Adams v. Sarah Bush Lincoln Health Center

NO. 4-06-0284 Filed 1/23/07
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
KATHERINE ADAMS, ) Appeal from
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Coles County,
SARAH BUSH LINCOLN HEALTH CENTER, ) No. 03L55
and KELLIE JONES-MONAHAN, M.D., )
Defendants-Appellants. ) Honorable
) Dale A. Cini,
) Judge Presiding
_________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE MYERSCOUGH delivered the opinion of the court
Plaintiff, Katherine Adams, sued defendants, Dr. Kellie
Jones-Monahan and Sarah Bush Lincoln Health Center, alleging that
Dr. Jones-Monahan was negligent in removing Adams’s gallbladder.
The jury returned a verdict in Adams’s favor and assessed damages
against defendants in the amount of $561,389.90. The trial court
denied defendants’ motion for a new trial. On appeal, defendants
argue that the trial court abused its discretion when it refused
to allow defendants to present certain portions of Dr. Steven
Strasberg’s testimony during cross-examination or in their case
in chief and that the trial court abused its discretion by
allowing plaintiff to question defendants’ expert Dr. Mark
Kadowaki regarding his knowledge of Dr. Strasberg’s views of Dr.
Kadowaki’s preferred surgical technique. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff went to Sarah Bush Lincoln Health Center on
November 15, 2002, for routine laparoscopic gallbladder-removal
surgery, also known as cholecystectomy. The surgery was
performed by Dr. Kellie Jones-Monahan. Prior to the surgery, Dr.
Jones-Monahan warned plaintiff of possible complications that
could result from the surgery, including injury to the common
bile duct. Dr. Jones-Monahan also informed plaintiff of the
possibility that she may have to convert the surgery from a
laparoscopic procedure to open surgery if she encountered any
problems. Plaintiff consented.
During the surgery, Dr. Jones-Monahan noted the
gallbladder was intrahepatic, meaning it was almost completely
encased by the liver. Dr. Jones-Monahan also noticed chronic
scarring in the area of the bile ducts. During the surgery
plaintiff’s gallbladder was removed. However, Dr. Jones-Monahan
also divided plaintiff’s common bile duct, which is not supposed
to be severed during this type of surgery. This created a
serious injury to plaintiff’s remaining biliary system. While
still in the operating room after the surgery, Dr. Jones-Monahan
conducted an X-ray, called a cholangiogram. The cholangiogram
allowed Dr. Jones-Monahan to discover plaintiff had been injured.
Also while still in the operating room, Dr. Jones-Monahan
contacted Dr. Steven Strasberg, who was a surgeon specializing in
hepatobiliary surgery at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis,
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Missouri (Barnes). The injury to plaintiff’s common bile duct
required her to be transported to Barnes via ambulance. At
Barnes, Dr. Strasberg became plaintiff’s treating physician. In
February 2003, Dr. Strasberg performed surgery to repair the
injury to plaintiff’s common bile duct.
At trial, plaintiff presented Dr. Richard Vasquez as an
expert witness. Dr. Vasquez testified that it was his opinion
that Dr. Jones-Monahan did not comport with the standard of care
in performing plaintiff’s cholecystectomy. Dr. Vasquez explained
the relevant anatomy and fundamentals of the surgery to the
court. First, he explained that the liver creates bile and that
the gallbladder acts as a reservoir for bile created by the
liver. Its function is to break down the fats in food. Dr.
Vasquez explained that the bile is carried through the liver by
the right and left hepatic ducts. These two ducts join to form
the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct from the gallbladder
joins the common hepatic duct. Above this junction, the duct is
referred to as the hepatic duct. Below this junction, it is
called the common bile duct. The common bile duct empties bile
into the opening of the small intestine, which is called the
duodenum.
To remove the gallbladder, a doctor must identify and
cut the cystic duct and the cystic artery. Nothing else need be
cut to remove the gallbladder. Doctors may use what is called
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the triangle of Calot to identify the structures properly. The
triangle of Calot is an area bordered by the cystic artery, the
cystic duct, and the common hepatic duct. If the doctor is
uncertain whether she has identified the right structures, she
may perform a cholangiogram, which is an X-ray conducted in the
operating room that uses dye to show the doctor the location of
the ducts. The doctor may also choose to open the patient’s
abdomen and perform open surgery.
Dr. Jones-Monahan did conduct a cholangiogram on
plaintiff but not until after she had divided structures inside
of her. Dr. Vasquez testified that Dr. Jones-Monahan should have
used a cholangiogram prior to cutting any structures. Dr.
Vasquez stated that Dr. Jones-Monahan was not operating within
the triangle of Calot. He stated that failure to dissect within
the triangle of Calot was a deviation from the standard of care.
Dr. Vasquez said that Dr. Jones-Monahan’s notes from the
operation indicate that the cystic duct, which was the intended
duct to dissect, was isolated. However, Dr. Vasquez points out
that her notes never indicate that she had identified that duct
or the cystic artery. Instead, Dr. Vasquez surmises that she was
looking at the common bile duct, which she eventually cut. Dr.
