Carter v. Carter

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
Appellate Court
Carter v. Carter, 2012 IL App (1st) 110855
Appellate Court TIFFANY L. CARTER, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. AUDREY E. DRESSEN
Caption CARTER, as Trustee for the Marital Trust, Defendant-Appellee (Victor
J. Chigas, Jr., as Trustee for the GST Separate Trust and the Family Trust,
Defendant).
District & No. First District, Second Division
Docket No. 1-11-0855
Filed February 7, 2012
Held In an action arising from the marital trust created by plaintiff’s father
(Note: This syllabus making her stepmother the trustee and sole income beneficiary of the trust
constitutes no part of and plaintiff the sole remainder beneficiary, the trial court properly
the opinion of the court granted summary judgment for the stepmother on plaintiff’s claims of
but has been prepared breach of fiduciary duties and unjust enrichment and seeking punitive
by the Reporter of damages on the grounds that the stepmother’s investment strategy of
Decisions for the investing only in municipal bonds benefitted her while damaging
convenience of the plaintiff’s interest in the trust’s principal, since the trust clearly showed
reader.)
plaintiff’s father intended to provide income to the stepmother during her
lifetime and that the remainder of the trust would go to plaintiff, two
other trusts were created expressly for plaintiff and excluced the
stepmother, and the trust further provided the stepmother with the power
to generate unlimited income for herself from virtually any investment
without a requirement that plaintiff’s remainder interest remain at the
level existing at the commencement of the trust.
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 07-CH-32669; the
Review Hon. Rita M. Novak, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP, of Chicago (Charles Chejfec, Kelli Chase
Appeal Plotz, and Laura A. Brake, of counsel), for appellant.
Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd., of Chicago (Robert J. Trinnzna and
Diana H. Psarras, of counsel), for appellee
Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE QUINN delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Justices Cunningham and Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 This cases arises out of the provisions of the Luther Reynolds Carter, Jr., living trust
executed by Luther Reynolds Carter, Jr., now deceased, who was the father of plaintiff,
Tiffany L. Carter and the husband of defendant, Audrey E. Dressed Carter, Tiffany’s
stepmother. The living trust created a marital trust that went into effect upon Luther Carter’s
death. Audrey is the trustee and sole income beneficiary of the marital trust, and Tiffany is
the sole remainder beneficiary. Tiffany filed a complaint against Audrey as trustee of the
marital trust, alleging breach of fiduciary duties and unjust enrichment and seeking punitive
damages on the grounds that Audrey’s strategy of investing only in tax-free municipal bonds
benefits Audrey while damaging Tiffany’s interest in the trust’s principal. Following cross-
motions for summary judgment, the trial court entered an order in favor of Audrey. Tiffany
now appeals. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Luther Reynolds Carter, Jr. (Luther), created the Luther Reynolds Carter, Jr., Living Trust
(hereinafter, the Living Trust) in 1993 and subsequently amended it twice during his lifetime,
once in 1997 and again in August 2003, shortly before his death. The Living Trust provided
for the creation of three trusts: a marital trust, a generation-skipping-tax separate trust, and
a family trust (hereinafter the Marital Trust, the GST Separate Trust and the Family Trust,
respectively). The Living Trust appointed Audrey as trustee of the Marital Trust. Defendant
Victor J. Chagas, Audrey’s son from a previous marriage, was named as successor trustee
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of the Marital Trust and is the trustee of the GST Separate Trust and the Family Trust.1
Under the provisions of the Living Trust, Audrey is entitled to “all the income” from the
Marital Trust during her lifetime, but is not entitled to any of the principal. Upon Audrey’s
death, Tiffany will receive the principal of the Marital Trust. Section 11.5 of the Living
Trust, describing the Trustee’s power to invest, provides as follows:
“In addition to all powers granted by law, the trustee shall have the following powers, to
be exercised in a fiduciary capacity:
***
11.5 Investing. To invest in bonds, common or preferred stocks, notes, options,
common trust funds, mutual funds, shares of any investment company or trust, or other
securities, life insurance, partnership interests, general or limited, limited liability
company interests, joint ventures, real estate, or other property of any kind, regardless of
diversification and regardless of whether the property would be considered a proper trust
investment ***.”
