released from incarceration after filing a
post[-]conviction petition, and of course prisoners, all may avail
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themselves of post[-]conviction relief. See People v. West, 145 Ill.
2d 517, 518-19 (1991) (though Post-Conviction Hearing Act states
that relief may be sought by those ‘imprisoned in the penitentiary,’
our case law has indicated that imprisonment is not prerequisite).
Yet, while post[-]conviction relief does not belong exclusively to
prisoners, our very experience has demonstrated to us that it is,
overwhelmingly, prisoners who are filing post[-]conviction
petitions rather than any other category of people. It stands to
reason, then, that the incidence of frivolous petitions is
considerably higher among prisoners, as they are more likely to file
petitions as a whole. This, coupled with the legislature’s concern
with the sheer number of petitions that may be filed under the
various statutory provisions allowing for post[-]conviction relief as
we discussed earlier, clearly presents a more than reasonable basis
for distinguishing between prisoners, to which section 22-105
applies, and others seeking similar relief such as probationers and
releasees, to which it does not.” Gale, slip op. at 25-26.
Defendant further argues that “section 22-105, which imposes a costs penalty without
regard to the number of previous post-conviction filings, can hardly be considered narrowly
tailored.” We are mindful that the legislature must employ the least restrictive means to achieve
a compelling state interest if a fundamental right or suspect classification is involved. People v.
Cornelius, 213 Ill. 2d 178, 204 (2004). However, as previously noted, the statute in the instant
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case involves neither a fundamental right nor a suspect classification; accordingly, it is not
subject to a strict scrutiny analysis, which would require a demonstration that the statute is
narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling state interest. Gale, slip op. at 26 (“section 22-105,
which does not involve a suspect classification or a fundamental right, is not subject to a strict
scrutiny analysis which would require a review of whether it is narrowly tailored but, rather, a
rational basis analysis which requires only that the means the statute employs are rationally
related to its purpose”). We reject defendant’s argument that section 22-105 need be narrowly
tailored to achieve a compelling state interest.
Moreover, in the instant case, the fees and court costs were imposed on a successive
petition. The fee is properly assessed when imposed after the court finds the post-conviction
petition frivolous because it bears a rational relationship to the State’s legitimate interest in
reducing frivolous successive post-conviction claims by prisoners and compensating courts for
undertaking the expense of resolving such frivolous claims. For the reasons previously
discussed, we reject defendant’s argument that section 22-105 violates equal protection.
III. Mittimus Corrected
The record reflects the defendant is entitled to seven additional days of pretrial credit.
We order the clerk of the circuit court to correct defendant’s mittimus to reflect a total credit of
353 days’ time considered served, time actually served.
CONCLUSION
The enactment of section 22-105 demonstrates the legislature’s concern about the number
of pleadings, motions and other filings that could be filed seeking post-conviction relief. Gale,
slip op. at 26. Section 22-105 does not distinguish between those who have filed one or more
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than one post-conviction petition, and regardless of how many such petitions are filed, each and
every petition is always first reviewed to determine whether it is frivolous. Gale, slip op. at 26.
In the instant case, the trial court determined defendant’s successive post-conviction petition was
frivolous. Upon finding the petition frivolous, the trial court was authorized by statute to assess
$90 in fees and costs for defendant’s frivolous successive post-conviction petition pursuant to
section 22-105(a) (735 ILCS 5/122-105(a) (West 2004)) and section 27.2a(g)(2) (705 ILCS
105/27.2a(g)(2) (West 2004)). This assessment did not violate defendant’s constitutional due
process or equal protection rights.
For the reasons previously discussed, we affirm the judgment of the trial court assessing
$90 in fees and court costs against defendant upon finding defendant’s successive post-
conviction petition frivolous.
Affirmed; mittimus corrected consistent with the above opinion.
FITZGERALD SMITH, P.J., and GALLAGHER, J., concur.
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