People v. Standley

835 N.E.2d 945 (2005) 359 Ill. App. 3d 1096 296 Ill. Dec. 592

The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Shawn R. STANDLEY, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 4-03-0872.

Appellate Court of Illinois, Fourth District.

September 22, 2005.

Daniel D. Yuhas (Court-Appointed), Karen Munoz, Assistant Defender, Office of the State Appellate Defender, Springfield, for Shawn R. Standley.

Jack Ahola, State's Attorney, Decatur, Norbert J. Goetten, Director, Robert J. Biderman, Deputy Director, Thomas R. Dodegge, Staff Attorney, State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, Springfield, for the People.

Justice TURNER delivered the opinion of the court:

In May 2003, the State charged defendant, Shawn R. Standley, with two counts of home invasion (720 ILCS 5/12-11(a)(3) (West 2002)). After an August 2003 trial, a jury found defendant guilty of home invasion. At a joint hearing in October 2003, the trial court denied defendant's posttrial motion and sentenced him to 21 years' imprisonment.

Defendant appeals, asserting (1) the State's evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) the 15-year sentence enhancement mandated by Public Act 91-404 (Pub. Act 91-404, § 5, eff. January 1, 2000 (1999 Ill. Laws 5126, 5131) (codified at 720 ILCS 5/12-11(c) (West 2002))) for violating section 12-11(a)(3) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Criminal Code) (720 ILCS 5/12-11(a)(3) (West 2002)) is unconstitutional; and (3) if the sentence enhancement is unconstitutional, "the judicially imposed portion of his sentence" should be allowed to remain. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

At around midnight on April 28, 2003, two males armed with guns kicked in the back door of a home at 2757 North Church Street, Decatur, Illinois, and entered the home. The home belonged to Gary Lewis, Sharon Conaway, and their then eight-year-old son Garrett Lewis, who were all home at the time. During the incident, one of the men hit Gary with a gun. On May 23, 2003, the State charged both defendant and Michael Joyner with two counts of home invasion.

In August 2003, the trial court held a jury trial on defendant's charges. The evidence relevant to the issues on appeal is set forth below.

Decatur police officer Lonnie Lewellyn testified he arrived at the Church Street residence at 12:41 a.m. on August 28, 2003, in response to a report of a home invasion. There, he spoke with Gary, Sharon, and Garrett. Gary and Sharon were able to give descriptions of the two individuals, and Gary was also able to provide nicknames by which he knew them. He did not recall Gary mentioning defendant had facial hair but did recall Gary recognized the hair, eyes, and voice of both suspects. Officer Lewellyn did note Gary and Sharon told him that both suspects had taken off their bandanas.

Gary testified that around 12:15 a.m., he heard several loud booms coming from the kitchen area, which is attached to the back porch that contains an exterior door. Gary entered the kitchen, turned the lights on, and saw the door leading to the porch fly open. Two men then entered the kitchen with guns pointed at him. In court, Gary identified defendant as the first man who entered Gary's home. When defendant entered the home, he was wearing a bandana around his face that began right under his eyes and covered his mouth and nose. He was also wearing a hooded sweatshirt or jacket with the hood up.

Defendant ordered Gary to the floor, and Gary laid stomach down on the floor. He tried to keep his head up and observe what was taking place. After four or five demands for money and drugs, defendant told Gary to stand up and moved Gary to a recliner in the front room. The other man brought Garrett into the front room, where Sharon was already located. According to Gary, he was in the kitchen about 7 to 10 minutes after seeing defendant, and the kitchen lights were on the entire time.

In the front room, defendant held a gun to the center of Gary's forehead for about 5 to 10 minutes and continued to demand money. During that time, defendant was directly in front of Gary and less than an arm's length away. The lights and television were on in the front room.

At some point, defendant asked Gary for his wallet, and Gary indicated it was in the bedroom. While still holding the gun to Gary's head, defendant walked Gary to the bedroom. The other man brought Sharon and Garrett into the bedroom. The lights were also on in there. Gary opened a drawer, and defendant removed the wallet. Defendant threatened to come back and shoot Gary if he was lying about not having money or drugs. Defendant then hit Gary across the face with a gun, knocking Gary unconscious. The men were gone when Gary regained consciousness.