Vasquez said that the cholangiogram, if performed prior to
cutting, would have shown Dr. Jones-Monahan that she was wrong.
He also testified that Dr. Jones-Monahan’s failure to convert the
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surgery into an open procedure violated the standard of care.
Dr. Vasquez stated that variations in anatomy do not
excuse injury. Any variations or abnormalities encountered by
the doctor can be clarified by X-ray or by converting the
procedure into an open surgery rather than laparoscopic. Dr.
Vasquez agreed that telling a patient of the risks inherent in
cholecystectomy surgery does not allow a doctor to injure the
duct.
Dr. Jones-Monahan’s testimony agreed with Dr. Vasquez’s
account of how the injury to plaintiff’s common bile duct
occurred. Dr. Jones-Monahan admitted a misidentification
occurred and that the common bile duct had been mistakenly
dissected. She said that at the conclusion of the procedure it
appeared to her that plaintiff’s hepatic duct had been divided.
Dr. Jones-Monahan said that she would not refer to plaintiff’s
anatomy as abnormal. She said there was inflammation of the
gallbladder, but that is to be expected of a patient who is
having her gallbladder removed.
Dr. Jones-Monahan testified that she believed the
hepatic duct may have been hiding or looped behind the cystic
duct. She then said that it was possible that she put a clip on
both and subsequently divided both structures. She testified
that her theory about the ducts being looped around each other
occurred to her after surgery and that she had no evidence that
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this was, in fact, what happened. She agreed that she still was
unsure of how plaintiff’s injury occurred.
Dr. Jones-Monahan testified that she used the critical-
view technique to identify the structures. This technique
involves finding the cystic duct and cystic artery and isolating
them before cutting. She agreed that the failure to achieve a
critical view of these structures is an indication that the
surgery should be converted to an open procedure. Based on the
fact that the wrong structures were ultimately cut, Dr. Jones-
Monahan stated that she had not obtained a critical view of the
proper structures.
Dr. Jones-Monahan testified that at the time of the
surgery she believed that her dissection of all the tissues to
expose the ducts and arteries was complete and only realized that
she had performed an incomplete dissection after the surgery.
She agreed that an incomplete dissection was a deviation from the
standard of care. Although she thought she divided the cystic
duct, she admitted she instead cut the hepatic duct.
Dr. Strasberg was the treating physician who
subsequently performed surgery on plaintiff to repair her injury.
Plaintiff conducted an evidence deposition of Dr. Strasberg. To
expedite the deposition, defendants and plaintiff agreed to
reserve all objections except those based on form. Plaintiff’s
counsel questioned Dr. Strasberg. Defendants’ counsel cross-
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examined. Plaintiff’s counsel then conducted his redirect,
stating that he was conducting his redirect subject to an
objection he intended to make at trial regarding the scope of
some of defense counsel’s questions on cross-examination.
During the evidence deposition of Dr. Strasberg, which
was taken prior to trial, plaintiff’s attorney indicated he
intended to object to portions of defense counsel’s cross-
examination of Dr. Strasberg. At trial, plaintiff’s attorney
moved to strike portions of defendants’ cross-examination of Dr.
Strasberg for being beyond the scope of his direct examination.
Plaintiff argued that he had not questioned Dr. Strasberg
regarding standard of care and that defendants’ cross-examination
questioned Dr. Strasberg on the applicable standard of care.
Defendants argue that plaintiff’s counsel opened the door to
cross-examination regarding the applicable standard of care
during direct examination. Defendants contend that during direct
examination, plaintiff’s counsel referenced articles that Dr.
Strasberg had written and that these articles discuss the
standard of care.
During direct examination, plaintiff’s attorney asked
Dr. Strasberg whether his articles were authoritative. Dr.
Strasberg said that they were. Defendants argue that this opened
the door for questions about a specific article on cross-
examination. Plaintiff never introduced any articles at trial.
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Defendants’ questions on cross-examination included questions
such as:
"Q. First of all, is it true that in a
lap-coli, a laparoscopic cholecystectomy[,]
there are several accepted ways of
identifying the cystic bile?
* * *
Q. And secondly, regardless of which
method is used to identify the cystic duct,
not one single method has proven to be
infallible; would you agree with that?
* * *
Q. And would you also agree that
because we can’t eliminate the risk of a bile
duct injury, it is standard of care to warn
the patient preoperatively that this is a
potential complication from the laparoscopic
cholecystectomy?
* * *
Q. And some of these various methods of
finding the cystic duct that you just
identified have become more popular with some
surgeons or others, but throughout their 15
years there still has been a recognized
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complication rate?
* * *
Q. Okay. And has the--has the
complication rate for bile duct injuries say
leveled off now that we’ve been more than
five and ten years past the beginning or the
introduction of the procedure here in the
United States?
* * *
Q. *** Nevertheless, it’s still standard
of care for you and for every surgeon to warn
the patient in advance that this very thing
could happen?"
The trial court granted plaintiff’s motion to strike
portions of defendants' cross-examination of Dr. Strasberg on the
ground that the challenged questions on cross-examination
impermissibly went into the issue of standard of care.
