People v. Jackson

No. 3--05--0692
______________________________________________________________________________
Filed August 29, 2007.
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
A.D., 2007
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
ILLINOIS, ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit,
) Will County, Illinois
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) No. 04-CF-1079
v. )
)
TODD E. JACKSON, ) Honorable
) Daniel J. Rozak,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE CARTER delivered the opinion of the court:
______________________________________________________________________________
After a jury trial, defendant, Todd E. Jackson, was convicted of one count of unlawful
possession of cocaine with intent to deliver and two counts of unlawful delivery of cocaine.
Defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of imprisonment of 20, 14, and 8 years, and was
assessed three mandatory drug assessment fees, one for each conviction. Defendant appeals and
argues that: (1) the trial judge committed an abuse of discretion in sentencing him to a lengthy prison
term, and (2) two of the three mandatory drug assessment fees must be vacated. We affirm the prison
terms that were imposed upon defendant, vacate two of the three mandatory drug assessment fees,
and remand this case to the trial court with directions to amend the defendant’s sentence and the
memorandum of judgment accordingly.
FACTS
Defendant was found guilty by a jury of one count of unlawful possession of cocaine with
intent to deliver (720 ILCS 570/401(a)(2)(A) (West 2004)), a Class X felony, and two counts of
unlawful delivery of cocaine (720 ILCS 570/401(c)(2) (West 2004)), a Class 1 felony. After the
findings of guilty, a sentencing hearing was held. A pre-sentence investigation report (PSI) was
prepared for the sentencing hearing.
At the start of the sentencing hearing, the trial judge asked the parties if either of them had
any modifications to the PSI. The trial judge pointed out to the parties a correction that he had
noticed that needed to be made.
Moving further into the proceeding, although the trial judge did not specifically mention
“aggravation”, he allowed the State to call a witness to testify regarding defendant’s involvement in
the beating of a police officer. The witness testified that the officer who was beaten specifically
identified defendant as being involved and told investigators that everyone who was in the vehicle
(defendant was one of the persons in the vehicle) started kicking him.
After the State finished presenting evidence, the trial judge asked for “mitigation”. Defense
counsel presented the trial judge with a letter that defendant had written on his own behalf. The trial
judge stated that he had read the letter and asked defendant if there was anything he wanted to add.
The trial judge then called for and considered the arguments and recommendations of the
State as to sentencing alternatives. The State pointed out that defendant had a prior criminal history.
The PSI indicated that defendant had been continuously involved with the criminal justice system
from about the age of 16. In 2000, defendant was placed on court supervision as a juvenile for
resisting a police officer. During his supervision period, defendant was kicked out of the house by
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his mother for being disrespectful and out of control. A violation report was filed in January of 2001
alleging that defendant had stolen a bicycle. A second violation report was filed in May of 2001
alleging defendant had committed a theft. A third violation report was filed in June of 2001 alleging
defendant had committed a retail theft. In July of 2001, police notified the juvenile probation office
that defendant had been accused of threatening his brother-in-law with a steel pipe. Also in July of
2001, a supplemental juvenile petition was filed alleging defendant had committed retail theft.
Defendant’s juvenile court supervision was later terminated unsuccessfully after defendant was
charged as an adult with aggravated criminal sexual abuse. As an adult, defendant was convicted of
aggravated criminal sexual abuse in January of 2002 and sentenced to 36 months probation.
Defendant’s probation was subsequently revoked after he failed to report and failed to obtain sex
offender counseling. In February of 2003, defendant was sentenced to a new term of 36 months
probation. Defendant’s probation was again revoked after defendant had been present in a school
zone (unlawful for a child sex offender) and had contact with his co-defendant. Defendant was
sentenced to a new term of 30 months probation in April of 2004. The instant offenses occurred in
June and July of 2004 and defendant was arrested for the instant offenses in July of 2004.
After hearing the State’s argument and recommendation, the trial judge inquired of the State
regarding the nature of the sentences to be imposed and confirmed that there was nothing about the
offenses that made them mandatory consecutive.
