People v. Bryson

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Appellate Court Date: 2019.01.15
17:47:13 -06'00'
People v. Bryson, 2018 IL App (4th) 170771
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption TISHA BRYSON, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. Fourth District
Docket No. 4-17-0771
Filed September 11, 2018
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Douglas County, No. 15-CF-115; the
Review Hon. Richard L. Broch Jr., Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Brian Pflaum, of Equip for Equality, of Chicago, and Susan O’Neal, of
Appeal Equip for Equality, Inc., of Springfield, for appellant.
Katherine D. Watson, State’s Attorney, of Tuscola (Patrick Delfino,
David J. Robinson, and James C. Majors, of State’s Attorneys
Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE DeARMOND delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Justices Knecht and Cavanagh concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 In November 2015, defendant, Tisha Bryson, was arrested and charged with attempted
aggravated kidnapping. In January 2016, in a stipulated bench trial, defendant was found not
guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and remanded to the custody of the Department of Human
Services (DHS). In May 2017, defendant petitioned the trial court for a conditional release, and
the court denied the petition.
¶2 On appeal, defendant argues (1) the trial court’s denial of her petition for conditional
release was against the manifest weight of the evidence and (2) the court erred in applying a
different and stricter standard in its review of her petition for conditional release. We affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 A. Defendant’s Hospitalization
¶5 In November 2015, defendant confronted a woman with a small child, informed the
woman “witches” had taken her baby, and inquired whether the woman was a witch. Later that
day, defendant entered, uninvited, the residence of people she did not know, picked up their
two-year-old child, and attempted to leave, claiming the child was hers. When later arrested by
the police, she contended the police car was hers and believed she possessed “angel wings.” As
a result of the incident, she was charged with attempted aggravated kidnapping (720 ILCS
5/8-4(a), 10-2(a)(2) (West 2014)).
¶6 By the time she was charged in this case, defendant had been psychiatrically hospitalized
approximately 30 times in an 11-year period, and she was released from the hospital only three
days before this incident. Upon her release, she met up with a friend and consumed both
“ecstasy” and alcohol, choosing not to take the medications, which had only recently stabilized
her behavior. During a previous hospitalization, defendant set bed sheets on fire in an attempt
to be removed from the hospital and taken to jail because she believed the hospital employees
were going to harm her. This resulted in a charge of arson, which was reduced to a charge of
criminal damage to property, for which she was on probation at the time of this offense.
Defendant had a history of being noncompliant with medication and admitted regular street
drug and alcohol abuse when not in a controlled environment. Although she currently
acknowledges awareness that her usage of both substances exacerbated her psychiatric
symptoms, it is unclear from the record how long she has possessed such awareness.
Defendant was diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, current or most recent episode manic with
psychotic features, the most serious form of bipolar disorder according to the doctors. She also
has a criminal history, as well as a history of engaging in behavior, which threatened harm to
herself and others when not stabilized with prescribed medication.
¶7 In January 2016, pursuant to a stipulated bench trial, defendant was found NGRI of
attempted aggravated kidnapping (720 ILCS 5/8-4(a), 10-2(a)(2) (West 2014)). As a result of
the NGRI finding, in March 2016, the trial court held a hearing pursuant to section 5-2-4 of the
Unified Code of Corrections (Unified Code) (730 ILCS 5/5-2-4 (West 2016)) to address
proceedings after acquittal by reason of insanity. At that time, it was determined defendant was
“in need of mental health services on an inpatient basis,” and she was ordered into the custody
of the DHS, which placed her in McFarland Mental Health Center (McFarland).
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¶8 In May 2017, defendant filed a petition for conditional release pursuant to section 5-2-4(e)
of the Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(e) (West 2016)). She retained counsel, who filed an
amended petition on her behalf in June 2017. In September 2017, at the hearing on defendant’s
petition for conditional release, defendant called three witnesses: Dr. Monica Eberhardt,
defendant’s treating psychiatrist at McFarland; Dr. Michelle Womontree, her clinical
psychologist at McFarland; and Dr. Ryan Finkenbine, a forensic psychiatrist from the
University of Illinois College of Medicine. The State called no witnesses, stipulating to the
qualifications of each expert witness called by defendant.
¶9 B. Dr. Eberhardt’s Testimony
¶ 10 Dr. Eberhardt, as defendant’s treating psychiatrist since May 18, 2017, saw her at
McFarland five times, twice individually and three times during treatment team meetings.
These meetings normally lasted between 15 to 30 minutes. She testified defendant was not
compliant with her psychiatric medication and was actively involved in street drug use during
the time leading up to the kidnapping incident. Her drugs of choice included alcohol, cocaine,
methamphetamine, and marijuana. Defendant acknowledged having previously used lysergic
acid diethylamide and on one occasion found herself wandering around Chicago with no idea
how she got there or where she was.
¶ 11 Dr. Eberhardt described defendant’s symptoms at the time of the offense as “manic
symptoms consisting of elated affect, the irritability, paranoid delusions where she believed
witches stole her baby, who at the time was two months old. She presented with grandiose
delusions where she believed she owned the town. That later on when police arrived, she stated
the police car was hers.” She characterized defendant’s symptoms as “very severe.”
¶ 12 According to Dr. Eberhardt, defendant’s manic symptoms had “resolved” since an incident
in October 2016, when a medication change resulted in a temporary increase in manic and
psychotic symptoms. Dr. Eberhardt also noted defendant was no longer using street drugs
because she was in a controlled environment where she had no access. However, she also
admitted, in the past, when not in a controlled environment, defendant would stop taking her
psychotropic medications for a number of reasons. Defendant said they “stunted [her]
creativity” and made her feel “weird” or “depressed.” Dr. Eberhardt also acknowledged, prior
to her commitment, defendant engaged in almost daily use of alcohol and marijuana.
¶ 13 It was Dr. Eberhardt’s opinion the reason for defendant’s lack of current bipolar disorder
symptoms was the result of daily therapy, which included the controlled and monitored
administration of psychotropic medication, as well as individual and group therapy.
¶ 14 It was the doctor’s opinion defendant had insight into her psychiatric illness and
understood her symptoms would recur if she discontinued prescribed medication. Dr.
Eberhardt also believed it would take 7 to 10 days for bipolar disorder symptoms to recur if
defendant stopped taking her medication and within days if she returned to using alcohol or
illegal drugs. The doctor said she had no reason to believe defendant would stop taking her
medication. The doctor also believed defendant had gained insight into her substance use and
“she does not plan to go back to using alcohol and illicit substances.” Dr. Eberhardt explained
how medications are administered at McFarland and how the controlled nature of
administration and monitoring would not be present if defendant were not in a controlled
environment like McFarland.
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¶ 15 Dr. Eberhardt was also of the opinion defendant understood how her mental illness related
to her crime, appreciated the seriousness of the offense, and was remorseful. At the time of the
hearing, defendant was in a minimum security unit where she had been since June 2016. She
also had “grounds” privileges since June 2017, which allowed her to leave her unit for up to an
hour after signing out and permitted her to walk the grounds without staff supervision. She had
access to unfenced areas and had never sought to escape. During her time at McFarland,
defendant followed most of the rules and had not disobeyed staff or attempted to harm herself
or anyone else, except for an incident in October 2016, when she required forced, emergency
medication after threatening to kill someone. It was Dr. Eberhardt’s professional opinion this
incident occurred because of a manic episode brought on by a medication change due to the
addition of an antidepressant. After the removal of the antidepressant from defendant’s
medication regimen, her condition resolved. Dr. Eberhardt acknowledged there had been
several instances where defendant’s attendance at therapy sessions was sporadic, she had
engaged in inappropriate behavior with a male patient, and she had to leave some group
sessions due to her inappropriate comments.
¶ 16 According to an HCR-20 violence risk assessment tool administered in August 2017, Dr.
Eberhardt indicated defendant was assessed as a “low risk” for violence. It was her
professional opinion defendant was not an imminent risk to hurt herself or others. “At this
time, is [sic] [defendant’s] symptoms are resolved and she’s not using any alcohol or illicit
substances. She’s compliant with treatment.” It was also Dr. Eberhardt’s opinion defendant did
not meet the criteria for inpatient hospitalization; however, Dr. Eberhardt was not
recommending defendant’s conditional release. She also indicated there were not opportunities
for defendant to exhibit behavior outside a controlled environment since McFarland did not
have an “off grounds without staff” privilege.
¶ 17 When asked why she had not sought defendant’s release at this point, Dr. Eberhardt said
she and the rest of the treatment team wanted to see how defendant did with the recently
awarded grounds privileges first. They wanted to evaluate her performance with the increased
privileges for “at least six months before [they] considered conditional release.” They were
also interested in evaluating her behavior for at least six months from the last incident with a
peer, which had occurred in July. Although she was of the opinion defendant was not at risk to
inflict serious harm upon herself or others “at this time,” Dr. Eberhardt acknowledged how her
violation of what might appear to be “small rules” at McFarland could mean defendant would
not follow “big rules” outside.
¶ 18 The extended length of defendant’s hospitalization has, in the opinion of Dr. Eberhardt,
contributed to her stability because it has given her the ability to gain insight into her mental
illness and substance-abuse issues. She noted how, if conditionally released, any violation of
any conditions attached to her release would result in her immediate return to McFarland.