Prior to April 28, 2003, Gary had seen defendant a few times through mutual friends. About three to four weeks before the incident, Gary had spoken a few words to defendant at the AIW Hall. Gary first had a notion defendant was the perpetrator when they entered the front room. When they reached the dresser in the bedroom, he got a good look at him because they were face-to-face, eye-to-eye. He observed defendant had two eyebrow rings over one of his eyes, but he was unsure of which eye. He also noted defendant's bandana slipped down several times during the encounter but never got below his nose. Gary testified he was "very certain" and "positive" that defendant was the first man to enter his kitchen.

Gary acknowledged he had a prior felony for possession of a controlled substance and two new charges pending against him. He stated the State had not promised him leniency or a reward in exchange for his testimony.

Sharon testified she got a good look at the two men shortly after they entered the house and had not yet seen her. One was a white male, and the other was a mixed-race male. They were both wearing black hooded jackets and bandanas on their faces. She could not recall if the kitchen light was on. When the white male brought Gary into the living room, she was able to get a closer look at the white male. The lights were on in the living room. She identified defendant as the white male in her home. Sharon was "very sure" and "had no doubt" it was defendant. Sharon noted that during the incident, she was able to see defendant's face from the tip of his nose to his forehead, including the front of his hair. Defendant had two eyebrow rings on the portion of the left eyebrow closest to the ear. She also noted the mixed-race male took off his bandana after it had fallen down. She further testified the lights were on in the bedroom as well. The closest she was to defendant was about five feet away.

According to Sharon, the entire incident lasted 20 to 25 minutes. She too had seen defendant a couple times before the incident and recalled Gary talking to him at the AIW Hall two or three weeks before the incident. During the incident, she recognized his voice. When the police officer arrived, she and Gary told the officer the mixed-race male was known as "mixed Mike" and the white male was "Shawn." Later, both she and Gary picked defendant's picture out of a photograph lineup as the white male that entered their home. Additionally, Sharon acknowledged she was currently on probation.

Decatur police officer Chad Ramey testified that on May 1, 2003, he met with Gary and Sharon and conducted a photograph lineup. He first showed the lineup to Gary, who pointed to defendant's photograph "rather quickly." He then showed the lineup to Sharon, who also pointed to defendant's picture "rather quickly." According to Officer Ramey, Sharon was unable to see Gary's identification of defendant. He did not recall any of the people in the lineup having eyebrow rings.

On May 21, 2003, Officer Ramey met with defendant, who had voluntarily showed up at the police department. He noticed that defendant had four holes over his left eyebrow where it had been pierced. He did not take a picture of defendant's eyebrow, and the booking photograph was too blurry to see any holes.

Robert Lewellen, defendant's grandfather, testified that defendant had been residing at his home for 1 1/2 to 2 years prior to April 28, 2003, but defendant was not there April 27 or 28, 2003. According to Robert, defendant never had more than one eyebrow ring and sometimes did not wear it. Defendant also had a mustache and some chin hair. Robert identified some pictures of defendant, in which he had only one eyebrow ring and a mustache.

Ann Lewellen, defendant's grandmother, also testified defendant only had one eyebrow ring and wore a mustache in April 2003. She did not see defendant on April 27 or 28, 2003. She talked with her daughter Lori Blair on the afternoon of April 27, 2003. During the conversation, Lori indicated she could not spend the night at Ann's home because her son and defendant would make a mess. Ann again talked to Lori around 5 p.m. on April 28, 2003, and heard defendant's voice in the background.

Jeannine McCoy, defendant's mother, also testified defendant had a mustache, some other facial hair, and only one ring in his left eyebrow. On the night of April 27, 2003, she talked on the phone with her sister Lori from around 9 or 10 p.m. to somewhere between 11:30 p.m. and 1 a.m. During the phone conversation, she could hear defendant's voice in the background. Between 11:30 p.m. and 1 a.m., she heard defendant ask Lori if she was still talking to his mom, and Jeannine told Lori to tell defendant "hi."

