Diotallevi v. Diotallevi

Illinois Official Reports
Appellate Court
Diotallevi v. Diotallevi, 2013 IL App (2d) 111297
Appellate Court DONALD DIOTALLEVI, JOSEPHINE DIOTALLEVI, RICHARD
Caption DIOTALLEVI, CAMILLE DIOTALLEVI, and RONALD
DIOTALLEVI, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. DENNIS DIOTALLEVI,
PAMELA DIOTALLEVI, CHICAGO TITLE AND TRUST
COMPANY LAND TRUST 1106876, Dated February 10, 1999, and
CHICAGO TITLE AND TRUST COMPANY LAND TRUST
1106788, Dated November 15, 1998, Defendants-Appellees.
District & No. Second District
Docket No. 2-11-1297
Filed December 23, 2013
Rehearing denied February 7, 2014
Held Plaintiffs’ second amended complaint to recover the money they
(Note: This syllabus provided to their brother and his former wife to acquire land and
constitutes no part of the operate a business was properly dismissed as untimely,
opinion of the court but notwithstanding plaintiffs’ arguments that the statute of limitations
has been prepared by the was either tolled or did not otherwise bar their claims, since the record
Reporter of Decisions showed plaintiffs provided defendants with money without obtaining
for the convenience of any security for the advances, they failed to properly plead any
the reader.) fiduciary duty on defendants’ part to repay the funds, there was no
concealment of the transactions, and plaintiffs did not raise any
argument that they should be allowed to replead their claims.
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Du Page County, No. 10-CH-4552;
Review the Hon. Bonnie M. Wheaton, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Robert G. Black, of Law Offices of Robert G. Black, of Naperville,
Appeal and B.J. Farrell, of Law Offices of B.J. Farrell, P.C., of Woodridge,
and Timothy M. Daw, of Schiller, DuCanto & Fleck LLP, of
Wheaton, for appellants.
Charles J. Corrigan, of Dommermuth, Cobine, West, Gensler,
Philipchuck, Corrigan & Bernhard Ltd., of Naperville, for appellee
Dennis Diotallevi.
Frederick E. Roth, of Roth Law Firm, LLC, of Naperville, and Mary
E. McSwain, of McSwain & Associates, P.C., of Wheaton, for
appellee Pamela Diotallevi.
John A. Lipinsky, of Coman & Anderson, P.C., of Lisle, for other
appellees.
Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court,
with opinion.
Justices McLaren and Hutchinson concurred in the judgment and
opinion.
OPINION
¶1 This is a family dispute in which plaintiffs, Donald Diotallevi, Josephine Diotallevi,
Richard Diotallevi, Camille Diotallevi, and Ronald Diotallevi, allege that defendants, Dennis
Diotallevi and Pamela Diotallevi, failed to repay money received in the forms of loans and
investments. Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint alleging unjust enrichment, seeking a
constructive trust, a resulting trust, and a declaratory judgment, and bringing shareholder
derivative actions based on breach of fiduciary duty and constructive fraud. The trial court
dismissed with prejudice the second amended complaint on the grounds that (1) plaintiffs
failed to allege the existence and breach of a fiduciary duty owed by defendants and (2) even if
defendants breached such a duty, plaintiffs’ claims were untimely because defendants engaged
in no concealment that would extend the five-year statute of limitations for contract actions
(see 735 ILCS 5/13-205 (West 2010)). On appeal, plaintiffs argue that (1) the five-year
limitations period of section 13-205 is not an “absolute bar” to their claims and (2) the second
amended complaint states claims for constructive and resulting trusts, a claim for unjust
enrichment, and shareholders’ derivative claims. We affirm.
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¶2 I. FACTS
¶3 On August 12, 2010, Donald, Richard, Camille, Ronald, and their mother, Josephine, filed
a complaint against the siblings’ brother, Dennis, and his now-former wife, Pamela. Plaintiffs
allege that they gave defendants money in the form of loans and investments so defendants
could purchase certain property to run a business and that, after defendants divorced,
defendants failed to repay the money. On March 17, 2011, plaintiffs electronically filed
(e-filed) an amended complaint, which was involuntarily dismissed. The trial court granted
plaintiffs leave to further amend their claims.