¶ 19 When questioned further by the trial court, Dr. Eberhardt said neither she nor the treatment
team were recommending defendant for conditional release because they were of the opinion
defendant needed more time in treatment. The doctor acknowledged that some of defendant’s
behaviors were concerning and further acknowledged, upon questioning by the court,
defendant may be motivated to seek release from McFarland, in part, due to the pending
juvenile case involving her child and the influence her continued hospitalization may have on
the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS).
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¶ 20 C. Dr. Womontree’s Testimony
¶ 21 Dr. Womontree served as defendant’s treating clinical psychologist since September 2016.
During that time, she saw defendant for approximately 1½ hours per week in a group session,
as well as another hour per week individually. She described defendant’s bipolar disorder
symptoms at the time of the offense as “primarily manic at that time, and had delusions,
hallucinations, poor judgment,” and disturbed sleeping. Defendant was not compliant with her
psychiatric medication and was using illegal drugs.
¶ 22 Dr. Womontree said defendant’s clinical condition changed “remarkably” since her
hospitalization. In her opinion, defendant was “really taking her treatment seriously for the
first time.” She believed defendant was committed to her treatment and was attempting to learn
behaviors that would contribute to her continued stability. Dr. Womontree agreed defendant
had been free of bipolar disorder symptoms since the brief psychotic episode in October 2016
caused by a temporary medication change.
¶ 23 At the time of the hearing, defendant was receiving individual and group therapy,
psychotropic medication in the form of lithium and Depakote, psychoeducational group
therapy, and participating in a variety of psychosocial activities. Dr. Womontree related an
incident where defendant had been hit by another patient and did not retaliate as positive
evidence of her advances in individual therapy. Instead of reacting to the unprovoked attack,
defendant was able to discuss it in therapy. After initially participating in Alcoholics
Anonymous (AA), defendant was leading a group as well as attending.
¶ 24 It was Dr. Womontree’s opinion defendant “understands that she has a severe mental
illness that requires daily attention in order to maintain recovery.” She said defendant also
knew she had to take her medication without fail, realizing she would rapidly begin
manifesting symptoms if she did not. It was the doctor’s opinion defendant’s symptoms would
reappear within days to a couple of weeks of stopping her medication.
¶ 25 Dr. Womontree said the primary reason why defendant had exhibited no symptoms of
substance abuse was due to her presence in a controlled environment. She also believed
defendant was “gradually” becoming more educated about the effects of substance abuse on
her mental illness. The doctor was also of the opinion defendant understood the seriousness of
her criminal offense and the harm it caused and she felt remorseful about it.
¶ 26 Dr. Womontree agreed defendant had been in the minimal security unit since June 2016
and had “grounds privileges,” which allowed her free access to McFarland grounds, including
unsecured areas from which she could walk away or escape from if she chose. Dr. Womontree
also agreed with Dr. Eberhardt that defendant never attempted escape, attempted or caused
physical harm to anyone, or required physical restraint while at McFarland. Dr. Womontree
described defendant as being “exceptionally active” in her treatment, taking advantage of
everything McFarland had to offer. She said defendant had been exposed to cognitive
behavioral therapy as well as “rationally motivated therapy” designed to address real-life,
problem-solving issues, and defendant has expressed her desire to continue individual therapy
after leaving the hospital.
¶ 27 Dr. Womontree was also familiar with the HCR-20 violence risk assessment tool and
defendant’s assessment as a “very low risk” for future violence. Put in context, Dr. Womontree
noted how normally, the nature of the historical factors alone is enough to place someone in the
“moderate risk” range, so the fact that defendant was considered a low risk was “unusual and
outstanding.”
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¶ 28 As a result, it was Dr. Womontree’s professional opinion defendant was “not reasonably
expected to harm herself or another,” and defendant could “benefit from continued treatment
but as an [outpatient].” Dr. Womontree’s opinion was based on defendant’s active efforts
toward treatment, “the actual stability” the doctors witnessed during her hospitalization, her
“response to treatment, and her responsible approach to improving her life.”
¶ 29 Dr. Womontree admitted on cross-examination, however, defendant’s risk of
dangerousness would increase if she was not compliant with her medication, which would not
be administered and monitored for her outside of a controlled environment. She also agreed
defendant had not been given the opportunity to test her learned skills off McFarland’s
grounds.
¶ 30 D. Dr. Finkenbine’s Testimony
¶ 31 Dr. Finkenbine, a professor and chair of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of
Illinois College of Medicine, testified as a forensic psychiatry expert on behalf of defendant.
His task was to perform a three-hour, conditional-release assessment of defendant, which he
did in August 2017. Many of his findings were consistent with those expressed by the two
previous witnesses and need not be repeated here.
¶ 32 When Dr. Finkenbine examined defendant in August, he found her “almost normal” and
exhibiting none of the various symptoms of bipolar disorder seen previously. He was aware of
her brief period of psychotic behavior in October 2016 due to the addition of an antidepressant
known to cause manic symptoms in some patients, but otherwise, he did not find her to be
exhibiting any of the other behaviors described by the other experts. He ascribed this change to
proper medication, therapy, and counseling and believed, as did Dr. Womontree, defendant
had a greater appreciation for her mental illness and the need for continued medication.
¶ 33 Dr. Finkenbine noted defendant’s long history of noncompliance with medication;
however, he believed her extended hospitalization, along with the education provided by her
psychiatrist and counselor, have allowed defendant to better understand the need to maintain
her medication as prescribed. He described three reasons given by defendant for discontinuing
her medication in the past: (1) her pregnancy; (2) when she would experience side effects
necessitating a medication change; and (3) poor decision-making when she did not want to
continue taking her medication, which he described in his report as, “[s]he did not think she
needed medications and liked some of her symptoms of mania (e.g., feeling ‘up’, more creative
and energetic).” On cross-examination, he admitted mentioning in his report how, although
defendant’s insight had improved, it was still limited. He acknowledged the large number of
hospitalizations for defendant was unusual. His report noted how her history of alcohol and
drug use “increase[d] the risk for dangerous behavior with relapse.” In addition, Dr.
Finkenbine admitted despite being fully compliant with her medication, defendant remained
unable to follow all of the internal rules at McFarland during her time there, including an
incident fairly recently with a male patient. He also noted defendant has not had the
opportunity to demonstrate her ability to remain compliant when not in a controlled
environment and that her presence in such a controlled environment factors into her increased
compliance.
¶ 34 He said defendant had been free from symptoms of substance abuse for two years by the
time of his interview. Dr. Finkenbine was of the opinion this was due, in part, to forced
abstinence, but also due to defendant’s recognition of her substance-abuse issues, the various
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treatment programs, and counseling she had received at McFarland, including taking an active
role in leading some of the AA meetings. He found defendant to be intelligent and able to
recognize the links between her use of illegal drugs and unfortunate events in her life, as well
as understanding some of the things that triggered her substance abuse. Dr. Finkenbine
testified defendant’s attitude and understanding of the need to stay off illegal drugs was “high.”
He also found she had a “reasonable appreciation” of the harm her crime had caused and
understood how both her mental illness and substance abuse contributed to her crime. At the
time of his evaluation, defendant was on the lowest security level at McFarland, had made no
attempt to escape, and had neither caused nor attempted any physical harm to herself or anyone
else. Dr. Finkenbine reiterated defendant’s low violence risk assessment scoring.
¶ 35 It was also Dr. Finkenbine’s opinion defendant did not meet the criteria for involuntary
admission. He found her risk to harm herself or others was “greater than that associated with
persons in the general population but about the same as those associated with [NGRI]
acquittees who are released with conditions.” When asked whether she continued to need
mental health treatment on an inpatient basis, Dr. Finkenbine was of the opinion defendant no
longer needed to be hospitalized but that she would continue to benefit from treatment on an
outpatient basis. His report, however, acknowledged the benefits of continued inpatient care in
that she was “more likely to adhere to the treatment recommendations, take medications,
attend group [therapy] and activities, and abstain from alcohol and intoxicating substances.”
He noted how an inpatient setting helped restrict her from experiencing active symptoms of
mental illness and thereby reduced the risk of harm to herself and others. However, he believed
there were certain conditions that could be placed on her release to assure satisfactory progress
in treatment, as well as the safety of herself and others, and that her continued inpatient care
was not the “least restrictive” setting to manage her clinical needs. He listed a series of
suggestions relating to medication monitoring, psychiatric treatment and counseling, and
methods of therapy. He also suggested the records of the various providers be available to each
other as well as to the court. Dr. Finkenbine emphasized the need for both abstinence from
street drugs and random drug screens and suggested defendant be released to a group home (as
opposed to living on her own when first released), avoid contacting certain people, and have no
access to firearms. Lastly, he said defendant needed to pursue financial support and any
assistance available to her through Social Security or employment.
¶ 36 Dr. Finkenbine acknowledged his awareness of the treatment team’s current position of not
recommending conditional release. In spite of the testimony of Dr. Eberhardt indicating both
she and the team believed defendant needed more time, Dr. Finkenbine contended it was due to
some unspecified policy of McFarland requiring an independent assessment before making a
recommendation, not a matter of their therapeutic or psychiatric opinions. He did
acknowledge, upon further questioning by the State, he was surprised to learn one of the team
members had earlier testified defendant needed more time to practice her learned skills and
develop further insight.