The trial judge then called for the argument and recommendation of defense counsel as to
sentencing alternatives. Defense counsel pointed out that the evidence regarding the beating of the
police officer was presented in a hearsay format and that the victim was not brought before the court
to testify. Defense counsel noted that defendant had not been convicted of that offense and that it
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was currently scheduled to be set for trial. Defense counsel commented that defendant was only 21
years old and that testimony was presented at trial which indicated that defendant may have
committed the offenses because the undercover police officer had promised to get defendant a job.
Defense counsel asked the trial judge to take into account defendant’s “youthful age” and the fact that
defendant’s criminal conduct was initiated by the police. Defense counsel also pointed to references
in the letter defendant had written to the trial judge (defendant’s statement in allocution) indicating
that defendant’s family was having financial problems when the offenses were committed. The PSI
indicated that although defendant had been kicked out of school for disciplinary reasons, he had
obtained his GED while he was incarcerated and that he had some history of previous employment.
After hearing the arguments and recommendations of counsel, the trial judge imposed
sentence. In doing so, the trial judge noted that he had considered the evidence presented at trial and
at sentencing and had considered the PSI. The trial judge commented on defendant’s character
(defendant had been disrespectful to his mother and had been kicked out of school for disciplinary
reasons), on defendant’s prior criminal activity, and on the potential hardship the imprisonment of
defendant would impose upon defendant’s family. The trial judge sentenced defendant to concurrent
sentences of 20, 14, and 8 years imprisonment. In addition, three mandatory drug assessment fees
were imposed upon defendant, one for each conviction. A judgment was taken against defendant for
the total amount of fines, fees, and costs owed and a memorandum of judgment was filed.
Defendant filed a motion to reconsider sentence. In the motion, defense counsel alleged that
the sentence imposed was not keeping with “the defendant’s past history of criminality, mental
history, family situation, economic status, education, occupational or personal habits” or with the
“alternatives available to the court to assist the defendant in his rehabilitation”.
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At the hearing on the motion, defense counsel argued:
“It is Mr. Jackson’s contention that that (sic) sentence is excessive in
keeping with his prior past criminal history, his family situation,
economic status, his education and personal habits, and that there
were other alternatives or a less lengthy sentence that would have
been available to the Court which would have been of greater help in
Mr. Jackson’s rehabilitation.”
The trial judge denied the motion to reconsider stating as follows:
“I took into consideration everything that I heard at trial, at
sentencing, the PSI, considered all the statutes that apply, including
those in aggravation and mitigation, and under the circumstances I
think the sentence fits.”
This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Defendant first argues that the trial judge committed an abuse of discretion in sentencing him
to a lengthy prison term. Defendant asserts that the trial judge failed to consider certain mitigating
evidence, most notably, that only small amounts of cocaine were involved in the instant offenses; that
he was enticed to commit the offenses by an undercover police officer; and that because he is only
21 years old, he has greater rehabilitative potential.
It is well settled that a trial judge’s sentencing decisions are entitled to great deference and
will not be altered on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. People v. Streit, 142 Ill. 2d 13, 18-19,
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566 N.E.2d 1351, 1353 (1991). A sentence which falls within the statutory range is not an abuse
of discretion unless it is manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense. People v. Franks,
292 Ill. App. 3d 776, 779, 686 N.E.2d 361, 363 (1997). Although the reviewing court may reduce
a sentence where an abuse of discretion has occurred (134 Ill.2d R. 615(b)(4)), the reviewing court
should proceed with great caution and care in reviewing the propriety of a sentence and must not
substitute its judgment for that of the trial court simply because the reviewing court would have
weighed the factors differently (Streit, 142 Ill. 2d at 19, 566 N.E. 2d at 1353).