Lori testified defendant stayed at her home the entire day of April 27, 2003, which was the day before her birthday. Defendant and her son only left for 5- to 10-minute periods to smoke a cigarette. That same day, she and Jeannine talked on the phone until past midnight, and she recalled defendant telling her to say "hi" to his mom around midnight. Lori also stated she saw defendant after midnight and as late as 1 a.m. on April 28, 2003. Lori's two children, Samantha Blair and Christopher Austin, also testified defendant was at their home between 12 and 1 a.m. on April 28, 2003.

Defendant testified on his own behalf. He stated he was at Lori's home during the late-night hours of April 27 and the early morning hours of April 28, 2003. He only left the house for five-minute periods to smoke with Christopher. He had never been to Gary and Sharon's home and did not know them on a personal level. He did believe they had crossed paths before. He also had never met Joyner, his alleged codefendant, prior to his arrest for this offense. Defendant also denied ever wearing more than one eyebrow ring.

After hearing all the evidence, the jury found defendant guilty of home invasion.

In September 2003, defendant filed a posttrial motion. In October 2003, the trial court held a joint hearing on defendant's motion and sentencing. Both parties agreed the 15-year sentence enhancement contained in section 12-11(c) of the Criminal Code (720 ILCS 5/12-11(c) (West 2002)) applied to defendant's conviction. The court denied defendant's motion and sentenced him to a total of 21 years' imprisonment. This appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Defendant first asserts the State's evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty of home invasion beyond a reasonable doubt since he presented four alibi witnesses and the State's eyewitness testimony was "suspect."

When considering a defendant's challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the question for the reviewing court is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not require the exclusion of every possible doubt. People v. Shevock, 335 Ill.App.3d 1031, 1037, 270 Ill. Dec. 390, 782 N.E.2d 949, 954 (2003). Additionally, the jury had the responsibility to (1) determine the witnesses' credibility and the weight given to their testimony, (2) resolve conflicts of the evidence, and (3) draw reasonable inferences from the evidence. People v. Johnson, 353 Ill.App.3d 954, 956, 289 Ill. Dec. 433, 819 N.E.2d 1233, 1235 (2004).

An identification is insufficient to sustain a conviction if it is vague or doubtful. However, a single witness's identification of the accused is sufficient if the witness viewed the accused under circumstances permitting a positive identification. That remains true even in the presence of contradicting alibi testimony, provided that the witness had an adequate opportunity to view the accused and that the in-court identification is positive and credible. People v. Slim, 127 Ill. 2d 302, 307, 130 Ill. Dec. 250, 537 N.E.2d 317, 319 (1989). In evaluating identification testimony, Illinois courts consider the factors set forth in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200, 93 S. Ct. 375, 382, 34 L. Ed. 2d 401, 411 (1972), which are (1) the witness's opportunity to view the criminal at the time of the crime; (2) the witness's degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness's prior description of the criminal; (4) the witness's level of certainty at the identification confrontation; and (5) the length of time between the crime and the identification confrontation. Slim, 127 Ill.2d at 307-08, 130 Ill. Dec. 250, 537 N.E.2d at 319.

Here, we have more than one witness who identified defendant as the perpetrator, and the Neil factors do not weigh in defendant's favor. Since the perpetrator was in their home between 20 to 25 minutes, both Gary and Sharon had a lot of opportunities to view him. Gary testified he was at an arm's length with the man for at least 10 minutes, and at one point, was able to look him straight in the eyes. Additionally, Gary had met and talked to defendant on several prior occasions, including only three weeks before the incident. Sharon said she was within five feet of defendant. While Sharon was more focused on the other male, Gary tried to pay close attention to defendant's actions and, as stated, was able to look him straight in the face.

As to the accuracy of their initial description of the perpetrator, Gary recognized defendant by his voice, eyes, and hair and was able to provide defendant's first name to Officer Lewellyn. Their identification of defendant as one of the perpetrators remained consistent since talking to the police shortly after the incident. The only conflict between the victims' initial statements to the police and their trial testimony that related to defendant's description was as to whether the men's bandanas fell down and exposed their entire face. Further, while defendant asserted he only had one eyebrow ring, Officer Ramey's testimony that defendant had four holes (two per eyebrow ring) supports Gary's and Sharon's consistent assertion that the perpetrator had two rings.