¶ 37 The trial court denied the petition for conditional release, stating it had not been shown by
clear and convincing evidence defendant was not in danger of seriously injuring herself or
others if conditionally released. The court based its decision on a number of factors:
(1) defendant’s substantial history of noncompliance with medication and substance abuse,
(2) the seriousness of her behavior when not compliant with medication and abusing
substances, (3) the fact that professional opinions regarding her behavior and performance
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were based upon her current condition while in a totally controlled environment, and (4) the
presence of rule violations within McFarland even while working toward conditional release.
The court also considered the fact defendant’s treatment team believed she would continue to
benefit from further inpatient treatment and that she did not appear to have a feasible plan for
community reintegration. The trial court concluded defendant failed to meet her burden. This
appeal followed.
¶ 38 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 39 Defendant contends the trial court’s ruling was against the manifest weight of the evidence
because all the experts agreed she was an appropriate candidate for conditional release. To
answer this question, we must engage in an analysis of the conditional release standard and the
weight of expert testimony.
¶ 40 A. Conditional Release Standard
¶ 41 Prior to 2000, section 5-2-4(g) of the Unified Code placed the burden of proof on the State
to prove the defendant should not be conditionally released if the facility director recommends
conditional release. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g) (West 1998). However, after 2000, the burden shifted
to the defendant regardless of who petitioned the court for the defendant’s conditional release.
730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g) (West 2004). In People v. Jurisec, 199 Ill. 2d 108, 766 N.E.2d 648
(2002), our supreme court described the operation of section 5-2-4 before the amendment that
shifted the burden. The court explained how an insanity acquittee may be committed to the
custody of the DHS “only if it is shown, by clear and convincing evidence, that the acquittee is
subject to involuntary admission or in need of mental health services on an inpatient basis.”
(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Jurisec, 199 Ill. 2d at 116. Once committed, however, the
acquittee “may be detained only as long as he [or she] continues to be subject to involuntary
admission or in need of [inpatient] mental health services.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
Jurisec, 199 Ill. 2d at 116. The defendant’s burden is to show by clear and convincing evidence
that, due to his or her mental illness (regardless of whether it was enough to require involuntary
admission), defendant is not reasonably expected to inflict serious harm upon defendant’s self
or another and would not benefit from further inpatient care or be in need of such inpatient
care. Under a plain reading of the statute, if defendant proves either element, namely defendant
is (1) not reasonably expected to inflict serious physical harm upon defendant’s self or another
or (2) defendant would not benefit from inpatient care or is not in need of inpatient care, by
clear and convincing evidence, the judge must grant the petition for conditional release. See
730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(a-1)(B) (West 2016). This would only make sense because, under section
5-2-4 of the Unified Code, the fact that a mentally ill person has committed a serious criminal
offense is, alone, considered a sufficient reason to conclude that person is a danger to oneself
or others, thereby justifying involuntary admission. See Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354,
366 (1983) (a finding of NGRI is a sufficient foundation for commitment of an insanity
acquittee for the purposes of treatment and the protection of society). The Supreme Court went
on to find that, having been found NGRI, a criminal defendant may continue to be confined in
a mental institution “until such time as he [or she] has regained his [or her] sanity or is no
longer a danger to himself [or herself] or society.” Jones, 463 U.S. at 370. As a matter of due
process, “it was unconstitutional for a State to continue to confine a harmless, mentally ill
person.” Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71, 77 (1992). “Once a defendant is involuntarily
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admitted, he [or she] may be held only as long as he [or she] is both mentally ill and
dangerous.” People v. Hager, 253 Ill. App. 3d 37, 41, 625 N.E.2d 232, 236 (1993). “Different
considerations underlie commitment of an insanity acquittee. As he was not convicted, he may
not be punished. His confinement rests on his continuing illness and dangerousness.” Jones,
463 U.S. at 369. Our supreme court, in Jurisec, 199 Ill. 2d at 129, held “[t]he primary objective
of section 5-2-4 is to insure that insanity acquittees are not indeterminately institutionalized
[citation], and that the intrusion on liberty interests is kept at a minimum.” (Internal quotation
marks omitted.) It is for this reason conditional discharge was provided as a means to allow for
reintegration of NGRI defendants into society. Representative Katz noted in the legislative
debates prior to 1980, section 5-2-4 allowed for NGRIs to be released without court
supervision if they were not in need of mental health treatment currently. 81st Ill. Gen. Assem.,
House Proceedings, May 17, 1979, at 102 (statements of Representative Katz). However, after
the legislation’s change in 1980, conditional release was made available as an option to the
courts. Representative Katz saw this as a way to monitor the person as the facility director
(known as the superintendent at the time) of the mental health center follows the individual,
and he or she is required to report under the conditions imposed by what was at the time the
Illinois Department of Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities (Department of Mental
Health), and now is the Department of Human Services. The legislature stated this as a
favorable option because “[t]hey are able to determine that the same kind of symptoms are
reocurring [sic] that characterize the original time that the first [a]ct was committed and they
then can reinstitutionalize the individual until the individual is able to work out the problem
and is safe to be released.” 81st Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, May 17, 1979, at 102
(statements of Representative Katz). In Representative Katz’s discussion about conditional
release, he added as follows:
“I would point out to you that in the State of Illinois, in the cases involving people
found not guilty by reason of insanity that in half of those cases murder has been what
has been committed. For that reason everyone one [sic] of these case[s] in which we are
able to prevent such an individual from going out and committing another crime, will
be indeed, a great contribution to the people of Illinois.” 81st Ill. Gen. Assem., House
Proceedings, May 17, 1979, at 102 (statements of Representative Katz).
Under section 5-2-4(g) when considering conditional discharge, regardless of who may be
petitioning, the court is permitted to consider the following factors:
“(1) whether the defendant appreciates the harm caused by the defendant to others
and the community by his or her prior conduct that resulted in the finding of not guilty
by reason of insanity;
(2) Whether the person appreciates the criminality of conduct similar to the conduct
for which he or she was originally charged in this matter;
(3) the current state of the defendant’s illness;
(4) what, if any, medications the defendant is taking to control his or her mental
illness;
(5) what, if any, adverse physical side effects the medication has on the defendant;
(6) the length of time it would take for the defendant’s mental health to deteriorate
if the defendant stopped taking prescribed medication;
(7) the defendant’s history or potential for alcohol and drug abuse;
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(8) the defendant’s past criminal history;
(9) any specialized physical or medical needs of the defendant;
(10) any family participation or involvement expected upon release and what is the
willingness and ability of the family to participate or be involved;
(11) the defendant’s potential to be a danger to himself, herself, or others; and
(12) any other factor or factors the Court deems appropriate.” 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g)
(West 2016).
¶ 42 It is reasonable to conclude conditional release was understood to come with some level of
risk but that the facility and the court were in the best position to tailor conditions sufficient to
minimize the risk to a level considered manageable and cognizant of society’s inherent
concerns about the release of persons who have committed criminal acts, been found insane,
and were now being considered for some form of release. The legislature realized there is a
careful balance to be struck between the interests of safety to the public, treatment for the
mentally ill individual, and the individual’s liberty interest.
¶ 43 In reviewing a petition for conditional release subsequent to hospitalization under section
5-2-4 of the Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-2-4 (West 2016)), the findings of the court must be
“established by clear and convincing evidence.” 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g) (West 2016). Both the
burdens of proof and proceeding remain with the defendant or anyone filing on his or her
behalf. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g) (West 2016). The court must determine whether defendant is
“ ‘[i]n need of mental health services on an inpatient basis.’ ” 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(a-1)(B) (West
2016). “ ‘In need of mental health services on an inpatient basis’ means: a defendant who has
been found not guilty by reason of insanity but who due to mental illness is reasonably
expected to inflict serious physical harm upon himself [or herself] or another and who would
benefit from inpatient care or is in need of inpatient care.” 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(a-1)(B) (West
2016).
¶ 44 B. Weight of Expert Testimony
¶ 45 Defendant relies on three cases to support her argument: People v. Robin, 312 Ill. App. 3d
710, 728 N.E.2d 736 (2000), People v. Blumenshine, 72 Ill. App. 3d 949, 391 N.E.2d 232
(1979), and People v. Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d 5, 466 N.E.2d 1226 (1984). Defendant’s cited
cases either predate the current iteration of the statute or involve substantially different facts
and legal standards. One thing they share in common is reference to a statement regarding how
“the finding [requiring an NGRI defendant to remain in involuntary inpatient treatment] must
be based upon an explicit medical opinion regarding the [defendant’s] future conduct and can
not be based upon a mere finding of mental illness.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Smith,
126 Ill. App. 3d at 9; see also Robin, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 716. This statement lies at the heart of
defendant’s contention that it is manifest error to decline conditional release if the “experts” all
testify in favor of release and, even when they do not, so long as their reasons, individually,
would not constitute the basis for denial. In Robin, the court cited People v. Czyz, 92 Ill. App.