¶4 Audrey assumed her trusteeship of the Marital Trust upon Luther’s death on August 28,
2003. In October 2003, the Marital Trust was funded with $2 million. Since assuming
trusteeship of the Marital Trust, Audrey has invested 100% of the trust funds in tax-free
municipal bonds, which pay interest over time but do not increase the value of the principal.
Tiffany contends that this investment strategy has maximized Audrey’s net income at the
expense of Tiffany’s remainder interest in the Marital Trust, in contravention of the terms
of the Living Trust, which is silent as to any priority of beneficial interests, and in violation
of Audrey’s fiduciary duties as trustee. Tiffany argues that Audrey’s self-interested
investment strategy has failed to protect the principal of the Marital Trust against inflation,
and as a result, she has been damaged because $2 million in 2003 is worth approximately
$300,000 less today and, therefore, she will not receive the value of $2 million when Audrey
dies. There is no dispute that Audrey is a sophisticated investor, who has a diversified
portfolio in her other investments, speaks regularly to her broker, reads articles on investing
and confers with her sons who are brokers and with friends who are investors. Therefore,
Tiffany contends, Audrey deliberately elected to invest the Marital Trust solely to benefit
herself while knowingly harming Tiffany’s interest.
¶5 Audrey asserts that she has complied with the express terms of the Living Trust, which
permits her to invest in “bonds *** or other property of any kind, regardless of
diversification.” She argues that her decision to invest only in municipal bonds is intended
“to provide a good, safe income in a highly fluctuating and problematic marketplace.” She
asserts that before his death, Luther expressed concerns about the safety of the principal and
advised her that municipal bonds were a good investment, and that she has followed an
investment strategy aimed at minimizing risk. She states that since 2003, she has continued
to reevaluate her investment decisions, discussing her options with her broker, her sons and
1
The GST Separate Trust and the Family Trust, which were funded with approximately $1
million each after Luther’s death, are expressly for the benefit of Tiffany and her descendants, to the
exclusion of Audrey. Those trusts are not at issue in this case.
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her friends, and that she might someday consider equities for the Marital Trust portfolio if
the bond market changes.
¶6 On July 11, 2008, Tiffany filed a first amended complaint against Audrey in her role as
trustee of the Marital Trust and Victor Chagas as trustee for the GST Separate Trust and the
Family Trust alleging four breach of fiduciary counts: duty of impartiality (count I), duty of
prudent investment (count II); duty to properly manage the trust assets (count III); and duty
to preserve trust property (count IV). Tiffany also sought punitive damages for intentional
misconduct (count XII), and alleged unjust enrichment (count XIII). In July 2010, Tiffany
and Audrey filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the four breach of fiduciary duty
counts and Audrey alone filed a motion for summary judgment as to the punitive damages
and unjust enrichment counts. On November 23, 2010, following a hearing, the trial court
granted summary judgment in favor of Audrey on the four breach of fiduciary duty counts
and the punitive damages and unjust enrichment counts.2 In reaching this decision, the trial
judge tried to ascertain Luther’s intent for the Marital Trust by looking at his Living Trust
and his estate planning as a whole. The court stated:
“So what Luther did–that’s Mr. Carter–was he wanted income payments to go to Audrey
without any discretionary payments of the corpus and that at the end, at Audrey’s death,
trust will terminate and the proceeds will be distributed to Tiffany, and I think that this
is important because by creating the marital trust if Audrey lives with the trust
terminating at her death, Luther’s intent was clear: And that was his desire to provide for
Audrey during the remainder of her lifetime. And although Tiffany does receive a
distribution when the trust fund terminates, this allocation does not appear to be for her
benefit, but rather guidance of where the money should go when the trust ceases to
exist.”
¶7 Further, noting that the Living Trust does not require diversification and that bonds were
permitted as an investment, the court found:
“[The marital trust was really aimed at a conservative investment strategy that was
designed to produce a safe investment where there would be some preservation of the
principal, but it did not and does not appear from the overall plan here that his goal was
to set this up in any particular way. And I don’t think he set it up in a way that requires
Audrey to exercise her investment strategy in one way or the other.”