¶4 On August 5, 2011, plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint, which is the subject of
this appeal. Plaintiffs alleged that, in December 1995, by the will of Oldrich Mikulik, Dennis
inherited a right of first refusal to purchase a parcel of land in Morris, commonly referred to as
the Tree Farm. Dennis also inherited a one-half interest in a parcel in Aurora, commonly
known as the Saw Mill. Defendants lacked the funds to buy the Tree Farm or to buy the other
one-half interest in the Saw Mill. According to plaintiffs, starting in 1998, plaintiffs made
payments to Dennis in the form of loans and capital investments to buy the Tree Farm and to
acquire the remaining one-half interest in the Saw Mill. On November 15, 1998, defendants
placed the titles to the Tree Farm and the Saw Mill in two land trusts. Defendants held as joint
tenants the beneficial interest and power of direction of the land trusts, without recognition of
plaintiffs’ payments.
¶5 In March 2000, Dennis allegedly created an entity known as Family Tree Nursery, Inc., to
operate a business on the Tree Farm and the Saw Mill. Thereafter, Dennis received all of the
income and losses. For a year, the parties discussed formalizing an agreement regarding
plaintiffs’ funds used to acquire the Tree Farm and the Saw Mill. Plaintiffs alleged that
defendants signed a document called the “Family Tree Nursery Inc. Operating Agreement” on
March 3, 2001. “To avoid costly legal expenses,” Donald drafted the document, which was
revised several times before defendants signed it.
¶6 In 2008, Donald allegedly made another cash infusion, and around that time he distributed
to the parties a spreadsheet describing plaintiffs’ payments to date. Donald sought to establish
a “reasonable return of equity” and to “protect and return (as a minimum) the Family’s original
investment when the property [sic] are sold in the future.”
¶7 In 2009, Pamela initiated a marriage dissolution proceeding against Dennis. Plaintiffs
alleged that, throughout the proceedings, they expected defendants to acknowledge plaintiffs’
interest in the properties. However, in an April 2010 pretrial memorandum, Pamela asserted
that defendants owned 100% of the legal interest in the Tree Farm and the Saw Mill, without
recognizing plaintiffs’ payments. On July 6, 2010, plaintiffs petitioned to intervene in the
dissolution proceeding, but the petition was denied. On July 29, 2010, the trial court entered
the judgment of dissolution, finding that the purported operating agreement between plaintiffs
and defendants did not encumber the Tree Farm or the Saw Mill for purposes of the marriage
dissolution.
¶8 Plaintiffs began giving defendants money in 1998 but did not file their original complaint
in this action until August 12, 2010. Pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure
(Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2012)), Pamela filed a combined motion under sections
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2-615 and 2-619 to dismiss the second amended complaint. Plaintiffs argued that Pamela’s
pretrial memorandum in the dissolution proceeding was the first indication that defendants
would not “completely honor the operating agreement and all other statements and
investments to date.” Plaintiffs concluded that the five-year statute of limitations did not begin
to run until April 2010 and that therefore their original complaint, filed on August 12, 2010,
was timely.
¶9 The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the second amended complaint,
concluding that plaintiffs’ reliance on defendants to someday provide some indicia of
ownership in the properties was not reasonable where plaintiffs did not adequately allege a
fiduciary duty. The court noted that plaintiffs pleaded only the parties’ familial relationship to
establish a fiduciary duty. The court also stated that, even if there were a fiduciary duty and a
breach of that duty, the claims would turn on the timing of such a breach. As the matters at
issue were of public record, there could be no finding of concealment that would extend the
five-year statute of limitations that applied to the claims. 735 ILCS 5/13-205, 13-215 (West
2010). Plaintiffs e-filed their notice of appeal in the circuit court on December 19, 2011, which
was within 30 days of the final order.
¶ 10 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 11 A. Jurisdiction
¶ 12 After the notice of appeal was e-filed, we issued our decision in VC&M, Ltd. v. Andrews,
2012 IL App (2d) 110523, rev’d, 2013 IL 114445, in which we dismissed that appeal on the
ground that the 18th Judicial Circuit’s local rules barred the e-filing of a notice of appeal.
VC&M, 2012 IL App (2d) 110523, ¶ 24.