3d 21, 26, 416 N.E.2d 1, 4 (1980), as support for defendant’s position; however Czyz is
inapposite. Robin, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 718. In Czyz, the appellate court reviewed a direct appeal
from an NGRI finding the defendant was in need of mental treatment under the old statute and
issued an order placing him in the custody of the Department of Mental Health for outpatient
treatment. Czyz, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 22. The issue on appeal was whether the State had
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established by clear and convincing evidence the defendant was in need of mental treatment.
Czyz, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 22. In that case, one doctor said the defendant was not in need of mental
treatment in a hospital setting, one said he was not in need of mental treatment and was not a
danger to himself or others, and one said he did not have a mental illness. Czyz, 92 Ill. App. 3d
at 23-24. At the time, the statute defined “in need of mental treatment” as anyone with a mental
disorder, not including people who were “mentally retarded” as defined by the Mental Health
Code of 1967. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 91½, § 1-11. If that person, as a result of his or her
mental disorder, is “reasonably expected at the time the determination is being made or within
a reasonable time thereafter to intentionally or unintentionally physically injure himself [or
herself] or other persons, or is unable to care for himself [or herself] so as to guard himself [or
herself] from physical injury or to provide for his [or her] own physical needs.” Ill. Rev. Stat.
1977, ch. 91½, § 1-11. This definition is much closer to the language necessary for involuntary
commitment (405 ILCS 5/1-119 (West 2016)) than the current language of section 5-2-4 of the
Unified Code (730 ILCS 5/5-2-4 (West 2016)). Without a psychiatric diagnosis that the
defendant was suffering from a mental disorder at the time of the hearing, the appellate court
reversed, finding the trial court was in error for concluding he was “in need of mental
treatment” as that phrase was defined at the time. Czyz, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 27.
¶ 46 In addition, the reference to how the finding must be based on an “explicit medical opinion
regarding the [defendant’s] future conduct and can not be based upon a mere finding of mental
illness” (internal quotation marks omitted) (Czyz, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 25) comes from People v.
Sansone, 18 Ill. App. 3d 315, 323, 309 N.E.2d 733, 739 (1974), which was not even an NGRI
case—it was a civil commitment under the then-Mental Health Code of 1967 (Ill. Rev. Stat.
1971, ch. 91½, ¶ 1-1 et seq.) and not a commitment hearing under the Unified Code. In
Sansone, the court noted, without evidence of prior harmful conduct, forced hospitalization
was not the equivalent of preventive detention based on a patient’s status as mentally ill.
Sansone, 18 Ill. App. 3d at 323. As such, the burden was different than in an NGRI case. The
court in Sansone said, “[a]gain, we reiterate that a finding must be based upon an explicit
medical opinion regarding the patient’s future conduct and cannot be based upon a mere
finding of mental illness.” Sansone, 18 Ill. App. 3d at 323. The court distinguished criminal
detention from detention under the Mental Health Code of 1967 and noted how an involuntary
commitment required a medical opinion regarding the patient’s future conduct. Sansone, 18 Ill.
App. 3d at 323-24. The court in Sansone was making it clear the burden of proof in an
involuntary commitment was not the criminal standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt nor
was it the civil standard of preponderance of the evidence. Sansone, 18 Ill. App. 3d at 325-26.
They concluded, “[t]he facts upon which a medical opinion is based must be established by
clear and convincing evidence, and the medical testimony upon which the decision to commit
is based must be clear and convincing.” Sansone, 18 Ill. App. 3d at 326.
¶ 47 This is relevant because the matter before us is a commitment pursuant to a finding of
NGRI in a criminal proceeding, addressed under the Unified Code, a completely different
proceeding than a petition for involuntary admission under the Mental Health and
Developmental Disabilities Code (Mental Health Code) (405 ILCS 5/1-100 et seq. (West
2016)). Further, it is not the initial commitment but a petition for conditional release
subsequent to a finding there was a need for commitment, an entirely different proceeding
altogether. Section 5-2-4(k) of the Unified Code provides, “[i]n the event of a conflict between
this Section and the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Code *** the provisions of
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this Section shall govern.” 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(k) (West 2016). In a civil involuntary
commitment, section 1-119 of the Mental Health Code outlines the circumstances that may
subject a person to involuntary admission, which include elements not found in section 5-2-4
of the Unified Code. Under sections 1-119 and 3-807 of the Mental Health Code, a person may
be subject to involuntary admission if they are shown by expert testimony (1) to suffer from a
mental illness and (2) because of that illness, the person must be treated on an inpatient
basis because the individual is (a) otherwise reasonably expected to engage in conduct placing
the individual or others in physical harm or the reasonable expectation of harm or (b) unable to
provide for his or her basic needs so as to guard against serious harm without assistance. 405
ILCS 5/1-119(1), 1-119(2), 3-807 (West 2016). A person may also be subject to involuntary
admission if the person (1) suffers from a mental illness, (2) refuses to adhere adequately to
prescribed treatment, (3) is unable to understand the need for treatment, and (4) unless treated
on an inpatient basis is reasonably expected to suffer mental or emotional deterioration to the
point where the individual would qualify for admission under either of the reasons set forth in
section 119(1) and (2) of the Mental Health Code. 405 ILCS 5/1-119(3) (West 2016). More
importantly, section 3-807 of the Mental Health Code specifically states,
“[n]o respondent [in an involuntary commitment proceeding] may be found subject to
involuntary admission on an inpatient or outpatient basis unless at least one
psychiatrist, clinical social worker, clinical psychologist, or qualified examiner who
has examined the respondent testifies in person at the hearing. The respondent may
waive the requirement of the testimony subject to the approval of the court.” 405 ILCS
5/3-807 (West 2016).
In contrast, “ ‘[i]n need of mental health services on an inpatient basis’ ” under section
5-2-4(a-1)(B) of the Unified Code means (1) a defendant who has been found not guilty by
reason of insanity but due to a mental illness (2) is reasonably expected to inflict serious
physical harm upon himself or herself or another and (3) would either (a) benefit from
inpatient care or (b) is in need of inpatient care. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(a-1)(B) (West 2016).
¶ 48 The Czyz court’s use of the quote from Sansone is out of context and not particularly
applicable to a petition for conditional release in a case under section 5-2-4 of the Unified
Code. It gets repeated, however, in later cases relating to NGRI without any distinction. As
mentioned above, it appears again in Robin, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 716, attributed to People v.
Grant, 295 Ill. App. 3d 750, 758, 692 N.E.2d 1295, 1300 (1998), an NGRI case prior to an
amendment shifting the burden from the State to the defendant, where the trial court denied the
recommendation of the director of the Department of Mental Health to conditionally release
the defendant. At that time, the burden of proof was on the State when reviewing the
determination of the facility director that the defendant was subject to transfer to a nonsecure
setting, discharge, or conditional release. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g) (West 1996). If the defendant
was petitioning, the burdens of proceeding and proof were on the defendant. 730 ILCS
5/5-2-4(g) (West 1996). In Grant, the facility director sent two letters to the court
recommending conditional release, the second coming almost two months after the court took
no action on the first. Grant, 295 Ill. App. 3d at 756. A hearing was not scheduled until almost
10 months later, and in the interim, the defendant also filed a petition for conditional release.
Grant, 295 Ill. App. 3d at 756. As a result, the State contended on appeal it was confused as to
whose burden it was at the hearing since the defendant had petitioned after the facility
director’s recommendation was sent. Grant, 295 Ill. App. 3d at 757. The appellate court found
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a number of problems with the hearing ultimately conducted, including the fact there should
have actually been two separate hearings. Grant, 295 Ill. App. 3d at 757. The trial court was
found to have initially placed the burden on the State to prove by clear and convincing
evidence defendant should not be discharged, and therefore they were found to be proceeding
on the director’s request. Grant, 295 Ill. App. 3d at 757. To compound the problem, the
appellate court in Grant also found the trial court, which was initially correct in its assessment
of the applicable standard of clear and convincing evidence, ultimately decided the case based
on a preponderance of the evidence standard. Grant, 295 Ill. App. 3d at 760-61. At the time,
the State was obligated to prove by clear and convincing evidence the defendant (1) was
subject to involuntary admission or (2) in need of mental health services on an inpatient basis.
The previously mentioned Sansone quote originating from Czyz is found in Grant in relation to
a request by the facility director to conditionally release an NGRI defendant. Grant, 295 Ill.
App. 3d at 758. It is cited, however, within the context of what the State must prove to show a
defendant is in need of involuntary admission, a term no longer found in section 5-2-4 of the
Unified Code, but in the Mental Health Code. Confusing the issue further, this same quote in
Grant is attributed to Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 9, another case upon which defendant relies. In
Smith, an NGRI defendant was ordered to undergo inpatient care and treatment at the Manteno
Mental Health Center (Manteno), but the trial court failed to provide him a Theim date (People
v. Theim, 52 Ill. App. 3d 160, 367 N.E.2d 367 (1977)) or maximum period of commitment to
the Department of Mental Health as required by section 5-2-4(b) of the Unified Code. Smith,
126 Ill. App. 3d at 6. In that case, the appeal was from the initial order of commitment. Smith,
126 Ill. App. 3d at 6. A consulting psychiatrist who had examined the defendant four times and
observed his interaction with other patients on a number of occasions gave his opinion that the
defendant should be treated on an outpatient basis and that the defendant needed drug abuse
counseling, which was not available at Manteno, and he believed the defendant “ ‘[did] not
need and would not benefit from further hospital treatment’ ” and was “ ‘not currently
suffering from mental illness.’ ” Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 7. Another psychiatrist who
interviewed the defendant on several occasions found the defendant did not meet the statutory
requirements for involuntary commitment. Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 7. He agreed the
defendant should not be hospitalized and needed outpatient drug treatment instead. Smith, 126
Ill. App. 3d at 7. When questioned by the court, the doctor said the defendant did not meet the
statutory requirements for involuntary admission and was not a danger to himself or others.
Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 7. A social worker testified she believed the defendant was a proper
candidate for outpatient treatment since the time of his arrival. Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 8. A
psychologist at Manteno, who had interviewed the defendant and led his treatment team,
concurred with the recommendations of the psychiatrist. Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 8. The
defendant’s mother said he could live with her if released. Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 8. There
was no other testimony, and the most serious transgression by the defendant while hospitalized
of which the witnesses were aware was gambling. Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 8.
¶ 49 With no other evidence, the trial court ordered the defendant remanded to the custody of
the Department of Mental Health, finding he was not subject to involuntary commitment but
was in need of mental health services on an inpatient basis. Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 8. Then,
the pertinent statute defined “ ‘[i]n need of mental health services on an inpatient basis’ ” as “a
defendant who has been found not guilty by reason of insanity who is not subject to
involuntary admission but who is reasonably expected to inflict serious physical harm upon
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himself [or herself] or another and who would benefit from inpatient care or is in need of
inpatient care.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 38, ¶ 1005-2-4(a)(1)(B). The burdens of proceeding
and proof were on the State. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 38, ¶ 1005-2-4(g).
¶ 50 When discussing the State’s burden of proof, the appellate court said, “ ‘the finding must
be based upon an explicit medical opinion regarding the [defendant’s] future conduct, and can
not be based upon a mere finding of mental illness.’ ” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 9 (quoting Czyz, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 25). They then outlined a series of
circumstances that would not be sufficient to sustain a finding requiring involuntary
commitment. Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 9-10. These circumstances have served as a road map
for defendant in our case, morphing into bases she contends are insufficient to sustain a finding
denying conditional release for an NGRI defendant. In fact, the statement in defendant’s
opening brief that “speculation that a defendant might resume the use of alcohol or drugs in the
community is an insufficient basis to deny conditional release” is supported by reference to
Smith but not as a quote. The reason is simple: defendant has taken the language from Smith
and replaced the words “not sufficient to sustain a finding requiring involuntary commitment”
(Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 9) with “an insufficient basis to deny conditional release.” This is
not merely inaccurate—it is disingenuous. Clearly the two are not synonymous and would not
be since involuntary commitment is addressed differently in the Mental Health Code.
¶ 51 Under the circumstances that existed at the time of Grant, the need for “an explicit medical
opinion regarding the defendant’s future conduct” is understandable. Grant, 295 Ill. App. 3d at
758. At that time, the director of the mental health facility where the defendant was housed
determined whether the defendant was no longer in need of inpatient services and should either
be transferred to a nonsecure setting, conditionally released, or discharged. 730 ILCS
5/5-2-4(g) (West 1996). Merely finding the defendant to be suffering from a mental illness
would not meet a burden to show he is “ ‘[s]ubject to involuntary admission,’ ” i.e., “mentally
ill and who because of his [or her] mental illness is either reasonably expected to inflict serious
physical harm upon himself [or herself] or another in the near future” or “is unable to provide
for his [or her] basic physical needs.” 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(a)(1)(A)(i), (ii) (West 1996). This is a
different burden than currently exists, as “subject to involuntary admission” was expressly
removed from the statute by Public Act 93-473, enacted August 8, 2003. See Pub. Act 93-473,
§ 5 (eff. Aug. 8, 2003) (amending 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4). Alternatively, the State would have had
to show the defendant was “ ‘[i]n need of mental health services on an inpatient basis,’ ” i.e., “a
defendant *** not subject to involuntary admission but who is reasonably expected to inflict
serious physical harm upon himself [or herself] or another and who would benefit from
inpatient care or is in need of inpatient care.” 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(a)(1)(B) (West 1996). The
amendment of Public Act 93-473 removed “subject to involuntary admission,” leaving “in
need of mental health services on an inpatient basis.” Pub. Act 93-473, § 5 (eff. Aug. 8, 2003).
¶ 52 The removal of the language “subject to involuntary admission” is significant since, as
noted above, involuntary admission requires, by statute, expert testimony in order to meet the
threshold necessary for the court to consider involuntary commitment. Although not expressly
required by statute, it is difficult to envision a situation where an NGRI defendant petitioning
for conditional release could meet his or her burden without such testimony. The court,
however, is not required to accept the expert’s testimony blindly. Unfortunately, the faulty
logic even made it to our supreme court, as many appellate courts have not distinguished the
civil commitment and criminal commitment requirements for experts. See Jurisec, 199 Ill. 2d
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at 123. “ ‘[I]t is the trier of fact, and not the psychiatrists, who is to consider and weigh all the
evidence in this case.’ ” People v. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d 901, 911, 704 N.E.2d 766, 772
(1998) (quoting People v. Williams, 140 Ill. App. 3d 216, 226, 488 N.E.2d 649, 655 (1986));
see also People v. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d 782, 808 N.E.2d 534 (2004). When deciding whether
defendant has met her burden, the trial court is not limited to the testimony of the three experts.
See People v. Hoffmann, 140 Ill. App. 3d 1056, 1065, 489 N.E.2d 460, 466 (1986) (“In making
its decision on the petition, the trial court may consider and give weight to evidence other than
the testimony of the experts.”). In fact, when deciding a petition for conditional release, the
conduct of the defendant that was the subject of the criminal prosecution is highly relevant to
the issue of the reasonable expectation of defendant’s dangerousness. Hoffmann, 140 Ill. App.
3d at 1065 (citing People v. Gann, 94 Ill. App. 3d 1100, 1107, 419 N.E.2d 613, 618 (1981)).
¶ 53 In Cross, the defendant was found NGRI after killing two women and attempting to kill a
third along with her husband after invading their home to kill “witches and warlords
[warlocks]” while acting under supposed orders from God. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 903. He
appealed the trial court’s denial of the mental health center director’s recommendation he
receive certain supervised off-grounds passes after 15 years of inpatient treatment at Elgin
Mental Health Center. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 908. Both the director and the defendant’s
treatment team were recommending these passes. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 903-04. At the
hearing on the recommendation, the defendant presented two witnesses. Cross, 301 Ill. App.
3d at 904-07. Albert Stipes, M.D., a forensic psychiatrist, opined the “defendant was not a risk
to harm himself or others, able to ‘provide for his basic physical need as to guard himself from
serious harm,’ not subject to involuntary admission, and ready for the type of passes
requested.” Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 904. He was also of the opinion “the passes would not
interfere with defendant’s medication or treatment, would enhance his treatment, would not
lead to a resumption of drug use, would not lead to an escape, and would provide reasonable
assurances of public safety.” Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 904. The doctor was of the opinion the
passes were necessary to assure defendant’s progress in treatment. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at
904. In fairness, on cross-examination, Dr. Stipes acknowledged a number of negative
incidents far more serious than any mentioned about defendant in our case, and the defendant
in Cross had, shortly before the date of the hearing, expressed his opinion he was no longer in
need of treatment. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 904-05. These facts, although different from our
case, are not relevant to the salient points of the case, however, as will be seen below.
¶ 54 The second and only other witness in that case was the defendant’s individual counselor
who had been working with him for the previous two years, Raymond Sipowicz, a
psychologist. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 905. After working with the defendant weekly, the
counselor found him to be much more expressive and concerned about what was going on with
himself and his behavior. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 905. The counselor’s recommendation in
favor of supervised off-grounds passes came as a result of both his direct involvement with the
defendant as well as his review of all the defendant’s records. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 905.
He also was of the opinion the passes “would not interfere with defendant’s continued
medication, cause him to resume using illegal drugs, cause him to harm himself or others, or
pose a threat to public safety,” and they would further his treatment. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at
905. Sipowicz said the defendant had already been granted on-grounds passes, and during that
time, he followed the rules and never attempted to escape or injure himself or others and the
passes were beneficial to his integration treatment. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 905-06. Sipowicz
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also said the director’s recommendation came as a result of an evaluation of the defendant by
the Isaac Ray Center and their work with the defendant’s treatment team. Cross, 301 Ill. App.
3d at 906.
¶ 55 Again, on cross-examination, the State was able to bring out a number of negative
incidents, failures to take medication or cooperate with treatment at times, threats to staff, and
lack of involvement or minimal participation in treatment. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 906.
¶ 56 The trial court denied the passes based only on the testimony of the defendant’s witnesses,
who, as a basis for their opinions, expressed in much stronger terms than the witnesses here,
their professional opinions regarding the positive therapeutic benefits to granting the passes. In
addition, the witnesses in Cross testified far more emphatically about the lack of possible
relapse or return to dangerous behavior by the defendant if granted the passes, including
expressing their opinions that denial of the passes would detrimentally affect the defendant’s
progress in treatment, an opinion noticeably absent here. In the case before us, Dr. Eberhardt
acknowledged defendant’s status was based upon her current circumstances; i.e., where she
was in treatment “at this time,” in a closed, controlled environment, with regimented
medication distribution and no access to outside influences or street drugs.