¶8 The court also cited Audrey’s testimony, which it found to be “uncontroverted” that “she
is evaluating over the course of time whether or not this investment in municipal bonds is
a proper one. She reads the newspapers, the various financial reports, listens to television,
talks to her friends and her children, who are stockbrokers, et cetera, et cetera.” Therefore,
the court found that whether or not Audrey’s investment of the Marital Trust solely in
municipal bonds “results in inflation *** taking something of a toll on what remains of
principal,” it “was consistent with [Luther’s] intent in establishing the trust” and does not
2
The trial court denied the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment on the claims
against defendant Victor J. Chagas, and those claims have been stayed pending the outcome of this
appeal.
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constitute a breach of fiduciary duty or a violation of the prudent investor rule. Therefore, the
circuit court granted Audrey’s motion for summary judgment in its entirety and denied
Tiffany’s motion.
¶9 On February 25, 2011, the trial court entered an order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule
304(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), finding that there is no just reason for delaying enforcement or
appeal of the court’s November 23, 2010 order, and this timely appeal followed. Tiffany
argues on appeal that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Audrey
on the breach of fiduciary duty claims because (1) it misinterpreted Luther’s intent in creating
the Marital Trust when it found that the trust was primarily intended to provide income to
Audrey and was to be invested conservatively, and (2) Audrey breached her fiduciary duties
of impartiality and prudence and the prudent investor rule by investing solely in municipal
bonds, and those duties are not abrogated by a term in the Living Trust that permits
investment “regardless of diversification.” Further, Tiffany asserts that the trial court erred
in granting summary judgment on the unjust enrichment count where Audrey had a portion
of her legal fees paid out of separate trusts in which she had no interest. Tiffany asks this
court to reverse the trial court’s grant of summary judgment, remove Audrey as trustee of the
Marital Trust, and remand to the trial court for a damages hearing.
¶ 10 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 11 We review de novo a trial court’s decision granting summary judgment. Hartford Fire
Insurance Co. v. Everest Indemnity Insurance Co., 369 Ill. App. 3d 757, 761 (2006).
Summary judgment is appropriate where the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file,
together with any affidavits and exhibits, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, indicate that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2008). Where, as
here, the parties file cross-motions for summary judgment, they concede the absence of a
genuine issue of material fact and invite the court to decide the questions presented as a
matter of law. Steadfast Insurance Co. v. Caremark Rx, Inc., 359 Ill. App. 3d 749, 755
(2005).
¶ 12 Prior to addressing the merits of this appeal, we must first direct our attention to
Audrey’s request that we strike or disregard the statement of facts and argument sections of
Tiffany’s brief, because they fail to comply with the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court
Rule 341(h) (eff. Mar. 16, 2007). Specifically, Audrey asserts that Tiffany’s statement of
facts contains argument and statements that are not supported by citations to the record in
violation of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(6),3 and that the argument section of
Tiffany’s brief contains assertions that are not supported by references to the record on
3
The rule states in pertinent part that in her brief an appellant must include a “Statement of
Facts, which shall contain the facts necessary to an understanding of the case, stated accurately and
fairly without argument or comment, and with appropriate reference to the pages of the record on
appeal ***.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(6) (eff. Mar. 16, 2007).
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appeal in violation of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7).4 While we acknowledge that
where an appellant’s brief violates the requirements of our supreme court rules, the
“appellate court has the discretion to strike [that] brief and dismiss the appeal” or disregard
appellant’s arguments (Alderson v. Southern Co., 321 Ill. App. 3d 832, 845 (2001)),
“ ‘[w]here violations of supreme court rules are not so flagrant as to hinder or preclude
review, the striking of a brief in whole or in part may be unwarranted.’ ” Hurlbert v. Brewer,
386 Ill. App. 3d 1096, 1101 (2008) (quoting Merrifield v. Illinois State Police Merit Board,
294 Ill. App. 3d 520, 527 (1997)). Although our review of Tiffany’s brief reveals that it fails
to comply with Rules 341(h)(6) and (h)(7), we conclude that her violations of those rules do
not hinder our review of the case, since we have the benefit of the record before us, as well
as Audrey’s proper citations to the record on appeal. Accordingly, we will not strike
Tiffany’s brief and instead turn to the merits of this appeal. See Hurlbert, 386 Ill. App. 3d
at 1101.