Defendants then moved to have Dr. Strasberg’s cross-examination
entered as part of defendants' case in chief. Plaintiff objected
because of the use of leading questions, and the court denied
defendants’ motion.
Plaintiff presented the trial court with a videotape of
Dr. Strasberg’s evidence deposition. Dr. Strasberg said that in
the past 15 years, he had repaired about 120 injuries to the
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bile-duct system created after another doctor attempted a
laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Dr. Strasberg said that the
primary purpose of plaintiff’s first admission to Barnes was to
"stabilize her for later reconstruction of the biliary injury,
diagnosis, and stabilization." Dr. Strasberg said that after a
biliary injury occurs, it sometimes progresses postoperatively
because the blood vessels supplying the bile ducts may also be
injured. He categorized the type of injury that plaintiff
sustained as an E4 injury in which the left and right bile ducts
were separated from each other. He said that there was no common
bile duct left after surgery either because of scarring or
because it had been completely removed during surgery. Dr.
Strasberg testified that he had to reconnect the remaining bile
duct with the intestine. The name of the procedure was an
anterior hepaticojejunostomy. The procedure included a "Roux-en-
Y," which was a way of preparing a piece of intestine to be
reconnected to a new structure, and was not specifically related
to this specific type of biliary surgery.
Dr. Strasberg said he first identified where the bile
duct was injured and then joined the piece of intestine he had
performed the Roux-en-Y on to the two ducts. The part of the
bile duct that is connected to the intestine replaces the bile
duct that had been removed or injured.
Dr. Strasberg said after the reconstruction surgery in
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February 2003, he continued to follow plaintiff’s progress. He
said that during the first six months after surgery it is
important to make sure that the incisions heal well, that the
patient is maintaining nutritional status, and that the patient
is returning to normal activity. Another reason he continued to
monitor plaintiff was to observe whether the repair was working
well and that her liver was functioning appropriately. He said
that plaintiff’s liver function is a long-term interest that will
likely be followed for about five years.
Dr. Strasberg said that his records indicated plaintiff
was feeling well until February 2005. After a magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), Dr. Strasberg said the radiologist who conducted
the test was concerned about a stenosis, which meant a narrowing
at the place where Dr. Strasberg had attached the right bile duct
to the intestine. Dr. Strasberg decided to monitor plaintiff
because she appeared asymptomatic. However, in March 2005,
plaintiff’s alkaline phosphatase level had risen to a point that
concerned Dr. Strasberg. He decided to check on her levels again
in six months. That six-month period was about to conclude at
the time of Dr. Strasberg’s deposition. Dr. Strasberg testified
that it is his practice to monitor patients for up to five years,
although some doctors may choose to monitor patients the rest of
their lives and others choose not to monitor a patient’s liver
function at all unless the patient appears symptomatic.
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Dr. Strasberg said the standard of care does not
require doctors to monitor patients the rest of their lives.
However, Dr. Strasberg said that although rare, there have been
occurrences of patients needing repairs of their bile duct
reconstruction 30 years after the initial surgery. Patients
remain at a risk of restenosis the rest of their lives.
"Restenosis" is the term for a narrowing of the area that
connects the bile duct to the intestine after reconstructive
surgery. Dr. Strasberg, however, stated that the highest rates
of stenoses, however, occur two to five years after surgery.
Defendants’ expert, Dr. Mark Kadowaki, began his
testimony by showing a videotape of himself performing portions
of a cholecystectomy. Dr. Kadowaki explained that four
techniques were used to perform a gallbladder removal and that
Dr. Jones-Monahan had not used the critical-view technique.
During cross-examination, plaintiff’s attorney reminded him that
Dr. Jones-Monahan testified earlier in the trial that she had
used the critical-view technique during plaintiff’s surgery. Dr.
Kadowaki responded that more than one technique could be employed
during a single surgery.
Dr. Kadowaki stated that it was his opinion that Dr.
Jones-Monahan met the standard of care in performing plaintiff’s
surgery. Dr. Kadowaki stated that an adequate dissection is
included in the applicable standard of care for a
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cholecystectomy. Dr. Kadowaki said that there was no conclusive
identification of the structures in this case. During
plaintiff’s cross-examination of Dr. Kadowaki, the following
exchange occurred:
"Q. Would you agree that Dr. Monahan
did not do an adequate dissection in this
case?
A. No.
Q. Because, she says she didn’t do an
adequate dissection as she reflects upon it
now. So, you disagree with her?
A. Yes.
* * *
Q. Does the standard of care require an
adequate dissection?
A. Yes, at the time of surgery. In
retrospect, you can look at things
differently.
* * *
Q. In fact, in this case, the critical
view wasn’t obtained because the wrong
structures were clipped and divided, is that
true?
A. I don’t think I would go from one to
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the other. The wrong structures were
clipped. There was a misidentification. At
the time, the dissection was deemed to be
adequate. In retrospect, it is deemed not to
be. This is true."