¶ 57 As in our case, the defendant in Cross sought to argue the trial court’s decision was against
the manifest weight of the evidence “because all the witnesses recommended granting the
passes and because ‘[n]o evidence was presented to indicate that the passes would put ***
[defendant] or the public in danger.’ ” Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 910-11. Further, the defendant
in Cross contended there was no evidence to indicate the passes would have a negative impact
on his treatment and, instead, there was affirmative evidence a denial would interfere with his
continued progress. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 911. The State argued the trial court was
required to consider all the evidence and make a determination independent of the
recommendations. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 911.
¶ 58 The First District noted how the statute gave the trial court the discretion to grant the
requested passes and did not mandate the trial court grant pass privileges solely on the basis of
the treatment team’s and director’s recommendations. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 910.
Correlatively, here, under section 5-2-4(e) of the Unified Code, once a defendant petitions for
conditional release, the court is required to hold a hearing. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(e) (West 2016).
However, subsection (g) provides for the court’s findings to be established by clear and
convincing evidence, considering a nonexhaustive list of factors, which includes “any other
factor or factors the Court deems appropriate.” 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g)(1)-(12) (West 2016). The
only mandatory requirements placed on the court are found in subsection (h) and are
contingent on the court making certain findings “consistent with the provisions of this
Section.” 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(h) (West 2016). There is nothing in the statute requiring the court
to accept the experts’ testimony. When they discussed this issue, the court in Cross held,
“[e]ven though the experts provided their opinions concerning defendant’s rationale
concerning these problems [(the negative behaviors brought out on cross-examination)], it was
for the trial court to weigh these opinions with the other evidence and draw its own
conclusions.” Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 911. The experts in Cross were unanimous in their
opinion the defendant should be granted passes. In spite of that, the court was free to decide
otherwise. The same is true here. Regardless of how consistent the experts may have been with
regard to either element of “risk of harm” or “need or benefit of further inpatient treatment,”
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the court in this case was free to decide otherwise if it reasonably believed there was credible
evidence sufficient to preclude a finding for defendant by clear and convincing evidence.
¶ 59 In Williams, an NGRI defendant was found subject to involuntary admission and appealed
on the same basis as defendant here; there was no “explicit medical opinion” that he was
reasonably expected to harm himself or others. Williams, 140 Ill. App. 3d at 225-26. The First
District found, although the opinions of the doctors were in conflict, it was a matter for the trial
court to determine in weighing all the evidence, citing the language referenced above.
Williams, 140 Ill. App. 3d at 226. It is clear, therefore, the trial court was not bound by the
testimony of the experts nor does the statute require an expert opinion in order to deny a
petition for conditional discharge, contrary to the assertions of defendant.
¶ 60 In Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 784, the defendant shot and killed a stranger in a health club
while under the delusion the victim was a federal agent. As the defendant was suffering from
paranoid schizophrenia, he was initially found unfit to stand trial. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at
784. After being returned to fitness, he was found NGRI and committed to the Elgin Mental
Health Center. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 784. Slightly over four years later, the facility director
recommended transfer to a nonsecure setting, as well as the granting of supervised off-grounds
and unsupervised on-grounds passes. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 784-85. The defendant
petitioned for the same. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 785. The trial court denied the transfer and
request for supervised off-ground passes but granted the unsupervised on-grounds pass
privileges, and defendant appealed. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 785. Among other issues not
relevant to the matter before us, the appellate court was asked to determine whether the court’s
ruling was against the manifest weight of the evidence since each of defendant’s four witnesses
recommended all three privileges. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 785. A social worker, two staff
psychiatrists with the Cook County court’s forensic medical services, and one staff psychiatrist
for Elgin Mental Health Center testified the defendant was not a threat to himself or anyone
else; was no longer suffering delusions; and, due to his medication, his paranoid schizophrenia
was in remission. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 785-89. He was considered one of the most
“stable” and “appropriate” patients on the unit. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 785-89. They did not
believe the transfer or passes posed a risk or danger to the defendant or others and that they
would be beneficial to the defendant’s treatment. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 785-89. All of the
doctors indicated their opinions were contingent on defendant’s continued compliance with
medication. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 785-89.
¶ 61 Much like the trial court here, the trial judge in Wolst acknowledged the defendant’s
substantial progress with medication and noted it was an integral part of his treatment. Wolst,
347 Ill. App. 3d at 789-90. However, the court felt the need to observe how the defendant did
with the unsupervised on-grounds passes before advancing to off-grounds and a transfer, just
as the clinical team did for defendant here. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 790. The trial court in
Wolst was also concerned about the lack of information regarding how the transfer and
off-grounds passes would be monitored or supervised and recognized both the need for
continued medication and the risk of “ ‘grave consequences’ ” if there was a relapse, much like
the trial court here. Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 790.
¶ 62 The First District said the trial court’s determination regarding whether a defendant has
carried his burden under section 5-2-4(g) by clear and convincing evidence “must be respected
unless such determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Wolst, 347 Ill. App.
3d at 790 (citing Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 908-09). For a decision to be “against the manifest
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weight of the evidence, it must appear that a conclusion opposite to that reached by the trier of
fact is clearly evident.” Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 790. The court found the record provided
ample support for the court’s decision in that “[t]he record makes clear that the trial court’s
primary concern was that [the] defendant, when placed in a less secure environment and
charged with taking his own medication, might fail to do so and relapse.” Wolst, 347 Ill. App.
3d at 791. The court also noted, although all the witnesses supported defendant’s requests, they
also acknowledged the possibility of relapse with the concomitant potential for dangerous
behavior if the defendant stopped taking his medication. The appellate court also found section
5-2-4(g) gave the trial court broad discretion in determining whether a defendant remains
mentally ill and dangerous, citing the court’s language in Cross, which found the responsibility
for considering and weighing the evidence lies with the fact finder and not the psychiatrist.
Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 790.
¶ 63 The defendant in People v. Bethke, 2016 IL App (1st) 150555, 55 N.E.3d 244, citing
Blumenshine, 72 Ill. App. 3d 949, contended the trial court should not disregard the testimony
of two expert witnesses who agreed he was suitable for off-grounds pass privileges. We find
Blumenshine as unpersuasive as did the First District in Bethke. Unlike the case before us, in
Blumenshine, all the defendant’s witnesses and the State concurred in the recommendation for
conditional discharge. Blumenshine, 72 Ill. App. 3d 949. Here, as in Bethke, the State opposed
the petition and cross-examined defendant’s witnesses extensively on all aspects of
defendant’s treatment history, progress, and prognosis. Also similar to Bethke, the experts here
had to acknowledge defendant engaged in a series of rule violations created primarily by her
relationship with a male patient and her frustration with how that relationship was being
treated by hospital staff. Although considered small or minor violations, it was significant to
the court that they occurred during the period of time defendant was working toward a
conditional discharge petition. In Bethke, the First District noted similar timing and found it
significant not only to the trial court but to the appellate court as well.
¶ 64 C. Trial Court’s Analysis
¶ 65 In light of the above, we review defendant’s argument the trial court’s judgment was
manifestly erroneous and disagree.
¶ 66 Under section 5-2-4(g) of the Unified Code, a defendant is required to prove by clear and
convincing evidence conditional release is appropriate. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g) (West 2016).
“The trial court’s determination as to whether a defendant has carried his burden under section
5-2-4(g) by clear and convincing evidence must be respected unless such determination is
against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Wolst, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 790. “A finding is
against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or
if the finding itself is unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence presented.” Best v.
Best, 223 Ill. 2d 342, 350, 860 N.E.2d 240, 245 (2006).
¶ 67 Defendant contends various individual factors addressed by both the experts and the court
cannot, by themselves, be the basis for denying conditional discharge. She does so without
either acknowledging or recognizing the factors she identifies, when considered together in
conjunction with others, may indeed permit the court to conclude defendant should not be
conditionally discharged at this time. Defendant’s primary contention is made clear in her
reply brief when she claims “if all the experts agree that a patient is stable, not dangerous, and
likely to continue treatment in the community—as defendant’s three experts did—the mere
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possibility that the patient could stop taking medication or abuse drugs and then engage in
dangerous behavior cannot meet the inpatient standard.” Such an argument erroneously
presumes the trial court’s only basis for declining to accept the recommendations of
defendant’s witnesses was “the mere possibility” defendant might stop taking her medication
and return to street drugs. Defendant ignores completely the fact her treating psychiatrist and
her treatment team were not supportive of conditional release and believed she needed more
time with inpatient treatment. This is so, in spite of defendant’s professed understanding of her
circumstances and apparent commitment to meaningful participation in treatment. Defendant
also discounts the possibility the trial court recognized that even though her treatment
providers spoke about her progress in very positive terms, they were also of the opinion further
mental health treatment within the hospital setting would be beneficial in assessing the level of
her commitment to continued mental health treatment and abstinence from street drugs.