¶ 13 A. Plain Language of the Living Trust
¶ 14 On appeal, Tiffany contends that the trial court’s finding that Audrey did not breach her
fiduciary duties by investing solely in municipal bonds was erroneous as a matter of law
because it was based on the court’s misinterpretation of Luther’s intent in creating the
Marital Trust. Tiffany asserts that the trial court’s findings that Luther created the Marital
Trust primarily to provide income for Audrey, that he intended for the Marital Trust to be
invested conservatively, and only provided for a distribution to Tiffany as guidance as to
where the money should go are not supported by the provisions and the structure of the
Living Trust. Tiffany argues that the trial court’s misinterpretation of Luther’s intent alone
is grounds for reversing the grant of summary judgment. Further, Tiffany asserts, even if this
court does not reverse based on the trial court’s misinterpretation of the Living Trust, it
should find that despite language in the trust that permits the trustee to make investment
decisions “regardless of diversification,” Audrey was prohibited, pursuant to her fiduciary
duties of impartiality and prudence and the requirements of the prudent investor rule, from
investing solely in municipal bonds.
¶ 15 Audrey argues that the trial court correctly found that pursuant to the plain language of
the Living Trust, when viewed in the context of Luther’s entire estate planning, Luther
intended for the Marital Trust to provide income to Audrey during her lifetime by means of
whatever investments she deemed appropriate and that the language providing for
distribution to Tiffany upon Audrey’s death was included merely for guidance as to where
the money should ultimately go. Further, Audrey argues that there is no support in Illinois
law for finding that the prudent investor rule imposes duties upon a trustee that contradict
the express terms of the trust agreement.
¶ 16 A court’s primary concern in interpreting a trust instrument is to discover the intent of
4
The rule states in pertinent part that in her brief an appellant shall include an “Argument,
which shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with citation of the
authorities and the pages of the record relied on.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008).
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the grantor, which the court will effectuate if it is not contrary to law or public policy.
Citizens National Bank of Paris v. Kids Hope United, Inc., 235 Ill. 2d 565, 574 (2009). In
determining that intent the court must first consider the plain and ordinary meaning of the
words used and must consider the entire document. Id. Where the trust contains language that
is unambiguous and clear, the intent must be ascertained from that language; extrinsic
evidence may be admitted to aid the interpretation only if the document is ambiguous. Brown
v. Ryan, 338 Ill. App. 3d 864, 871 (2003). We review the trial court’s construction of the
trust instrument de novo. Id.
¶ 17 Tiffany asserts that Luther had three goals in creating the Marital Trust, none of which
has priority of importance: (1) to enjoy federal estate tax benefits; (2) to provide income to
Audrey during her lifetime; and (3) to provide a significant inheritance to Tiffany after
Audrey’s death. Tiffany contends that nothing in the plain language of the Living Trust
supports the trial court’s finding that the “primary” purpose of the Marital Trust was to
provide income for Audrey and that, indeed, if Luther intended to provide exclusively for
Audrey, he would have given her access to the principal, which he expressly did not. Tiffany
asserts that Luther created the Marital Trust in order to maintain the marital deduction to the
estate tax, under section 2056(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C. § 2056(b)(1)
(2006)), which allowed him to pass his property to Audrey tax-free while directing the
ultimate distribution of all principal to Tiffany. Further, Tiffany asserts that the trial court
erred in finding that her remainder interest, which she will receive upon Audrey’s death,
“does not appear to be for her benefit but rather for guidance of where the money should go
when the trust ceases to exist.” Tiffany contends that this interpretation would mean that no
remainder beneficiary would have an interest on a par with the current income beneficiary,
which would be contrary to Illinois law. See Bornstein v. First United, 232 Ill. App. 3d 623,
629 (1992) (“Where there are multiple beneficiaries named in a trust, a trustee is under a duty
to deal impartially with each of them.”).