Dr. Kadowaki said that the standard of care requires
the doctor to use a technique for gallbladder removal with which
she is comfortable. He testified that no technique is guaranteed
to completely avoid injuries to the common bile duct. He said
that the complication rate for this surgery consists of injuries
that occur absent negligence.
The jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff in
the amount of $561,389.90. The jury awarded plaintiff $95,570.90
for necessary medical care, treatment, and services; $3,819 in
lost earnings; $250,000 for pain and suffering; and $212,000 for
loss of normal future life experience. Defendants filed a
posttrial motion requesting a new trial. Defendants again argued
that their cross-examination of Dr. Strasberg was proper and
should have been allowed either as cross-examination or in
defendants’ case in chief and that plaintiff’s cross-examination
of defendants’ expert, Dr. Kadowaki, was improper. The trial
court denied defendants’ posttrial motion. This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. The Trial Court’s Refusal To Allow Defendant’s Cross-
Examination of Dr. Strasberg Was Not an Abuse of Discretion
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Defendants first argue that the trial court erred when
it barred portions of defendants' cross-examination of Dr.
Strasberg. Before reaching the merits of defendants' argument,
this court notes that the record is incomplete. The testimony
was presented in court via videotape. It was not reported. A
copy of that videotape is not contained within the record on
appeal even though the trial court stated the following before
issuing its ruling on the posttrial motion:
"Let me first note counsel that the file
contains a copy of the transcript of Dr.
Strasburg’s [sic] [e]vidence [d]eposition,
but it is not the edited transcript. If
you’ll recall a [sic] trial I had what I
might call a work copy, and I was making
notes on it in connection with objections
that were made, and rulings, and portions of
the doctor’s testimony that were stricken. I
believe the file also has a disk of the
testimony, but I am not entirely certain
about that. So if this case goes up on
appeal you might recall for the Appellate
Court that [p]laintiff’s [e]xhibit [No.] 15
'A' is an unedited portion of the transcript
of Dr. Strasburg’s [sic] [e]vidence
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[d]eposition."
The unedited transcript is in the record. The record
also contains defendants’ DVD (digital video disc) of the
portions of Dr. Strasberg’s cross-examination that were stricken
by the trial court, but this court does not have computers
capable of reading DVDs. No edited transcript or DVD of the
testimony from Dr. Strasberg’s evidence deposition that was
actually played for the jury is contained in the record on
appeal. Furthermore, defendants’ brief did not direct this court
to plaintiff’s exhibit No. 15 "A".
An incomplete record is a violation of the supreme
court rules. Supreme Court Rule 323(a) requires that the record
on appeal "shall include all the evidence pertinent to the issues
on appeal." 134 Ill. 2d R. 323(a). It is the appellants’ duty
to supply a complete record to the reviewing court. Kim v.
Evanston Hospital, 240 Ill. App. 3d 881, 888, 608 N.E.2d 371, 375
(1992). The record should allow the reviewing court to be fully
informed of the pertinent issues. Kim, 240 Ill. App. 3d at 888,
608 N.E.2d at 375. Absent a sufficient record, the reviewing
court presumes that the trial court conformed to the law and that
its rulings were supported by the evidence. Kim, 240 Ill. App.
3d at 888, 608 N.E.2d at 375.
Although noncompliance with Rule 323(a) is grounds for
summary affirmance of the trial court, having pieced together Dr.
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Strasberg’s testimony from the line references in the transcript,
we will address the merits. Since the record contains a
reference to the lines of the transcript of Dr. Strasberg’s
deposition that were stricken, we can discern Dr. Strasberg’s
digitally recorded testimony from the record.
Defendants also present this court with an extensive
analysis of a recent Third District Appellate Court Rule 23
order, Andris v. Clemson, No. 3-05-0396 (June 5, 2006)
(unpublished order under supreme Court Rule 23), which they argue
is factually analogous to the present case and should be followed
by this court. Defendants also attach this order to their brief.
Rule 23(e) states that an unpublished order is not precedential
and may not be cited by any party except to support contentions
of double jeopardy, res judicata, collateral estoppel, or law of
the case. Defendant is not using Andris for any of these
purposes. Andris is not controlling.
When a party challenges a trial court’s evidentiary
ruling, the standard of review is abuse of discretion. Leonardi
v. Loyola University of Chicago, 168 Ill. 2d 83, 92, 658 N.E.2d
450, 454-55 (1995). Clearly, the scope and extent of
cross-examination and recross-examination are within the
discretion of the court. People v. Kirchner 194 Ill. 2d 502,
536, 743 N.E.2d 94, 112 (2000); Johns-Manville Products Corp. v.
Industrial Comm'n, 78 Ill. 2d 171, 181, 399 N.E.2d 606, 611
- 17 -
(1979). "[C]ross-examination should be kept within fair and
reasonable limits, and it is only in a case of clear abuse of
such discretion, resulting in manifest prejudice to the
defendant, that a reviewing court will interfere." People v.
Halteman, 10 Ill. 2d 74, 86, 139 N.E.2d 286, 294 (1956).