¶ 68 Recognizing the speed with which defendant’s psychosis and resultant dangerous or
self-destructive behavior could recur upon relapse, the trial court may well have placed greater
weight on the reasoned and unanimous agreement of her treatment team that she should not be
conditionally released yet. When the court considered the average of three hospitalizations per
year over the past 10 years, the court could have concluded the concerns of Dr. Eberhardt and
the treatment team were well-founded, especially in light of the fact Dr. Eberhardt was careful
to qualify her opinions concerning defendant’s mental condition and progress by indicating the
status “at this time.” While in a controlled environment, with the regulated administration of
medication without access to street drugs or alcohol, defendant was progressing well and did
not appear to be likely to be a danger to herself or others at that moment. Even Dr.
Finkenbine’s report was careful to qualify his opinion by noting, “[h]er clinical status is absent
any signs or symptoms of mental illness and therefore the inpatient setting is not ‘needed’ in
the same sense as would be recommended or necessary for the management of acute mania,
active delusions, thoughts of suicide or severe depression or anxiety. Continuous inpatient
psychiatric hospitalization is usually and eventually counterbalanced by the benefits of a less
restrictive setting, personal liberty, and individual freedom.” In effect, he was saying she was
not currently exhibiting the acute symptoms and behavior, which might be the basis for an
order of involuntary admission and therefore the consideration of conditional release.
However, that is not her circumstance, as this is not a case of involuntary admission. As shown
above, this conclusion is based upon a misunderstanding of the criteria for conditional release
of an NGRI defendant.
¶ 69 It is not unreasonable to believe the trial court recognized the repetitive nature of
defendant’s hospitalizations as caused by her repeated release upon stabilization, only to return
to self-destructive and, at times, seriously dangerous behavior created by her psychosis. Each
of the witnesses noted this forced hospitalization had been her longest and posited it may have
allowed her to begin facing the seriousness of her mental and substance-abuse issues. The
refusal of her psychiatrist and treatment team to recommend immediate conditional release
was only an effort to ascertain whether, with more freedom within the hospital setting,
defendant would continue to exhibit rehabilitative behavior reflecting an understanding and
internalization of what she was learning. They undoubtedly would agree with Dr. Finkenbine’s
statement about the counterbalancing of psychiatric hospitalization with “less restrictive
settings, personal liberty, and individual freedom”; they just did not believe she was ready yet.
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¶ 70 Defendant lists “four grounds” that she says were the only bases cited by the trial court as
justification for denial of the petition, without citation to the record. In fact, the court
referenced the four reasons why defendant continues to benefit from mental health services on
an inpatient basis listed by the treatment team in their August 2017 report. However, they are
not the same reasons listed by defendant. In addition, those reasons mentioned by the team
were in no way the only factors considered by the court in its ruling. Defendant listed the first
factor relied upon by the court as “[defendant’s] lack of exposure to a non-controlled
environment since being confined at McFarland.” Instead, the first factor listed by the team
and referenced by the court was defendant’s history of manic and psychotic behavior related to
active symptoms of her bipolar I disorder. It is true the witnesses were asked about defendant’s
performance and behavior in a strictly controlled and monitored environment. It is equally true
the trial court was concerned about how that may translate into the significantly less structured
environment of a halfway house for perhaps no more than 30 days before being reintegrated
into the community. However, “the current state of the defendant’s illness,” “the length of time
it would take for the defendant’s mental health to deteriorate if the defendant stopped taking
prescribed medication,” and “the defendant’s potential to be a danger to himself, herself, or
others” are all specifically referenced in section 5-2-4(g)(3), (6), and (11) of the Unified Code
as factors the court may consider. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g)(3), (6), (11) (West 2016). Rather than
constituting an unreasonable basis for the ruling, it is expressly provided for by statute. In
addition, the court was permitted to, and did, consider the long history of repeated
hospitalizations and defendant’s history of extensive alcohol and drug abuse—again, a
permitted consideration under section 5-2-4(g)(7) and (12) of the Unified Code. 730 ILCS
5/5-2-4(g)(7), (12) (West 2016).
¶ 71 The second factor listed by defendant was “the potential that [defendant] may engage in
unacceptable behavior once released into the community,” which, in reality, is the same as her
first factor, just worded differently. The second factor of the treatment team was defendant’s
“history of substance abuse,” which has already been discussed and is a listed factor for
consideration by the trial court.
¶ 72 The third factor argued by defendant as one of the four forming the basis for the court’s
denial of her petition was “that [defendant] lacks a finalized conditional release plan.”
Admittedly, this is the fourth factor listed by the team, “[defendant] does not have a feasible
plan for community reintegration.” This was understandable in light of the evidence that until
suggested otherwise, her intention had been simply to return to live in an apartment obtained
for her by her father. The more realistic possibility of residing in a group home had not even
occurred to defendant until suggested by either Dr. Finkenbine or someone else at or around
the evaluation in August 2017, since that is the first time it is referenced in the record. This was
also noticed by the trial court and evident in its questions regarding her recent acceleration of
her involvement in formulating plans.
¶ 73 Dr. Finkenbine’s report even noted, although defendant was requesting conditional release,
there was no evidence of any significant discharge planning, nor did defendant have any
specific community support plan. This information came from an interview conducted on
August 8, 2017, after her petition was filed and while she awaited a hearing. Defendant cited
Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d 5, for the proposition that “the lack of a finalized conditional release
plan *** is an insufficient basis to deny conditional release,” once again juxtaposing
“conditional release” with “involuntary commitment,” which was the holding in Smith. As we
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have stated, Smith was a direct appeal of an NGRI inpatient care and treatment order where the
State’s witnesses unanimously recommended defendant’s release. Considering the State had
the burden of proof as the defendant was being involuntarily committed, it is understandable
the court found “[e]xpert testimony that defendant may have difficulty adjusting to the stresses
of noninstitutional life is not sufficient to sustain a finding requiring involuntary commitment.”
Smith, 126 Ill. App. 3d at 9 (citing Czyz, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 26-27). There is very little about
Smith that relates to the case before this court. Defendant seeks support in Smith again
regarding her claim the trial court speculated defendant might return to the use of alcohol or
drugs upon her return to the community, contending such speculation is not sufficient, on its
own, to form the basis for denying conditional release. However, once again, she substituted
“conditional release” for “involuntary commitment.” In fact, “the defendant’s history or
potential for alcohol and drug abuse” is one of the nonexclusive factors listed in subsection (g)
of the Unified Code and is therefore relevant to a court’s consideration when hearing a petition
for conditional release. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g)(7) (2016).
¶ 74 The final factor listed by defendant is actually the one upon which the trial court gave
substantial deference—the fact that defendant’s own treatment team was of the opinion she
would continue to benefit from inpatient mental health services and was not recommending
conditional release. Here, defendant confuses the statute’s provision for alternative methods of
petitioning for conditional release with elements of proof. Whether petitioned by the facility
director or the individual, the trial court is still invested with the responsibility to consider the
evidence. The recommendation of the facility director or the treatment team is merely one
factor to consider. The trial court did not, and should not, consider it dispositive. See Hoffman,
140 Ill. App. 3d at 1065 (“In making its decision on the petition, the trial court may consider
and give weight to evidence other than the testimony of the experts.”).
¶ 75 As the trial court noted, defendant had only as recently as July 2017 “begun working on a
relapse prevention plan in order to develop a realistic plan on how to maintain sobriety in the
community.” This was only two months before her hearing and coincided with when she began
a parenting course required for her DCFS case. These were all things the court could
reasonably consider when assessing the strength of defendant’s commitment to treatment. This
is especially true when considering defendant had been hospitalized 30 times in the last 10
years because of a continued inability or unwillingness to stop using street drugs and alcohol
coupled with either a failure or inability to fully appreciate the seriousness of her mental issues.
There is enough in the record to find it was not against the manifest weight of the evidence to
find defendant remains a reasonable danger to herself or others and that she continues to
benefit from inpatient treatment. Those factors, which clearly weighed against her, included
her long history of substance abuse, both drug and alcohol; her repeated failures or refusals to
comply with her mental health treatment and medication when not hospitalized; her lack of any
reasonable plan for her release as well as little evidence of family support; and the fact that, if
she returned to abusing drugs and alcohol as she had so many times in the past, her mental
condition could deteriorate very rapidly, according to at least one doctor, in a matter of one or
two days. This was coupled with the trial court’s reasonable concern defendant’s professed
cooperation and intention to continue treatment on her own was fueled more by her desire to
present a good picture of herself to DCFS because of the impending case involving her
daughter than due to any serious intention to do so.
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¶ 76 Based upon the evidence, the trial court gave proper consideration to the factors listed in
section 5-2-4(g) of the Unified Code, weighed the testimony of the experts, and properly
considered the reports and recommendations of the treatment team. This record does not
permit us to find the trial court’s finding was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Could other fact finders consider the same evidence and reach a different conclusion?
Possibly—however, that is not our standard of review. “[T]he reviewing court must give
deference to the trial court’s decision and cannot set that decision aside because it, applying the
[clear and convincing evidence] standard, would have ruled differently.” (Internal quotation
marks omitted.) People v. Ferguson, 238 Ill. App. 3d 448, 455, 603 N.E.2d 1257, 1261 (1992).
¶ 77 D. Application of Legal Standard
¶ 78 Defendant argues the trial court used a stricter standard than legally required. We disagree.