¶ 13 On May 1, 2012, after we issued VC&M, plaintiffs filed a motion in this court for leave to
allow the e-filed notice of appeal to stand as effective, or for leave to file a substitute notice of
appeal nunc pro tunc. On May 14, 2012, Dennis filed a response to plaintiffs’ motion, arguing
that our decision in VC&M mandates dismissal of the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. We
ordered the motion taken with the case.
¶ 14 The supreme court reversed our decision in VC&M. VC&M, Ltd. v. Andrews, 2013 IL
114445. Despite concluding that the version of the local rule in effect at the time prohibited
e-filing the notice of appeal, the supreme court determined that the e-filed notice of appeal
gave this court jurisdiction over the appeal. VC&M, 2013 IL 114445, ¶ 33. The court reasoned
that the appellate court is not deprived of jurisdiction when an e-filed notice of appeal is filed
in violation of local rules because (1) the deficiency in the e-filed notice of appeal is one of
form and not of substance and (2) during the e-filing pilot project, the clerk of the court is
required to create and maintain paper copies of all e-filings. VC&M, 2013 IL 114445, ¶ 33.
¶ 15 The e-filed notices of appeal in VC&M and this case were filed under the same version of
the local rules of the 18th Judicial Circuit. Consistent with the supreme court’s decision, we
conclude that plaintiffs’ e-filed notice of appeal, although improperly filed, is sufficient to
confer jurisdiction, particularly because the circuit court was required to maintain a backup
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paper copy in a parallel manual court file. See VC&M, 2013 IL 114445, ¶ 33. Accordingly, we
grant plaintiffs’ motion to allow the e-filed notice of appeal to stand as effective.
¶ 16 B. Res Judicata and Collateral Estoppel
¶ 17 On May 17, 2012, Pamela moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground that our disposition
in defendants’ marriage dissolution action (In re Marriage of Diotallevi, 2011 IL App (2d)
100857-U) already addressed the issues raised in plaintiffs’ second amended complaint and
therefore had preclusive res judicata or collateral estoppel effect on this appeal. See Ill. S. Ct.
R. 361(h) (eff. Dec. 29, 2009). Plaintiffs respond that res judicata and collateral estoppel do
not apply, because they were denied leave to intervene in the dissolution action and thus were
barred from actually litigating the claims and issues raised in this action. We agree with
plaintiffs.
¶ 18 Under the doctrine of res judicata, a final judgment on the merits rendered by a court of
competent jurisdiction bars any subsequent actions between the same parties or their privies on
the same cause of action. Hudson v. City of Chicago, 228 Ill. 2d 462, 467 (2008). Res judicata
bars not only what was actually decided in the first action, but also whatever could have been
decided. Hudson, 228 Ill. 2d at 467. Three requirements must be satisfied for res judicata to
apply: (1) the rendition of a final judgment on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction;
(2) the existence of an identity of cause of action; and (3) the parties or their privies are
identical in both actions. Hudson, 228 Ill. 2d at 467.
¶ 19 Pamela argues that, in Marriage of Diotallevi, we held that any debts related to Dennis’s
businesses should be attributed to Dennis for purposes of distributing the marital estate;
therefore, she asserts, “[t]here is no need for this court to revisit the issue of whether or not
[plaintiffs have] an ‘interest’ in the title to the Saw Mill and Tree Farm properties.” We
disagree.
¶ 20 Plaintiffs correctly respond that, because the trial court denied their petition to intervene in
defendants’ marriage dissolution action, res judicata does not bar plaintiffs’ claims here.
Plaintiffs, having previously been denied intervention to present their claims asserted in this
action, cannot now in fairness be barred on the ground that their claims could have been raised
in the dissolution action. See Inter-Insurance Exchange of the Chicago Motor Club v. Truck
Insurance Exchange, Inc., 88 Ill. App. 3d 733, 736-37 (1980); United Security Insurance Co.
v. Hayman, 80 Ill. App. 3d 309, 311 (1980); see also International Union, United Automobile,
Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFL-CIO, Local 283 v. Scofield,
382 U.S. 205 (1965) (if intervention is denied in a proceeding, the party so denied is not bound
by the decision therein). Hence, res judicata does not apply to bar plaintiffs’ claims in this
action.
¶ 21 While res judicata bars subsequent actions involving identical causes of action, the related
doctrine of collateral estoppel prevents relitigation of issues decided in earlier proceedings.