Having reviewed the sentencing decision in the present case, we find that the trial judge did
not commit an abuse of discretion. First, the term of imprisonment imposed on each offense is within
the statutory range. See 720 ILCS 570/401(a)(2)(A) (West 2004)(any person who violates section
401 with respect to 15 grams or more but less than 100 grams of a substance containing cocaine is
guilty of a Class X felony and shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 6 years
and not more than 30 years); 720 ILCS 570/401(c)(2) (West 2004) (any person who violates section
401 with respect to 1 gram or more but less than 15 grams of a substance containing cocaine is guilty
of a Class 1 felony); 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(4) (West 2004) (a sentence of imprisonment for a Class
1 felony shall be not less than 4 years and not more than 15 years). Second, it is clear from the record
that the trial judge was familiar with the statutory procedure for conducting a sentencing hearing and
the statutory guidelines for imposing sentence. In determining the appropriate sentence, the trial
judge considered all of the factors in aggravation and mitigation, including those matters in mitigation
cited by defendant in his argument before this Court. All of those matters were either contained in
the PSI or were part of the evidence presented at trial, which the trial judge specifically noted he was
considering in determining the appropriate sentence. Furthermore, we do not agree that the amounts
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of cocaine involved in the instant offenses--27.3 grams, 11.7 grams, and 2.8 grams--are “relatively
small” amounts (as suggested by defendant) or that the fact that defendant was enticed to commit the
offenses by an undercover police officer is in any way mitigating. The jury rejected defendant’s
argument of entrapment.
While it is true that defendant’s young age suggests a greater potential for rehabilitation (See
People v. Margentina, 261 Ill. App. 3d 247, 249, 634 N.E.2d 29, 31 (1994)), his prior involvement
with the criminal justice system belies that notion. As a juvenile, defendant was adjudicated a
delinquent minor for resisting a police officer and placed on court supervision. His supervision was
subsequently terminated unsuccessfully. As an adult, defendant was convicted of aggravated criminal
sexual abuse and was sentenced to a term of probation. Defendant’s probation was revoked twice
and each time, he was re-sentenced to a new term of probation. Defendant was on the most recent
term of probation when the instant offenses were committed. In addition, evidence was presented
at sentencing to show that in June of 2004, defendant and a person defendant had previously been
ordered not to have contact with were involved in the beating of a police officer at a party. Based
on the evidence presented at trial and at sentencing, we cannot say that the terms of imprisonment
imposed were excessive. We will not substitute our judgment here for that of the trial court. See
Streit, 142 Ill. 2d at 19, 566 N.E.2d at 1353.
Contrary to the position taken by the dissent, there is no mandatory requirement that the trial
judge recite all of the statutory factors before imposing sentence. People v. McDonald, 322 Ill. App.
3d 244, 251, 749 N.E.2d 1066, 1072 (2001). It is presumed that the trial judge considered all of the
factors unless the record indicates to the contrary. See McDonald, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 251, 749 N.E.
2d at 1072. In the present case, it is apparent from the matters stated by the trial judge in imposing
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sentence that he was persuaded by defendant’s bad character and history of prior criminal activity.
Furthermore, when age and rehabilitation were again presented to the trial judge in the motion to
reconsider sentence, the trial judge upheld the previous sentence that he had imposed, noting
specifically that he had considered the factors in aggravation and mitigation.
In arguing that the trial judge committed an abuse of discretion, the dissent relies upon People
v. Juarez, 278 Ill. App. 3d 286, 662 N.E.2d 567 (1996). However, in Juarez, the defendant received
one year less than the maximum term. See Juarez, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 294, 662 N.E. 2d at 573. In
the present case, the sentence imposed was not at the upper limits of the sentencing range.
A more comparable case is People v. Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d 149, 368 N.E.2d 882 (1977). In
Perruquet, the 21 year-old defendant was sentenced to a minimum of one and a maximum of twenty
years imprisonment for burglary. Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d at 151, 368 N.E. 2d at 882. The PSI indicated
that defendant was married and had two children and was practically illiterate. Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d
at 151, 368 N.E. 2d at 882-883. Defendant had been in and out of trouble with the law since age 14.
Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d at 151, 368 N.E. 2d at 883. Defendant had a prior juvenile history. Perruquet,
68 Ill. 2d at 151-152, 368 N.E.2d at 883. As an adult, defendant had previously been convicted of
theft and had a criminal damage to property case pending. Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d at 152, 368 N.E. 2d
at 883. In imposing sentence, the trial judge made the following comments:
“Now, what I basically have here is a man who has a history of
criminal offenses. You have reached the age of 21 and here you
commit another offense, a serious offense, burglary. * * * Now the
fact that you have had a poor education; if you want to improve your
life, you can do so in the penitentiary. But, there are a lot of people
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who can read and write and they still steal. Just because you learn to
read and write and have a new trade doesn't mean that you will stop
stealing. And that is what you are going to have to determine for
yourself. I feel sorry for your kids. I don't like to do it but I'm going
to do it because I cannot sit here conscientiously and say that a man
who has committed one theft after another from the time he was 14
years old, is going to walk out of this Court Room and have a big
change of heart and not steal people's property. Now, I am going to
set the penalties so that you will have an opportunity to come out of
the penitentiary; that you will have the opportunity to make a new life;
but I am also going to set a maximum to where when you do come
out of the penitentiary that either you are going to obey the law, on
your own or else they are going to take you and virtually throw the
key away. There has to be a stop somewhere and its up to you Mr.
Perruquet.“ Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d at 152-153, 368 N.E.2d at 883.
On appeal, the appellate court in Perruquet reduced the sentence to between one and five
years. Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d at 151, 368 N.E. 2d at 882. The supreme court reversed the appellate
court and reinstated the original sentence. Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d at 151, 368 N.E. 2d at 882. In so
doing, the supreme court noted that in light of defendant’s criminal history, it could not say that the
sentence imposed by the trial judge was an abuse of discretion. Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d at 156, 368 N.E.
2d at 885. As to the sentencing aspect, the facts of Perruquet are very similar to those in the present
case. See Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d at 151-152, 368 N.E. 2d at 882-883. The supreme court’s ruling in
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Perruquet supports the conclusion that we have reached here--that the trial judge did not commit an
abuse of discretion in sentencing defendant to a lengthy prison term. See Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d at 156,
368 N.E. 2d at 885.
Defendant next argues, and the State agrees, that two of the three mandatory drug assessment
fees imposed upon defendant must be vacated. See 720 ILCS 570/411.2(g) (West 2004) (where
defendant is convicted of multiple offenses charged in a single charging instrument, only one
assessment shall be imposed--the assessment for the highest class offense of which defendant is
convicted). Accordingly, we vacate two of the three mandatory drug assessment fees imposed upon
defendant and leave standing only a single assessment of $3,000, the assessment imposed upon the
highest class offense of which defendant was convicted.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the prison terms that were imposed upon defendant,
vacate two of the three mandatory drug assessment fees, and remand this case to the trial court with
directions to amend the defendant’s sentence and the memorandum of judgment to show that
defendant is assessed only one drug assessment fee in the amount of $3,000.
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded in part with directions.
JUSTICE McDADE, specially concurring:
It is the decision in this appeal that defendant’s terms of incarceration be affirmed, that two
of the three mandatory drug assessment fees be vacated, and that the matter be remanded for a new
judgment order reflecting the change. I concur with that decision.
I share the dissent’s dismay at the appearance of entrapment which surrounds defendant’s
apparently unprecedented commission of drug offenses and also at seeing a 21-year-old young man
sentenced to 20 years in prison. The entrapment argument was rejected by the jury and while any or
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all of us might have weighed the evidence on the issue quite differently, there is no discernible basis
in the record for finding that no reasonable finder of fact could have agreed with the jury’s assessment
of the evidence. Indeed, defendant has not directly asked us to make that determination.
On appeal, defendant argues that his significant rehabilitative potential was essentially ignored
by the trial court in sentencing him to such a lengthy period of servitude. Unfortunately, defendant’s
persistent juvenile criminal activities despite the opportunities afforded him to avoid prison time and
to make better life decisions did not provide compelling support for this argument. I cannot say that
the trial court abused its discretion in imposing sentences that, while long, are well within the
appropriate sentencing ranges. Hence my concurrence.