Plaintiff offered Dr. Strasberg’s evidence deposition
as the testimony of a treating physician in this case, not
plaintiff’s expert. Dr. Vasquez testified as plaintiff’s expert
in the case. Dr. Strasberg’s direct testimony during his
videotaped evidentiary deposition was limited to the
reconstructive surgery he performed on plaintiff. Dr. Strasberg
stated that he had written several articles and chapters on
laparoscopic bile duct injuries. Plaintiff asked, "As an
example, there’s an article you authored, 'Laparoscopic Bile Duct
Injuries,' which is it the--which journal did that appear in?"
Dr. Strasberg replied:
"Well, you would have to show me the
particular article, because I’ve authored a
number of them. This looks like it’s a
chapter as a--in a book, and I’m not sure
what chapter it is to tell you the truth,
because I’ve written a lot of chapters. I’m
not sure when this particular one was done
just from looking at it because it’s--it’s--
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there’s nothing on here that indicates which
chapter this is. But it is something that I
wrote. It doesn’t say the date or the place
where it was published. I’ve probably
written 30 articles and chapters on this
subject, so I can’t identify a particular
chapter without a little more information."
Plaintiff then asked, "And would you consider your
articles to be authoritative on the subject of laparoscopic bile-
duct injuries?" Dr. Strasberg replied, "yes." The only other
time this article or chapter came up was when Dr. Strasberg
requested that he be able to point out the injuries plaintiff
sustained using a diagram in the chapter rather than the one the
attorney had provided.
The trial court sustained plaintiff’s objection to
defendants' cross-examination of Dr. Strasberg regarding the
issue of standard of care because it was beyond the scope of
plaintiff’s direct examination of the witness. Defendants'
cross-examination begins by questioning Dr. Strasberg about
different methods of performing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy,
which is a subject he had not testified to during direct
examination. Defendants’ questioning began by asking Dr.
Strasberg, "[I]s it true that in a lap-coli, a laparoscopic
cholecystectomy[,] there are several accepted ways of identifying
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the cystic bile?" Defendants also asked Dr. Strasberg, "And
would you also agree that because we can’t eliminate the risk of
a bile-duct injury, it is standard of care to warn the patient
preoperatively that this is a potential complication from the
laparoscopic cholecystectomy?" Defendants’ cross-examination
continued to question Dr. Strasberg about these different methods
as well as his personal experience performing laparoscopic
cholecystectomies.
Defendants argued that plaintiff’s reference to
articles Dr. Strasberg had written opened the door to the issue
of standard of care because these articles addressed that issue.
However, the articles were never introduced into evidence.
In ruling on defendants' posttrial motion for a new
trial, the trial court held:
"It’s probably an oversimplification to say
that there’s a heart of any medical
malpractice case, but with that in mind, I am
certainly of the opinion that the heart of
any medical malpractice case almost, without
exception, is the testimony of expert
witnesses with regard to standard of care and
claimed breaches thereof.
In my review of Dr. Strasburg’s [sic]
deposition and in particular his direct
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examination, I noted the following:
Plaintiff’s attorney asked no questions about
standard of care in regard to laparoscopic
cholecystectomies. He asks no questions
about acceptable ways of identifying the
cystic duct during surgery. He asks no
questions about risks attendant to
laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures. He
asked no questions about the appropriate pre-
operative warnings to be given a patient. He
asked no questions about the critical-view
method of identifying the cystic duct during
surgery. He asked no questions about the
infundibular approach. He asked no questions
about the use of intra-operative
colanalgiagrams [sic]. He asks no questions
about tracing the cystic duct to form the
common bile duct and identifying all three by
dissection. And he asks no questions about
complication rates.
From my review of the direct
examination[,] it is abundantly and
overwhelmingly clear that the plaintiff’s
attorney steered clear, and well clear, of
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making any inquiries about standard of care
or the breach thereof, and the many subjects
which I have previously noted. Given this
method of direct examination of the expert
witness who repaired the injury suffered by
the plaintiff, I remain convinced that the
cross-examination conducted by [defendants'
attorney] which was stricken by the [c]ourt
was clearly outside the scope of direct and
was clearly not permissible by reason of a
contention that the plaintiff[] somehow
opened the door to all of these inquiries by
asking about whether certain articles or a
certain article was authoritative.
I want to be clear in my remarks. I
think [defendants' attorney] suggested that
the questions posed by the plaintiff’s
attorney on the subject of 'the articles
opened the door a wee bit or a tiny bit' and
I don’t think so. I don’t think it was
opened even a crack."
"A trial court abuses its discretion only if it 'act[s]
arbitrarily without the employment of conscientious judgment,
exceed[s] the bounds of reason and ignore[s] recognized
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principles of law [citation][,] or if no reasonable person would
take the position adopted by the court.'" Schmitz v. Binette,
368 Ill. App. 3d 447, 452, 857 N.E.2d 846, 851 (2006), quoting
Popko v. Continental Casualty Co., 355 Ill. App. 3d. 257, 266,
823 N.E.2d 184, 192 (2005). The trial court’s analysis of this
issue is a thorough, articulated, detailed, and well-reasoned
ruling that is firmly rooted in the prevailing law. Clearly the
court's well-reasoned explanation of its ruling is not arbitrary.