Dowrick v. Village of Downers Grove, 362 Ill. App. 3d 512, 516 (2005). The requirements for
application of collateral estoppel are: (l) the issue decided in the prior proceeding must be
identical to the one in the current suit; (2) the prior adjudication must have been a final
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judgment on the merits; and (3) the party against whom the estoppel is asserted must have been
a party to, or must be in privity with a party to, the prior adjudication. In re A.W., 231 Ill. 2d 92,
99 (2008).
¶ 22 Collateral estoppel applies only if an identical issue existed in the prior action and only to
the extent that the point or question was actually litigated, not as to matters that might have
been litigated. Nowak v. St. Rita High School, 197 Ill. 2d 381, 390-91 (2001). Moreover, the
decision on the issue must have been necessary for the judgment in the first litigation. Talarico
v. Dunlap, 177 Ill. 2d 185, 191 (1997). Because plaintiffs were denied leave to intervene in the
dissolution proceeding, Pamela cannot establish that any issue decided in that proceeding was
actually litigated by plaintiffs. Therefore, collateral estoppel is not a bar to plaintiffs’ claims in
this action. We deny Pamela’s motion to dismiss the appeal.
¶ 23 C. Involuntary Dismissal
¶ 24 Pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2012)), Pamela filed a
combined motion under sections 2-615 and 2-619 to dismiss the second amended complaint.
The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the second-amended complaint with
prejudice.
¶ 25 Section 2-619.1 of the Code permits a party to file a motion to dismiss that combines a
motion on the pleadings under section 2-615 and a motion for involuntary dismissal under
section 2-619. 735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2012). A motion to dismiss a complaint pursuant to
section 2-615 of the Code challenges the legal sufficiency of a complaint by alleging that it
fails to state a claim on which relief can be granted. Oliveira v. Amoco Oil Co., 201 Ill. 2d 134,
147 (2002). In contrast, a motion to dismiss filed pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code admits
the legal sufficiency of the complaint, but raises a defense that allegedly defeats the complaint.
Patrick Engineering, Inc. v. City of Naperville, 2012 IL 113148, ¶ 31. Defendants cited section
2-619(a)(5) of the Code, which allows involuntary dismissal of an action that was not
commenced within the time limited by law. 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(5) (West 2012). Defendants
argued that plaintiffs’ claims were time-barred because they failed to commence the action
within the five-year limitations period set forth in section 13-205 of the Code.
¶ 26 When we review motions filed pursuant to sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code, we
accept all well-pleaded facts as true as well as all reasonable inferences that arise from them.
Patrick Engineering, 2012 IL 113148, ¶ 31. However, we will disregard all legal and factual
conclusions in the complaint that are not supported by specific factual allegations. Patrick
Engineering, 2012 IL 113148, ¶ 31. We review de novo a circuit court’s decision on a motion
to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 or 2-619 of the Code. Patrick Engineering, 2012 IL
113148, ¶ 31.
¶ 27 Generally, a statute of limitations begins to run as soon as a person suffers injury or, in the
case of contract-based actions, at the time of breach. Hermitage Corp. v. Contractors
Adjustment Co., 166 Ill. 2d 72, 77 (1995). However, the discovery rule delays the
commencement of the applicable statute of limitations until the plaintiff knows or reasonably
should know that he has been injured and that his injury was wrongfully caused. Hermitage,
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166 Ill. 2d at 77. Courts apply the rule on a case-by-case basis, balancing the increase in
difficulty of proof that accompanies the passage of time against the hardship to the plaintiff
who neither knew nor should have known of the existence of his right to sue. Hermitage, 166
Ill. 2d at 78.
¶ 28 Generally, determining the point at which the limitations period starts to run under the
discovery rule is a question of fact. Rasgaitis v. Waterstone Financial Group, Inc., 2013 IL
App (2d) 111112, ¶ 30. However, the question becomes one of law for the court where the
undisputed facts show that only one conclusion can be drawn. Rasgaitis, 2013 IL App (2d)
111112, ¶ 30 (citing Witherell v. Weimer, 85 Ill. 2d 146, 156 (1981)).