I write specially to address the issue of the trial court’s abbreviated discussion of the factors
it considered in aggravation and mitigation in arriving at the sentences it imposed. Our opinion
correctly states that there is no mandatory requirement that the trial judge recite all of the statutory
factors before imposing sentence. People v. McDonald, 322 Ill. App. 3d 244, 251, 749 N.E.2d 1066,
1072 (2001). My concern is with and my challenge is to the generally-accepted "presumption" that
the trial judge considered all of the factors "unless the record indicates to the contrary." McDonald,
322 Ill. App. 3d at 251, 749 N.E.2d at 1072. Slip opinion, p. 7. Not infrequently we are asked
to review cases in which it is quite clear that the trial court did not, in fact, know the law and
consequently did not follow it in arriving at the challenged decision. (Indeed, the trial court in the
instant case was apparently unaware that he was prohibited from imposing three separate drug
assessments.) In the sentencing situation, we are not only asked to presume that the trial judge has
considered the factors in aggravation and mitigation but also, necessarily, that he or she was aware
of the relevant factors. The report of the presentence investigation report, which the trial court
11
mentioned having considered, is singularly unhelpful in addressing the factors, particularly those in
mitigation.
The only way that a reviewing court can find with relative security that the trial court
appropriately and thoroughly considered the factors in mitigation and aggravation and did not abuse
its discretion is if the court affirmatively demonstrates that consideration by specific articulation in
the record.
I believe this was the concern of the legislature when it enacted the sentencing statute,
providing:
"In imposing a sentence for a felony ***the trial judge shall specify on
the record the particular evidence, information, factors in mitigation
and aggravation or other reasons that led to his sentencing
determination." Ill.Rev.Stat. 1983, Ch. 38,
Unfortunately, in 1984, the legislature elected to limit this obligation to articulate to "violent" crimes
rather than to felonies, as had previously been the case. (P.A. 83-1499, eff. December 27, 1984), 730
ILCS 5/5-4-1(c) (West 2006) There is no longer a requirement that the sentencing court articulate
its recognition and balancing of the factors in aggravation and mitigation in drug crimes. Instead, the
court is only obligated to perform the generic functions of considering and balancing evidence and
information offered by the parties in aggravation and mitigation. (730 ILCS 5/5-4-1(a)(4) (West
2006)) I believe such specific articulation on the record should be required. It does not seem to me
to be an unduly onerous obligation when depriving persons of their liberty. Any additional time
needed to complete this exercise would be minor in comparison to any sentence.
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JUSTICE WRIGHT, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I concur in the portion of the opinion vacating two of the three mandatory drug assessment
fees, leaving one $3,000 drug assessment fee standing. In this case, the trial judge ordered defendant
to pay $7,000 in drug assessment fees. The court, in error, more than doubled the proper fees
assessed. We all agree this component of the sentence was incorrect.
In light of the court’s failure to follow the mandates of the statute regarding one component
of the sentence, drug assessment fees, I disagree with the majority that we may assume the court
properly followed the legislative mandates when fashioning the sentence in this case. Consequently,
I strongly dissent from the portion of the opinion affirming the trial court’s sentences of imprisonment
on all three counts.
Defendant was sentenced to 14 years’ imprisonment on count II, one year less than the
maximum sentence on the Class 1 felony for unlawful delivery of a controlled substance, which
carried a sentencing range of 4 to 15 years. The trial court sentenced defendant to 20 years’
imprisonment on count I, a Class X felony for unlawful possession of a controlled substance with
intent to deliver, which carried a minimum sentence of 6 years. Finally, the court sentenced defendant
to 8 years’ imprisonment on count III, a Class 1 felony for unlawful delivery of a controlled
substance, which also carried a minimum sentence of 4 years.
I can find no support in the record that the aggravating factors presented by the State
supported these sentences, which were double and triple the minimum sentences that could have been
imposed. Nor can I find any support in the record that the trial court considered or intended to foster
the rehabilitative potential of this young offender.
I would vacate the sentences in this case, finding the court abused its discretion by
13
disregarding its statutory obligation to independently balance factors in aggravation against the
evidence in mitigation. The position taken in this dissent does not create a new standard for reviewing
a sentencing decision; it reinforces the old constitutional mandate to balance retribution against
rehabilitation, which seemingly has become an abbreviated formality for busy judges.
Our Illinois constitution requires “All penalties shall be determined both according to the
seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.” Ill.