Furthermore, the trial court’s decision that defendants’ cross-
examination went beyond the scope of plaintiff’s direct
examination is correct and does not constitute an abuse of
discretion.
B. Dr. Strasberg's Cross-Examination Was Permissibly Barred From
Being Introduced as Direct Examination in
Defendants' Case in Chief
Defendants argue that even if their cross-examination
of Dr. Strasberg was impermissible as cross-examination, they
should have been able to use Dr. Strasberg’s cross-examination
testimony in their own case in chief. Addressing this issue in
defendants' posttrial motion, the trial court held:
"My understanding of the appropriate
procedure under such circumstances is simply
this. For the plaintiff’s attorney in my
judgment so clearly and evidently steers
clear of asking questions on the surgical
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procedures, the standard of care, and any
claim reached or the standard of care, he
[sic] defense attorney has to know that under
our procedures, he or she is not going to be
able to make inquiry about--into those
subjects on cross.
That he or she then has the option[]
under our applicable rules to proceed
pursuant to the notice that was given
regarding the scheduling of the evidence
deposition to take the doctors [sic]
deposition for the defendants [sic] use
during their case-in-chief. This does not
appear to involve any particular additional
expenditure of time. I note that Rule 206(b)
provides 'that when a notice of the taking of
a deposition has been served, any party may
take a deposition under the notice, etc.’ In
plain English, I think it was abundantly
clear that the plaintiff’s attorney was not
going to touch on certain subjects during the
direct examination of the doctor in which
case the defendant’s [sic] attorney could
proceed to take the deposition of the doctor
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at the same time and place and correct--and
proceed to conduct a direct examination of
the doctor with regard to the various
subjects which were, in my opinion, outside
the scope of the cross-examination.
I have also noted Rule 206(c)(2) which
says, 'the examination and cross shall be the
same as though the deponent was testifying at
trial.’ I can only tell you in this regard
if Dr. Strasburg had been testifying at
trial, I would have made the same rulings. I
would have barred the cross-examination and I
think the defendants would have had the same
option to take the direct examination of the
doctor on subjects which were not covered
during the plaintiff’s direct."
Supreme Court Rule 212(c) states that when a party
admits only a part of a deposition into evidence, the other party
may then use any other part of that deposition "which ought in
fairness to be considered in connection with the part read or
used." 210 Ill. 2d R. 212(c). "An evidence deposition is not
the 'property’ of the party who takes it, and any portion of an
evidence deposition may be offered by either side." Prince v.
Hutchinson, 49 Ill. App. 3d 990, 995, 365 N.E.2d 549, 552 (1977)
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(finding that the portion of the deposition not admitted was
permissibly excluded by the trial court on the grounds that it
was an impermissibly hypothetical question posed to the witness),
citing Dobkowski v. Lowe's, Inc., 20 Ill. App. 3d 275, 314 N.E.2d
623 (1974).
The trial court’s ruling that defendants’ cross-
examination was "clearly" beyond the scope of plaintiff’s direct
examination serves to inform this court that Dr. Strasberg’s
cross-examination, which defendants sought to admit, was based on
the trial court’s assessment of fairness to the parties.
Cross-examination during an evidentiary deposition must be
conducted the same as though the deponent were testifying at
trial. Dobkowski, 20 Ill. App. 3d 275, 314 N.E.2d 623. In
Dobkowski, the court stated:
"We believe that a party receives an unfair
advantage if he introduces an evidence
deposition in which he had the right to
cross-examine the deponent while the other
party was restricted to direct examination.
A party who takes an evidence deposition,
therefore, should have the opportunity to use
the deposition in his case." Dobkowski, 20
Ill. App. 3d at 279, 314 N.E.2d at 626-27.
Rule 212(c) does not state that when one party admits
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part of a deposition the other party automatically gets to admit
any other part of the deposition it chooses regardless of
content. Rather, the rule states that the other party is
entitled to admit parts of the deposition that should be
considered "in connection with the part read or used." 210 Ill.
2d R. 212(c). In this case, the trial court found that the
cross-examination testimony was barred because it was beyond the
scope of plaintiff’s direct. It is inherent in the court’s
ruling that the part defendants sought to admit was not
"connected" to the part of the deposition that was admitted.
Therefore, refusing to allow defendants' cross-examination of Dr.
Strasberg to be admitted separately as direct examination is not
a violation of Rule 212(c).
Defendants argue that the form of the questions should
not preclude using the cross-examination of Dr. Strasberg in
their case in chief. Defendants contend that they did not need
to establish Dr. Strasberg as a defense witness by asking his
name, background, training, and experience at the close of
plaintiff’s examination. However, defendants chose to cross-
examine Dr. Strasberg instead of conducting their own direct
examination. The trial court’s decision not to allow defendants’
cross-examination to be entered into evidence as direct testimony
in their case in chief does not, as defendants contend, emphasize
form over substance. The questions defendants posed to Dr.
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Strasberg were leading questions consistent with the form of
questions allowed on cross-examination. These types of questions
are not allowed on direct examination.