¶ 79 By selectively extracting words of the court out of context, defendant contends this
somehow meant the trial court applied a higher or stricter standard than is required under the
Unified Code. Defendant’s argument is unsupported by authority in either brief. She recites no
case law in support of her contention the trial court has somehow applied a different or
inappropriate standard because it did not expressly use the words “reasonably expected” or
“reasonable expectation” when assessing the potential for harm to herself or others. As such,
she has forfeited this argument under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) (eff. Nov. 1,
2017). See In re Addison R., 2013 IL App (2d) 121318, ¶ 31, 989 N.E.2d 224 (an argument
raised on appeal but not supported by citation to relevant authority is forfeited under Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008)). However, since this rule is an
admonishment to the parties and not a limitation on this court’s jurisdiction, we may address an
issue in order to achieve a just result and the need for a sound and uniform body of precedent.
People ex rel. Resnik v. Curtis & Davis, Architects & Planners, Inc., 58 Ill. App. 3d 28, 31, 373
N.E.2d 772, 774 (1978). We choose to do so here.
¶ 80 Just as in Bethke, defendant here contends the trial court applied the wrong legal standard.
In Bethke, the defendant contended the trial court’s decision was based on an unwillingness to
take any risk whatsoever, thereby making it impossible for anyone in the defendant’s position
to secure conditional discharge since psychiatry does not deal in such absolutes when
predicting future behavior. Bethke, 2016 IL App (1st) 150555, ¶ 30. Here, defendant
contended the trial court applied a different and stricter standard for continued confinement
due to comments the court made during its oral ruling from the bench. Contrary to defendant’s
assertion, the court agreed with defense counsel’s representation of the applicable legal
standard:
“You’re right in indicating what the law is to the Court, [defense counsel], and that is
that the court must find that there is a need for further in-patient treatment, and that
whether or not it’s been shown that the Defendant would be at risk to seriously harm
herself or others.”
The trial court also expressly found:
“[T]hat’s not been shown by clear and convincing evidence at this hearing, that
[defendant] is not in danger of seriously injuring herself or others if she were to be
conditionally released from the McFarland Mental Health Center.”
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¶ 81 The trial court, when entering its order, noted, in addition to the opinions expressed by the
doctors, the court had the reports of Dr. Finkenbine, the August 23, 2017, NGRI
60-day-treatment-plan report, all the reports filed previously, and Dr. Lawrence L. Jeckel’s
fitness report of December 9, 2015. It is true Dr. Eberhardt expressed the opinion defendant did
not meet the criteria for involuntary commitment; however, as we now see, that is not the
standard by which her eligibility for conditional release was to be determined. The doctor was
asked whether defendant was “at this time” “reasonably expected to inflict serious physical
harm upon herself.” She responded, “she’s not in imminent risk to hurt herself or others,”
indicating this was due to defendant’s current compliance with medication and lack of access
to alcohol and street drugs as a result of her inpatient status. When asked specifically if
defendant was “an appropriate candidate for conditional release,” Dr. Eberhardt’s response
was, “I think that she does not meet the criteria for in-patient hospitalization. If [defendant]
were a civil patient, she would have been discharged already.” True as that may be, neither
opinion is sufficient to require the court to order defendant’s conditional release. This is
especially so since Dr. Eberhardt said neither she nor the other members of the treatment team
were recommending conditional discharge and defendant would benefit from continued
inpatient treatment. Defendant is not being evaluated as a person under a civil commitment
through the Mental Health Code but as a petitioner for conditional release pursuant to the
Unified Code.
¶ 82 The treatment team recognized the substantial risk caused by early release in an essentially
unstructured environment, especially in light of the fact that as late as August 2017, one month
before the hearing on her petition, defendant “continued to struggle with inappropriate
boundaries with a male peer from another unit with whom she stated she was in a relationship
with,” according to the August 23, 2017, report. She distracted other peers on numerous
occasions, and when required to sit across the room from the male peer, her difficulty with
compliance resulted in, on one occasion, her leaving the group rather than complying.
Defendant had gone so far as to “challenge another unit’s treatment team’s recommendations
regarding the same male patient and when confronted, made inappropriate comments” to staff.
As the trial court noted, although seemingly trivial, in the larger scheme of things, it found
defendant’s behavior troubling as it occurred shortly before the discharge hearing she knew
was coming and after she had supposedly been doing so well with all treatment modalities.
¶ 83 It was not improper for the trial court to consider the fact defendant engaged in such
behavior within the structured environment while on scheduled and monitored medication and
without access to alcohol or street drugs. Defendant had been receiving intensive mental health
and substance-abuse treatment for an extended period of time, longer than she had ever
remained hospitalized before. However, within a month of an upcoming conditional discharge
hearing, she was engaging in behavior that violated rules within the facility. As Dr. Eberhardt
noted in her testimony, “if they don’t follow the small rules at McFarland, they won’t follow
the big rules outside.” The fact that defendant had failed to show she could follow rules in a
controlled setting undoubtedly contributed to the opinion of Dr. Eberhardt and the treatment
team that defendant “continues to benefit from mental health services on an inpatient basis.”
¶ 84 By parsing the words of the court, defendant argued application of an inappropriate or
incorrect standard of proof. Instead, the court made clear its concerns about defendant’s
behavior should she be released prematurely. The court expressly found defendant had failed
to show by clear and convincing evidence she would not be in danger of seriously injuring
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herself or others if she were conditionally released at this time. This is the proper standard
applicable to the defendant’s burden of proof in these proceedings. Section 5-2-4(g) of the
Unified Code provides the only standard of review applicable to this section, requiring “[t]he
findings of the Court shall be established by clear and convincing evidence.” 730 ILCS
5/5-2-4(g) (West 2016). Clear and convincing evidence has been defined as “the quantum of
proof which leaves no reasonable doubt in the mind of the trier of fact as to the truth of the
proposition in question.” In re Estate of Ragen, 79 Ill. App. 3d 8, 14, 398 N.E.2d 198, 203
(1979).
¶ 85 The trial court agreed the burden was on defendant to show by clear and convincing
evidence she was not “at risk” to seriously harm herself or others and was not in need of further
inpatient treatment. This is consistent with the case law. See People v. Gunderson, 2017 IL
App (1st) 153533, ¶ 19, 82 N.E.3d 677 (section 5-2-4(g) of the Unified Code requires a
defendant who seeks discharge to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he or she has no
mental illness or that he or she is not dangerous). Subsection (g) makes no distinction between
the burden for discharge and that for conditional release. In our case, after explaining the
rationale underlying its ultimate finding, the court concluded, “that’s not been shown by clear
and convincing evidence at this hearing, that [defendant] is not in danger of seriously injuring
herself or others if she was to be conditionally released from the McFarland Mental Health
Center.” The court had already noted how all of the experts acknowledged defendant would
benefit from further mental health treatment but her treatment team was of the opinion she was
not ready for conditional release just yet.
¶ 86 Defendant is troubled by certain words the court used when making its ruling:
“[t]he Court has to be absolutely sure in its mind that when a Defendant is released
from the McFarland Center, or any center that has that much of a controlled
environment, that there is in the court’s mind no risk that any future serious harm may
be committed.
***
The Court, in my mind, has to be sure this type of thing [defendant relapsing on
drugs and alcohol, thereby exacerbating her bipolar 1 disorder symptoms and engaging
in behavior dangerous to herself or others] is not going to happen.”
Defendant contends this means the court used a higher, inappropriate legal standard, an
argument which, as we noted, defendant has forfeited. However, defendant’s argument misses
the point. The reason the burden remains on the defendant is because there has already been a
determination the defendant was dangerous. She committed a serious felony offense and had
been found NGRI. In other words, the trier of fact has determined she committed the criminal
offense charged and she was suffering from a mental illness. “[T]he insanity verdict in and of
itself supports the conclusion that the insanity acquittee continues to be mentally ill and
dangerous.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Gunderson, 2017 IL App (1st) 153533, ¶ 21.
¶ 87 In spite of this language, the trial court specifically set forth the standard under which it
was to decide the case, and it stated on the record its finding was by “clear and convincing
evidence.” Our supreme court has said a reviewing court “presume[s] that the trial judge
knows and follows the law unless the record indicates otherwise.” People v. Gaultney, 174 Ill.
2d 410, 420, 675 N.E.2d 102, 107 (1996). We presume the same, and nothing in the record
affirmatively rebuts that presumption. The language of concern to defendant must be looked at
in context. The trial court engaged in a thoughtful analysis of the evidence, outlining many of
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its concerns about defendant’s history, progress in treatment, recent troubling behavior, and
repeated hospitalizations for the same reasons over a 10-year period. The court properly
considered the testimony of the experts and, understandably, gave great weight to the fact
defendant’s treatment team was not ready to recommend conditional discharge until they had
an opportunity to observe defendant’s behavior in a less supervised setting, in light of her
previous violations in the facility. The court noted, “the problem I have here is that this
Defendant’s history has shown that when she goes off, she goes off fast and her actions as a
result of that are dangerous,” as a significant and reasonable concern. We cannot say the court
used the wrong legal standard.
¶ 88 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 89 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. As part of our judgment, we
award the State its $50 statutory assessment (55 ILCS 5/4-2002(a) (West 2016)).
¶ 90 Affirmed.
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