¶ 29 Plaintiffs concede that the five-year limitations period set forth in section 13-205 ordinarily
would apply to all of their claims. Section 13-205 provides that “actions on unwritten
contracts, expressed or implied, or on awards of arbitration, or to recover damages for an injury
done to property, real or personal, or to recover the possession of personal property or damages
for the detention or conversion thereof, and all civil actions not otherwise provided for, shall be
commenced within 5 years next after the cause of action accrued.” 735 ILCS 5/13-205 (West
2012).
¶ 30 Plaintiffs contend that section 13-205 is not an “absolute bar” to their claims because (1)
the cause of action did not accrue until Pamela indicated in defendants’ marriage dissolution
proceeding that defendants owned 100% of the Tree Farm and the Saw Mill, and (2) the
limitations period was tolled because defendants fraudulently concealed their intent to retain
plaintiffs’ payments.
¶ 31 Defendants respond that, based on the allegations of the second amended complaint,
plaintiffs’ cause of action is untimely because the claims accrued when plaintiffs began giving
defendants money in 1998 without taking any steps to secure repayment or an interest in the
properties. At that time, Dennis used the money to purchase the Tree Farm and acquire the
one-half interest in the Saw Mill that he did not already own. On November 15, 1998,
defendants placed the title to the Tree Farm and the Saw Mill in two land trusts, holding as
joint tenants the trusts’ beneficial interest and power of direction, without recognition of
plaintiffs’ “loans and investments.” In March 2000, Dennis allegedly created an entity known
as Family Tree Nursery, Inc., to operate a business on the Tree Farm and the Saw Mill.
Thereafter, Dennis received all of the income or losses.
¶ 32 The second amended complaint alleged that, for a year, the parties discussed formalizing
an agreement regarding the funds used to acquire the properties. Plaintiffs alleged that
defendants signed a document called the “Family Tree Nursery Inc. Operating Agreement” on
March 3, 2001. “To avoid costly legal expenses,” Donald drafted the document, which was
revised several times before defendants signed it.
¶ 33 The document contains a hand-written notation of “equity,” “investment,” or “loan
amount” next to each plaintiff’s name, but no financial instrument was created. Plaintiffs
alleged in the second amended complaint that, despite the creation of the operating agreement
regarding the Tree Farm and Saw Mill, “Dennis and Pamela [did not] change the title to these
assets.”
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¶ 34 According to plaintiffs, Pamela’s pretrial memorandum in the dissolution proceeding was
the first indication that defendants would not “completely honor the operating agreement and
all other statements and investments to date.” Plaintiffs conclude that the statute of limitations
did not begin to run until April 2010 and that therefore their original complaint, filed on
August 12, 2010, was timely. We disagree.
¶ 35 Plaintiffs’ claims are based on defendants’ alleged breach of the operating agreement in
that they failed to modify the titles to the Tree Farm and the Saw Mill to reflect plaintiffs’
interest. The trial court astutely pointed out that no stock in the Family Tree Nursery had ever
been issued and that, in 2001, the corporate entity actually dissolved for a time. As alleged in
the second amended complaint, the titles to the properties and the company’s corporate status
were matters of public record, and therefore plaintiffs knew or reasonably should have known
by 2001 that they had been injured and that their injury was wrongfully caused. See Hermitage,
166 Ill. 2d at 77.
¶ 36 In a related argument, plaintiffs argue that, under the doctrine of “fraudulent concealment”
set forth in section 13-215 of the Code, defendants fraudulently concealed the cause of action
by remaining silent and not informing plaintiffs that they eventually would assert a 100%
interest in the Tree Farm and the Saw Mill, and by refusing to recognize plaintiffs’ payments
used to acquire and operate the properties. Section 13-215 provides that “[i]f a person liable to
an action fraudulently conceals the cause of such action from the knowledge of the person
entitled thereto, the action may be commenced at any time within 5 years after the person
entitled to bring the same discovers that he or she has such cause of action, and not
afterwards.” 735 ILCS 5/13-215 (West 2010).
¶ 37 A plaintiff seeking to apply section 13-215 to toll the statute of limitations must show that
the defendant engaged in affirmative acts or representations designed to prevent discovery of
the cause of action or to induce the plaintiff to delay filing his claim. J.S. Riemer, Inc. v. Village
of Orland Hills, 2013 IL App (1st) 120106, ¶ 51. However, Illinois courts have declined to
apply section 13-215 to toll the statute of limitations where the plaintiff discovered the
fraudulent concealment, or should have discovered it through ordinary diligence, and a
reasonable time remained within the limitations period. J.S. Riemer, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st)
120106, ¶ 51. In this case, as has been discussed, plaintiffs knew or should have known within
the limitations period that defendants had taken no binding action in recognition of plaintiffs’
interest in the Tree Farm and the Saw Mill.