¶ 18 Tiffany also argues that the trial court erred in finding that Luther intended to have the
Marital Trust invested conservatively. Tiffany asserts that there are no express provisions in
the Living Trust requiring such an investment strategy and that, indeed, section 11.5, which
allows investment in bonds, also allows for investments in common preferred stocks and
joint ventures, which are not necessarily conservative investments. Therefore, Tiffany
contends, because the trial court’s grant of summary judgment was based on an erroneous
interpretation of Luther’s intent in creating the Marital Trust, this court should reverse the
summary judgment order and grant summary judgment in her favor.
¶ 19 Under the Trust and Trustees Act, “[a] person establishing a trust may specify in the
instrument the rights, powers, duties, limitations and immunities applicable to the trustee,
beneficiary and others and those provisions where not otherwise contrary to law shall control,
notwithstanding this Act.” 760 ILCS 5/3 (West 2008). “Thus, the legislature intended that
the settlor of a trust have the freedom to direct his bounty as he sees fit, even to the point of
giving effect to a provision regarding the rights of beneficiaries that might depart from the
standard provisions of the Act, unless ‘otherwise contrary to law.’ ” In re Estate of Feinberg,
235 Ill. 2d 256, 267 (2009). The exercise of discretion by the trustee is not subject to
interference by the court absent proof of fraud, abuse of discretion or bad faith. Brown
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Brothers Harriman Trust Co. v. Bennett, 357 Ill. App. 3d 399, 410 (2005) (citing In re Estate
of McInerny, 289 Ill. App. 3d 589, 600 (1997)). “Absent actions by the trustee that are
‘outside the bounds of reasonable judgment,’ a court cannot substitute its judgment for the
trustee’s judgment.” Brown Brothers, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 410 (citing In re Estate of
McInerny, 289 Ill. App. 3d at 600).
¶ 20 Here, the Living Trust created the Marital Trust, which came into existence at Luther’s
death. Four provisions of the Marital Trust are relevant in ascertaining the rights, powers, and
duties that Luther granted to Audrey as trustee of the Marital Trust. Those provisions state,
in relevant part:
“Section 4.1 Mandatory Payment of Income. Beginning with my death, the trustee
shall pay all the income to my wife.”
“Section 4.2 Discretionary Payment of Principal. Principal from the Marital Trust
shall not be paid to my wife.”
“Section 4.4 Distribution on Termination. On the death of my wife, the trustee shall
distribute the Marital Trust not required for payment of the Marital Trust death taxes to
the trustee for the benefit of my daughter, subject to the Child’s Separate Trust
withholding provisions ***.”
“[T]he trustee shall have the following powers, to be exercised in a fiduciary
capacity:
***
Section 11.5 Investing. To invest in bonds, common or preferred stocks, notes,
options, common trust funds, mutual funds, shares of any investment company or trust,
or other securities, life insurance, partnership interests, general or limited, limited
liability company interests, joint ventures, real estate, or other property of any kind,
regardless of diversification and regardless of whether the property would be considered
a proper trust investment ***.”
¶ 21 Sections 4.1 and 4.4 indicate that Luther intended for the Marital Trust to provide income
to Audrey during her lifetime and for the remainder of the Marital Trust to go to Tiffany
upon Audrey’s death. Luther’s intent to provide lifetime income to Audrey can also be
discerned from the context of his estate planning scheme embodied in the Living Trust from
which the Marital Trust was created. The Living Trust created not only the Marital Trust, but
two other trusts, the GST Separate Trust and the Family Trust, expressly for Tiffany and to
the exclusion of Audrey. The existence of those two trusts and the fact that the Marital Trust
would only come into existence if Audrey survived Luther makes it clear, as the trial court
found, that Luther “wanted income payments to go to Audrey without any discretionary
payments of the corpus.” Because the Marital Trust permits no invasion of the corpus by
either party, the trial court correctly viewed Tiffany’s right to the corpus upon termination
of the Marital Trust, not as evidence of Luther’s intention that the Marital Property primarily
benefit Tiffany but, rather, “as guidance of where the money should go when the trust ceases
to exist.”
¶ 22 Next, section 11.5, which permits Audrey to invest in any property “regardless of
diversification and regardless of whether the property would be considered a proper trust
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investment,” makes clear that Luther intended for Audrey to generate unlimited income for
herself from virtually any investment. (Emphasis added.) Nothing in the language of the
Living Trust requires Audrey to invest in a manner that would ensure that Tiffany’s
remainder interest, after taking inflation into account, would be worth $2 million at the time
the Marital Trust is terminated, upon Audrey’s death. Therefore, the trial court did not err
in finding that pursuant to the plain language of the Living Trust and Luther’s intent in
creating the Marital Trust, Audrey did not breach her fiduciary duties to Tiffany by investing
solely in municipal bonds.