Since the trial court’s decision to grant plaintiff’s
objection to defendants' cross-examination of Dr. Strasberg was
proper, this court does not need to address the issue of whether
defendants were prejudiced by the trial court’s ruling.
Defendants apparently chose not to depose Dr. Strasberg directly.
Defendants should not be allowed to present evidence that is
otherwise inadmissible because they elected not to depose a
witness. The trial court’s ruling to prohibit Dr. Strasberg’s
cross-examination testimony to be used as evidence in defendants’
case in chief avoids an unfair result.
C. Plaintiff’s Questions to Dr. Kadowaki Regarding
Standard of Care Were Permissible
Defendants argue that plaintiff’s cross-examination of
Dr. Kadowaki was improper. The trial court’s decision to allow
plaintiff to question Dr. Kadowaki over defendants' objection is
reviewed by this court for abuse of discretion. Leonardi, 168
Ill. 2d at 92, 658 N.E.2d at 454.
Defendants first objected to plaintiff’s question,
"Okay. And so, Dr. Strasberg and Dr. Soper [(Dr. Strasberg's
former partner)] described, advocated, and wanted everybody to
use the critical view of safety technique, correct?" The trial
court overruled defendants' objection and allowed Dr. Kadowaki to
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answer plaintiff’s question. A few questions later, plaintiff
asked Dr. Kadowaki, "And they advise others to abandon your
technique, is that wrong?"
Defendants argue that plaintiff’s questions regarding
Dr. Kadowaki’s personal preferences were in violation of point VI
of defendants' motion in limine, which the trial court had
granted prior to trial. During the pretrial hearing on
defendants' motion in limine, plaintiff objected to the motion,
stating that it was plaintiff’s position that inquiries into
defendants' expert’s personal practices were allowed for the
purpose of credibility during cross-examination and to test the
expert’s opinion. Defense counsel responded:
"My concern was, more less [sic], with direct
examination, especially of Dr. Vasquez *** I
don’t really have a quarrel with the Gallina
[ v. Watson, 354 Ill. App. 3d 515, 821 N.E.2d
326 (2004)] case that is cited *** [i]t is
well-reasoned law ***. Gallina says that, on
cross-examination, if a witness has said
standard of care allows a certain procedure
to be done a certain way, then the witness
can be questioned, 'Well, don’t you yourself
prefer a different way.’ I don’t have a
problem with that. But, that is something on
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cross[-]examination [sic] as it relates only
to credibility."
The trial court granted defendants’ motion in limine
stating, "In granting this, I am certainly not precluding cross-
examination as suggested in colloquy here that was designed to
impeach a witness, but I am granting the motion to preclude a
witness on direct from saying, this is how I do it."
In this case, the testimony of Dr. Kadowaki on direct
seemingly violates defendants' own motion in limine. Dr.
Kadowaki not only testified as to his personal practices and
preference but, over plaintiff’s objection, defendants presented
a DVD of Dr. Kadowaki performing a cholecystectomy. During the
video, defendants would pause the DVD, and Dr. Kadowaki would
explain to the court what structures were being viewed and what
actions he was taking as part of the surgery. Defendants contend
that the DVD’s purpose was purely to inform the jury of the
actual view the doctor has of the structures while she performs
the surgery.
Additionally, Dr. Kadowaki specifically cited Dr.
Strasberg’s approval of the "critical[-]view" technique to
perform cholecystectomies. The trial court found that during his
direct examination Dr. Kadowaki testified to the following:
"1. The technique he uses to identify the
cystic duct;
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2. What active surgeons do and don’t do;
3. What he doesn’t do anymore;
4. That he doesn’t do what another surgeon
recommends;
5. The techniques he used in the film
presentation of his surgical procedure;
6. What his practice is;
7. What practice he employs to identify the
cystic duct;
8. That a certain procedure to identify the
cystic duct is not described in any textbook
or paper, and is, therefore, in his opinion,
unnecessary;
9. An accepted technique to identify the
cystic duct, known as 'the critical view,'
has been talked about by Dr. Strasberg;
10. His practice is to warn patients of
possible injuries to structures near the
gallbladder;
11. In his personal experience, pancreatic
tissue has been removed with the gallbladder
and reported by the pathologist."
The trial court ruled:
"The foregoing testimony offered by the
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defendants during the direct examination of
their expert clearly conveyed to the jury the
personal practices of that expert, his
disinclination or refusal to do what another
surgeon recommends or what no paper or
textbook discusses, an accepted technique
discussed by another surgeon and writer (Dr.
Strasberg), his practice regarding warnings
to his patients, his experience regarding
warnings to his patients, his experience
regarding the removal of pancreatic tissue in
connection with his own surgeries, and more.
*** Given this presentation, the [p]laintiff
was entitled to fully explore what other
practices or procedures, discussed or written
about, the expert does or does not follow.
*** The court is of the opinion that this
cross[-]examination was fair, given the
presentation on direct, even without
consideration of Gallina. With consideration
of Gallina, it was a fair approach to test
the 'credibility and persuasive value’ of the
expert’s opinions."