Const. 1970, art. I, §11. In order to achieve this purpose, the legislature has defined the factors to
be balanced by the court in mitigation and aggravation prior to sentencing. 730 ILCS 5/5–5–3.1, 5–5–
3.2 (West 2004). In spite of heavy schedules, it is the trial court’s obligation to protect the record by
making it apparent to the public, the defendant, and a reviewing court that these considerations were
carefully balanced.
I agree with the majority that a reviewing court must give great deference to a judge’s
sentence, provided the sentence is within the statutory range. People v. Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d 149,
154-55 (1977). The Illinois constitutional requirement discussed above is codified in section 5–8–1(b)
of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5–8–1(b) (West 2004)), which provides that the
sentencing judge “shall set forth his reasons for imposing the particular sentence,” including statutory
mitigating or aggravating factors. Our supreme court has construed the statutory term “shall” in
section 5–8–1(b) as permissive, rather than mandatory, when applied to the requirement that the trial
court set forth the reasons for imposing a particular sentence. People v. Davis, 93 Ill. 2d 155, 162
(1982).
In the two decades since our supreme court’s decision in Davis, trial courts seem to have
substituted the flexibility of the permissive “shall” with a practice of creating records that “need not”
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demonstrate careful reflection prior to sentencing. Reviewing courts have tolerated trial judges who
say less, so long as the sentence is within the range of punishment.
In People v. McDonald, 322 Ill. App. 3d 244, 251 (2001), this court affirmed a sentence for
a serious and violent crime but recognized the gradual erosion of standards in sentencing. The
majority provided measured, cautionary guidance for future dispositions by stating:
“A trial court’s statement of the factors in mitigation or aggravation eliminates
speculation regarding the basis of its decision and enables a reviewing court to more
intelligently determine if the sentence was proper.” McDonald, 322 Ill. App. 3d at
250-51, citing Perruquet, 68 Ill. 2d 149.
It should be noted, in McDonald the trial judge did make a general reference to his consideration of
the statutory factors in mitigation and aggravation, but did not specify which factors he applied.
Without reference to the record in this case, the State asserts in its brief, “[T]he trial judge
indicated he had considered all aggravating and mitigating factors.” (Emphasis added.) My review
of the record suggests this may be an overstatement. The judge did not indicate he had considered
any statutory sentencing standards prior to sentencing defendant.
The trial judge’s pronouncement was as follows:
“Okay. Well, I have considered everything I’ve heard at trial and at the
sentencing hearing, I have taken a look at the presentence report, and it would appear
that Mr. Jackson hasn’t been much of a success at anything. Doesn’t get along with
his mother. He was disrespectful to her to the extent that she had to kick him out of
the house. Couldn’t manage at school, had discipline problems there until he was
kicked out of school.
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He starts with a juvenile record. He has had court supervision, which was
unsuccessfully terminated. He has a prior conviction for a sex offense, and he was
placed on probation. That was revoked. He was placed on probation again. That was
revoked. He was placed on probation again, and I see there is another pending
petition to revoke, so he wasn’t successful at his probation.
I understand the hardship on the family, but it seems he wasn’t too concerned
about his family in the past. The jury considered the predisposition of several offenses,
and they came to the conclusion that Mr. Jackson was not entrapped. All things
considered, I see these kind of go in reverse order as to date, and I will take them in
that order.”
At the close of the sentencing hearing, the prosecutor recommended a sentence that was
“more than the minimum,” suggesting the court impose a sentence with the minimum parameters in
mind. Yet, the trial court sentenced defendant on count II to one year less than the maximum sentence
after this very brief sentencing hearing. On count I, a Class X felony, defendant received a sentence
that was more than three times the minimum sentence in this case for his very first sentence to the
Department of Corrections. The trial court imposed a 20-year sentence on the 21-year-old offender.