¶ 23 B. Fiduciary Duties and the Prudent Investor Rule
¶ 24 Tiffany next contends that even if the trial court did not err in interpreting Luther’s intent
in creating the Marital Trust, this court should reverse because Audrey breached her fiduciary
duties of impartiality and prudence as well as the prudent investor rule. First, Tiffany asserts
that Audrey breached her fiduciary duties of impartiality and prudence by knowingly
engaging in an investment strategy that maximizes income while damaging the remainder
of the beneficiary interest. Further, Tiffany argues that a trustee who is granted authority in
a trust document to make investment decisions regardless of diversification is still required
under the prudent investor rule to diversify her investments.
¶ 25 To establish a claim for breach of fiduciary duty, a plaintiff must prove: (1) a fiduciary
duty on the part of the defendant; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) damages; and (4) a proximate
cause between the breach and the damages. Alpha School Bus Co. v. Wagner, 391 Ill. App.
3d 722, 747 (2009). “ ‘[A] trustee owes a fiduciary duty to a trust’s beneficiaries and is
obligated to carry out the trust according to its terms and to act with the highest degree of
fidelity and utmost good faith.’ ” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Fuller Family Holdings,
LLC v. Northern Trust Co., 371 Ill. App. 3d 605, 615 (2007) (quoting In re Estate of
Muppavarapu, 359 Ill. App. 3d 925, 929 (2005), quoting Giagnorio v. Emmett C. Torkelson
Trust, 292 Ill. App. 3d 318, 325 (1997)). A trustee has a duty to deal impartially with all
beneficiaries and to protect their interests. Bangert v. Northern Trust Co., 362 Ill. App. 3d
402, 407 (2005). A trustee also has a duty of loyalty, which flows not from the trust
instrument but from the relationship of trustee and beneficiary, and the essence of this
relationship is that the trustee is charged with equitable duties toward the beneficiary. Fuller
Family Holdings, LLC, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 615.
¶ 26 Tiffany asserts that Audrey had a duty to treat all beneficiaries under the trust impartially,
without any favor toward her own interest. See Northern Trust Co. v. Heuer, 202 Ill. App.
3d 1066, 1070 (1990) (“A trustee has a duty to deal impartially with all beneficiaries and to
protect their interests.”). In this case, Tiffany asserts, the trial court concluded that Audrey’s
income interest was superior to Tiffany’s remainder interest and, therefore, found that
Audrey could invest in any manner she wanted even if it was detrimental to plaintiff’s future
interest. Tiffany contends that this conclusion is not supported by the terms of the Living
Trust, which does not give Audrey’s interest as income beneficiary priority over her
remainder interest, and further, that it is contrary to trust law, which imposes a duty on a
trustee to treat all beneficiaries impartially. We disagree. The trial court made no finding that
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Audrey’s beneficiary interest was superior to Tiffany’s beneficiary interest but instead, as
discussed above, inferred from the language of the Living Trust that Luther intended for
Audrey to generate income during her lifetime in any way she deemed appropriate, regardless
of diversification. The court acknowledged that as a result of Audrey’s current strategy of
investing solely in municipal bonds, inflation may take a toll on the principal, but it found
that the investment strategy Audrey adopted was consistent with Luther’s intent in creating
the Marital Trust. Therefore, we reject Tiffany’s argument that Audrey breached her duty of
impartiality.
¶ 27 Next, Tiffany asserts that the trial court’s order granting summary judgment should be
reversed because the court misapplied the law with respect to Audrey’s fiduciary duty of
prudence and the Illinois prudent investor rule.
¶ 28 The prudent investor rule provides in relevant part that a trustee “has a duty to pursue an
investment strategy that considers both the reasonable production of income and safety of
capital, consistent with the trustee’s duty of impartiality and the purposes of the trust.