Defendants' motion in limine prohibited plaintiff from
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establishing a prima facie case of negligence based on the
testimony of what another physician would have done differently.
However, an expert’s testimony on personal preference, such as
Dr. Kadowaki’s, is not per se inadmissible. Gallina, 354 Ill.
App. 3d at 521, 821 N.E.2d at 331. Testimony regarding personal
preference is admissible if it addresses issues of the witness’s
credibility and the persuasiveness of the expert’s testimony.
Gallina, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 521, 821 N.E.2d at 331. By
referencing Dr. Strasberg’s approval of Dr. Kadowaki’s own
preferred technique during his direct examination, defendants
opened the door to questions regarding Dr. Kadowaki’s knowledge
of Dr. Strasberg’s views on cholecystectomy techniques.
Therefore, the trial court’s ruling on defendants’ objection to
plaintiff’s questions during cross-examination was correct.
D. The Record Does Not Support Defendant’s Claim That Articles or
Treatises Were Presented to the Court as Substantive Evidence
Dr. Kadowaki referred to Dr. Strasberg’s critical-view
technique on direct examination when he said that Dr. Strasberg
has been associated with the critical-view technique. During
cross-examination of Dr. Kadowaki, plaintiff asked him questions
regarding Dr. Strasberg’s critical-view technique, which Dr.
Strasberg had not testified about. Defendants argue that
plaintiff’s cross-examination impermissibly allowed a publication
authored by Dr. Strasberg to be used as a substitute for direct
testimony.
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While defendants did raise this issue in their
posttrial motion, no objection related to this issue was made at
the time of trial. To preserve an issue for appeal, the party
must both make an objection at the time of trial and in a
posttrial motion. Kim, 240 Ill. App. 3d at 892, 608 N.E.2d at
378. In this case, the record does not support defendants’
contention that plaintiff’s attorney was waving the article
around during Dr. Kadowaki’s cross-examination. Defendants claim
that the trial court and jury were fully aware of the article to
which plaintiff was referring when he asked about Dr. Strasberg’s
opinions. However, nothing in the record reflects plaintiff’s
alleged use of the article in the courtroom, and defendants make
no specific reference to any portion of the record that supports
their contention. Furthermore, nothing in the transcripts
suggest to this court that any text of an article was read and/or
admitted into evidence.
Regardless, an expert may be cross-examined with
literature that he relied on if that literature is used to
impeach that witness. The supreme court adopted Federal Rule of
Evidence 703 in Wilson v. Clark, 84 Ill. 2d 186, 196, 417 N.E.2d
1322, 1327 (1981). People v. Munoz, 348 Ill. App. 3d 423, 443,
810 N.E.2d 65, 80 (2004) (noting that in 1981 when the supreme
court adopted Rule 703, it read, "'The facts or data in the
particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or
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inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert
at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by
experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences
upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in
evidence'"), quoting Fed. R. Evid. 703. Facts that are relied
upon by the expert in his case in chief are permissible grounds
for cross-examination. Rios v. City of Chicago, 331 Ill. App. 3d
763, 773, 771 N.E.2d 1030, 1038 (2002). Dr. Kadowaki’s reliance
on Dr. Strasberg’s approval of the critical-view method in his
direct opened the door for plaintiff’s questions regarding
methods condoned and condemned by Dr. Strasberg. Interestingly
enough, when plaintiff asked Dr. Kadowaki whether Dr. Strasberg
disapproved of Dr. Kadowaki’s preferred technique, which was the
infundibular method, Dr. Kadowaki answered "no."
Plaintiff’s questions concerning Dr. Strasberg’s method
were not being offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted,
and were not inadmissible hearsay. People v. Pasch, 152 Ill. 2d
133, 176, 604 N.E.2d 294, 311 (1992), cert. granted, 508 U.S.
959, 124 L. Ed. 2d 678, 113 S. Ct. 2927 (1993), order vacated by
510 U.S. 910, 126 L. Ed. 2d 245, 114 S. Ct. 337 (1993) (stating
that petitioner died in Pontiac, Illinois).
In this case Dr. Kadowaki relied on Dr. Strasberg’s
opinion explicitly in his direct examination. The supreme court
in Pasch held, "Clearly, if an expert admits relying upon a
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report, that party may be impeached with the contents of that
report." Pasch, 152 Ill. 2d at 178, 604 N.E.2d at 312. However,
no specific article of Dr. Strasberg’s was referenced by Dr.
Kadowaki when he testified about Dr. Strasberg’s opinion during
direct examination. Similarly, plaintiff’s cross-examination
only involved general references to Dr. Strasberg’s techniques.
Therefore, no error occurred regarding an alleged article being
used on cross-examination of Dr. Kadowaki when no specific
article is referenced in the record or in the parties’ argument
on appeal.
III. CONCLUSION
Therefore, based on the foregoing reasons, we find that
the trial court’s evidentiary rulings in this case did not
constitute an abuse of the trial court’s discretion, and we
affirm.
Affirmed.
APPLETON and McCULLOUGH, JJ., concur.
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