The defendant provided the court with an opportunity to cure any omission by requesting a
motion to reconsider the sentence. Again, the court expended only a cursory moment to review
defendant’s original sentence. Initially, the court “passed” the case in favor of other cases, before
hearing the motion to reconsider on September 22, 2005. With brevity, the prosecutor stated, “Judge,
you have heard the evidence. We presented all the mitigation. We don’t have anything further to
add.” However, the prosecution did not present any evidence of mitigation during the sentencing
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hearing. It is unclear from this record whether the court and the prosecution had a clear recollection
of this case when reconsidering the sentence.
Without any reference to the facts of the case, the court less than briefly noted and summarily
stated:
“I took into consideration everything that I heard at trial, at sentencing, the PSI,
considered all the statutes that apply, including those in aggravation and mitigation,
and under the circumstances I think the sentence fits. So, the motion is denied.”
The sentence, which was pronounced at the sentencing hearing without evidence of a thoughtful
consideration of the standards, was later justified by the same judge stating that the sentence “fits.”
The standard commentary, which might apply to any other sentence, does not establish the court
independently recalled the facts of this case. Nor does the record indicate the court independently
balanced defendant’s youthfulness and rehabilitative potential against his negative history, either
during the initial sentencing hearing on August 22, 2005, or when reconsidering the sentence a month
later.
The presentence report does not show defendant had previously been sentenced to any term
in either the Will County jail or the Department of Corrections. After defendant’s eighteenth birthday,
he was charged with and received probation for his only other adult criminal offense, which occurred
approximately three years before these drug charges.
Defendant violated his probation for this offense twice for failing to comply with the technical
terms of probation. Each violation was treated with justified leniency. The record does not suggest
an extensive history of drug deliveries. In spite of the undercover officer’s attempts to purchase larger
quantities of drugs, defendant could only provide lesser amounts. Additionally, the transactions took
17
place over a short span of time after the undercover officer offered the unemployed defendant and
his friend the possibility of a job in exchange for drugs. Defendant earned his G.E.D. while
incarcerated in the Will County jail, presumably awaiting the outcome of the instant offenses.
The pronouncement of punishment in this case is similar to the trial judge’s pronouncement
in People v Juarez, 278 Ill. App. 3d 286 (1996), which was reversed on appeal. On review, the
appellate court found the 14-year sentence in Juarez excessive because the sentencing judge failed
to indicate any aggravating factors and failed to give serious consideration to evidence in mitigation
or rehabilitative potential. Accordingly, the appellate court reduced the defendant’s sentence. Juarez,
278 Ill. App. 3d at 295.
Sentencing should not be an afterthought once a jury returns a verdict. Sentencing is perhaps
the most important component of the trial process. Clearly, our supreme court in Davis, and this
court in McDonald, did not intend for acceptable judicial practice to completely omit all references
to the statutory standards when pronouncing punishment.
While there is no magic formula, at a minimum, this state’s constitution requires the balancing
of retribution and rehabilitation. This is not something we should presume on review or base on
clairvoyance. We should require proper judicial balancing that is apparent from the record. It is
reasonable to expect the trial judge to take a few moments for a young offender, who stands before
the court to learn the nature of his punishment and the measure of his rehabilitative potential.
The majority observes the trial judge was familiar with sentencing procedures. However, the
record requires the majority to generously deduce that statutory standards were properly balanced
by the court. Judicial silence, leading to speculation, is a practice discouraged by this court in
McDonald and should not be further encouraged by upholding sentencing pronouncements that are
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this skeletal.
Prosecutors and defense attorneys who are required to move cases at a rapid pace should be
counterbalanced by a methodical judge who insists on adherence to the statutory standards and
spends a few moments of the court’s time devoted to fundamental fairness as required by our
constitution. Based on this sparse record of the court’s reasoning, I agree with defendant’s assertion
that the sentence is excessive and the trial court abused its discretion. Although the court may have
been rushed for time, taking 20 years away from a young offender merits a few carefully considered
comments regarding the statutory standards.
Once a reviewing court has held a trial judge abused his or her discretion in designing a fair
punishment, it may be difficult for a defendant to have confidence in the neutrality of the same
sentencing judge. Therefore, I would modify the judgment of the trial court to significantly reduce
defendant’s sentences pursuant Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(4) (134 Ill. 2d R. 615(b)(4)), rather than
remand the cause for another sentencing hearing.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.
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