Whether investments are underproductive or overproductive of income shall be judged by
the portfolio as a whole and not as to any particular asset.” 760 ILCS 5/5(a)(5) (West 2008).
The rule states that “[n]o specific investment or course of action is, taken alone, prudent or
imprudent” but, rather, “[t]he trustee’s investment decisions and actions are to be judged in
terms of the trustee’s reasonable business judgment regarding the anticipated effect on the
trust portfolio as a whole under the facts and circumstances prevailing at the time of the
decision or action. The prudent investor rule is a test of conduct and not of resulting
performance.” 760 ILCS 5/5(a)(2) (West 2008). The rule lists factors a trustee may take into
consideration in making investment decisions including, “without limitation, the general
economic conditions, the possible effect of inflation, the expected tax consequences of
investment decisions or strategies, the role each investment or course of action plays within
the overall portfolio, the expected total return (including both income yield and appreciation
of capital), and the duty to incur only reasonable and appropriate costs. The trustee may but
need not consider related trusts and the assets of beneficiaries when making investment
decisions.” 760 ILCS 5/5(a)(6) (West 2008).
¶ 29 A trustee is expected to exercise the same degree of care in managing a trust as persons
of prudence and intelligence would exercise in their own affairs. Faville v. Burns, 2011 IL
App (1st) 110335, ¶ 35 (citing Laubner v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 386 Ill. App. 3d
457, 463 (2008). “ ‘The trustee must be mindful of the beneficiaries’ interests, and the trustee
cannot act inconsistently with the beneficiaries’ interests, irrespective of the trustee’s good
or bad faith.’ ” Faville, 2011 IL App (1st) 110335, ¶ 35 (quoting Laubner, 386 Ill. App. 3d
at 464). That said, a court will not interfere with a trustee’s exercise of discretion given to
him by the trust instrument so long as the trustee does not act in a wholly unreasonable and
arbitrary manner. Faville, 2011 IL App (1st) 110335, ¶ 35 (citing Laubner, 386 Ill. App. 3d
at 464).
¶ 30 Tiffany contends that Audrey has violated the prudent investor rule by engaging in an
investment strategy that considers neither the reasonable production of income nor the safety
of capital but, rather, seeks solely to maximize her income while decreasing the value of the
principal. Tiffany rejects Audrey’s argument that her investment strategy resulted in a healthy
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income return given the recent turmoil in the equity market because that return only benefits
Audrey and the prudent investor rule is intended to be “a test of conduct and not of resulting
performance” of the trust. 760 ILCS 5/5(2) (West 2008). Further, Tiffany argues that trust
language excusing diversification does not abrogate the trustee’s duty to act prudently, which
includes a duty to diversify, especially where the trustee is losing principal. Tiffany asserts
that this is an issue of first impression in Illinois but that the weight of authority from other
jurisdictions supports a finding that an investment strategy that includes only municipal
bonds and therefore, does not protect against inflation is a violation of the prudent investor
rule.
¶ 31 For support, Tiffany cites In re Estate of Cooper, 913 P.2d 393, 398-99 (Wash. Ct. App.
1996). In Cooper, the plaintiff, who was the testator’s daughter and a remainder beneficiary
of her mother’s trust, filed an action against her father, who was both the surviving spouse
and income beneficiary, seeking to remove him as the trustee of the trust and for an
accounting. Cooper, 913 P.2d at 396. The trial court found that the father breached his duty
to act as a prudent investor by maintaining an investment policy that maximized income to
the detriment of trust corpus growth. Cooper, 913 P.2d at 397. The appellate court affirmed,
holding as a matter of first impression that an investment strategy that weighed in favor of
income over trust appreciation was a breach of the trustee’s duty to act as a prudent investor.
Cooper, 913 P.2d at 399.
¶ 32 Tiffany also relies on Robertson v. Central Jersey Bank & Trust Co., 47 F.3d 1268 (3d
Cir. 1995). In Robertson, a trust beneficiary brought suit against a trustee for breach of
fiduciary duty in failing to diversify when the trustee kept 95% of trust assets invested in its
own stock. The trustee argued that while the prudent investor rule implies a duty to diversify,
the testator intended to abrogate that law by including a provision in the trust that gave the
trustee broad discretionary power to retain assets in the trust without diversification. The
Third Circuit rejected the trustee’s broad argument and held that the trust clause does not
“completely absolve[ ] [the trustee] from any duty to diversify” or “abrogate [the trustee’s]
general obligation to [act] with prudence.” Robertson, 47 F.3d at 1275. The court then
reversed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the trustee, finding that the
issue of whether the trustee breached its fiduciary duty by retaining its own corporate stock
as 95% of the trust corpus was a fact question. Robertson, 47 F.3d at 1279.