¶ 38 Plaintiffs nevertheless argue that the parties’ familial relationship imposed a fiduciary duty
on defendants because the “kinship and trust [that] family members placed upon Dennis and
his then-wife trumps the properties being placed in land trusts.” Between persons sustaining a
fiduciary or other confidential relationship, the person occupying the relation of fiduciary or of
confidence owes a duty to reveal the facts to the other party, and his silence when he ought to
speak, or his failure to disclose what he ought to disclose, is as much a fraud at law as an
affirmative false representation or act. Mere silence on his part as to a cause of action, the facts
giving rise to which it was his duty to disclose, amounts to a fraudulent concealment. Hagney
v. Lopeman, 147 Ill. 2d 458, 463 (1992).
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¶ 39 In advocating the existence of a fiduciary relationship, plaintiffs rely on Frederickson v.
Blumenthal, 271 Ill. App. 3d 738 (1995), where the defendant’s aunt deposited money into a
savings account in 1963 and asked the defendant to hold the money for her under his name.
The defendant did so from 1963 until 1988, when his aunt died. The defendant refused to
release the funds to her estate, and as administrator of the estate the plaintiff sued for a
constructive trust on the funds. Frederickson, 271 Ill. App. 3d at 739-40. The defendant argued
that the suit was untimely, because it was filed more than 25 years after the money was first
deposited in the account. The appellate court applied the discovery rule and affirmed the
imposition of the constructive trust, holding that “neither [the decedent] nor the plaintiff had
any reason to suspect the defendant was acting against their interests until demand was made
and refused ***.” Frederickson, 271 Ill. App. 3d at 742-43.
¶ 40 The relationship between the defendant and his aunt in Frederickson was familial like
plaintiffs’ relationship with defendants in this case, but the similarities end there. In
Frederickson, the statute of limitations was tolled because the defendant followed his aunt’s
directions until she died and he refused to release the funds to her estate. For more than 25
years, he held the money for her under his name, which is precisely what she asked him to do.
The defendant’s conduct in following his aunt’s directive, not the parties’ familial relationship,
was the basis for tolling the statute of limitations. In contrast, defendants in this case
deliberately and openly acted against plaintiffs’ interests as early as 2001, when they signed
the operating agreement but left undisturbed the land trusts, without recognition of plaintiffs’
payments.
¶ 41 We agree with the trial court that plaintiffs’ claims are based on their reliance on
defendants to someday provide some indicia of ownership in the properties, but that plaintiffs’
reliance was not reasonable where they did not adequately allege a fiduciary duty. The facts in
the second amended complaint did not establish that the relationship between the parties was
anything but an arm’s-length contractual relationship. See Teachers Insurance & Annuity
Ass’n of America v. La Salle National Bank, 295 Ill. App. 3d 61, 71 (1998) (normal trust
between contracting parties does not, by itself, turn a formal contractual relationship into a
fiduciary relationship).
¶ 42 In their reply brief, plaintiffs change their argument, asserting that their cause of action was
simply one to recover repayment of a loan. Plaintiffs reiterate their claim that defendants’
marriage dissolution proceeding was when they first learned that defendants did not intend to
repay the loan; and therefore, they assert, the second amended complaint was filed well before
the five-year statute of limitations expired. Our analysis applies regardless of whether
plaintiffs’ payments are characterized as loans or investments.
¶ 43 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 44 The trial court did not err in dismissing the second amended complaint, because the claims
are time-barred. Plaintiffs do not dispute that the five-year statute of limitations applies to all
their claims. The statute of limitations was not tolled where the second amended complaint
failed to adequately plead a fiduciary duty, and there was no concealment where the allegedly
concealed matters were of public record. Finally, plaintiffs do not assert that they should be
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allowed to replead their claims. For the reasons stated, we hold that the trial court did not err in
involuntarily dismissing with prejudice plaintiffs’ second amended complaint.
¶ 45 Affirmed.
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