¶ 33 Similarly, in First Alabama Bank of Huntsville, N.A. v. Spragins, 475 So. 2d 512 (Ala.
1985), the Alabama Supreme Court held that the terms of a trust instrument directing the
trustee to make new investments “as it may seem necessary or desirable, regardless of any
lack of diversification, risk, or nonproductivity” did not lessen the duty imposed by the
“prudent person” standard or prevent the fact finder from considering whether the trustee had
breached his fiduciary duty in maintaining a large proportion of the trust’s portfolio in the
form of stock of the trustee bank’s holding company. (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
Spragins, 475 So. 2d at 515-16.
¶ 34 Tiffany asserts that Cooper, Robertson, and Spragins support her argument that Audrey’s
investment elections, which eschewed diversification and favored her income over
appreciation, was a breach of her duty to act as a prudent investor and that a permissive
nondiversification clause in a trust does not insulate a trustee from liability where she knows
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that a failure to diversify will harm the beneficiary. However, all of these cases are
distinguishable from the instant case and therefore do not support Tiffany’s argument.
¶ 35 First, Robertson and First Alabama Bank of Huntsville are inapposite from the instant
case because they involve allegations that the trustee invested a majority of the trust assets
in the trustee’s own stock while Audrey’s investments in municipal bonds were not similarly
self-serving. A case that presents facts similar to those in Robertson and First Alabama Bank
of Huntsville may be grounds for finding that a trustee’s duty of prudence trumps trust
language that excuses diversification; however, those facts are not present here.
¶ 36 Cooper is also distinguishable from the instant case in one key respect. Here, the trust
agreement expressly permitted Audrey to make investment elections “regardless of
diversification” while the trust document in Cooper contained no such provision. The
prudent investor rule provides that the provisions of the rule “may be expanded, restricted,
eliminated, or otherwise altered by express provisions of the trust instrument.” 760 ILCS
5/5(b) (West 2008). Luther expressly gave Audrey authority to invest in any property without
regard to diversification and, as such, altered the requirements of the prudent investor rule.
Contrary to Tiffany’s assertion, this language is not merely “boilerplate” since it is the only
provision in the Living Trust that delineates Audrey’s investment authority. Therefore, we
find that Cooper does not provide support for Tiffany’s argument.
¶ 37 In her role as trustee, Audrey was required to be mindful of Tiffany’s interests as the
remainder beneficiary and was prohibited from acting inconsistently with those interests,
regardless of whether she was acting in good faith or bad faith. Faville, 2011 IL App (1st)
110335, ¶ 35 (citing Laubner, 386 Ill. App. 3d at 464). However, a trustee’s exercise of
discretion will not be interfered with by a court so long as he or she does not act in a wholly
unreasonable and arbitrary manner. Faville, 2011 IL App (1st) 110335, ¶ 35 (citing Laubner,
386 Ill. App. 3d at 464). Here, we find that the trial court did not err in finding that Tiffany
failed to establish a cause of action under the prudent investor rule where there is no
evidence that Audrey’s decision to invest in municipal bonds was arbitrary or unreasonable.
Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on Tiffany’s allegations of
breach of fiduciary duties.
¶ 38 C. Punitive Damages and Unjust Enrichment
¶ 39 Lastly, Tiffany contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment as to her
punitive damages and unjust enrichment claims. Because we find that the trial court did not
err in granting summary judgment in favor of Audrey as to Tiffany’s breach of fiduciary duty
counts, we also affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Audrey as to
the punitive damages and unjust enrichment counts.
¶ 40 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 41 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment in
favor of Audrey as to the four breach of fiduciary duty counts and the punitive damages and
unjust enrichment counts of Tiffany’s complaint.
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¶ 42 Affirmed.
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