Regarding the final two factors, both Gary and Sharon "rather quickly" picked defendant's photograph out of a lineup, which was conducted only three days after the incident. Gary and Sharon also did not waver or hesitate in stating defendant was one of the men who entered their home on April 28, 2003.

Moreover, the failure to notice facial hair is not fatal to a positive and otherwise credible identification. Slim, 127 Ill.2d at 310, 130 Ill. Dec. 250, 537 N.E.2d at 320. The case People v. Marshall, 74 Ill.App.2d 483, 221 N.E.2d 133 (1966), cited by defendant in support of his argument that the identification testimony was suspect, has been criticized and not followed. See Slim, 127 Ill.2d at 313, 130 Ill. Dec. 250, 537 N.E.2d at 322. While defendant presented an alibi defense and asserted he had only one eyebrow ring and facial hair, the jury, as the trier of fact, had the responsibility to resolve the conflicting testimony. See Johnson, 353 Ill. App.3d at 956, 289 Ill. Dec. 433, 819 N.E.2d at 1235.

Accordingly, we find the State's identification evidence was sufficient for the jury to find defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

B. 15-Year Sentence Enhancement

Defendant also argues his 15-year sentence enhancement for home invasion while armed with a firearm is unconstitutional because it violates the proportionate-penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const.1970, art. I, § 11). We disagree.

Section 12-11(a)(3) of the Criminal Code (720 ILCS 5/12-11(a)(3) (West 2002)) provides as follows:

"(a) A person who is not a peace officer acting in the line of duty commits home invasion when without authority he or she knowingly enters the dwelling place of another when he or she knows or has reason to know that one or more persons is present or he or she knowingly enters the dwelling place of another and remains in such dwelling place until he or she knows or has reason to know that one or more persons is present and

* * *

(3) While armed with a firearm uses force or threatens the imminent use of force upon any person or persons within such dwelling place whether or not injury occurs[.]"

Section 12-11(c) of the Criminal Code (720 ILCS 5/12-11(c) (West 2002)) provides:

"Home invasion in violation of subsection (a)(1), (a)(2)[,] or (a)(6) is a Class X felony. A violation of subsection (a)(3) is a Class X felony for which 15 years shall be added to the term of imprisonment imposed by the court."

As the supreme court instructed in People v. Moss, 206 Ill. 2d 503, 520, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d 208, 219 (2003), the question of whether a statute is constitutional is subject to de novo review. A statute is presumed constitutional, and the party challenging the statute bears the burden of demonstrating its invalidity. Moreover, courts have a duty to construe a statute so as to uphold its validity and constitutionality if it can reasonably be done. Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 520, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 219.

"In evaluating whether a proportionate[-]penalties violation has been established, the central question is whether the penalty at issue has been set by the legislature ``according to the seriousness of the offense.'" Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 522, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 220, quoting Ill. Const.1970, art. I, § 11. The Supreme Court of Illinois has used three separate tests to make that determination. The first test is whether the penalty is "cruel, degrading, or so wholly disproportionate to the offense committed as to shock the moral sense of the community." Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 522, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 220. The second test is whether, when comparing similar offenses, "conduct that creates a less serious threat to the public health and safety is punished more severely." Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 522, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 220. This test is referred to as the "cross-comparison" test. The final test is whether offenses with identical elements are given different sentences. Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 522, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 220. Here, defendant argues the 15-year sentence enhancement for home invasion while armed with a firearm violates the proportionate-penalties clause under the second test as our supreme court found in Moss with regard to the sentence enhancements for armed robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-2 (West 2000)), aggravated kidnaping (720 ILCS 5/10-2 (West 2000)), and aggravated vehicular hijacking (720 ILCS 5/18-4 (West 2000)). Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 531, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 225.

The "cross-comparison" test requires a two-step analysis. The first step in the cross-comparison analysis asks whether the purposes of the compared offenses are distinct. If so, comparative-proportionality review is not appropriate and the second step is not reached. People v. Hill, 199 Ill. 2d 440, 454, 264 Ill. Dec. 670, 771 N.E.2d 374, 382 (2002). The second step, if employed, asks whether the offense with the harsher penalty is more serious than the offense with the less severe penalty. Hill, 199 Ill.2d at 454, 264 Ill. Dec. 670, 771 N.E.2d at 382-83. The Supreme Court of Illinois also stated:

"The determination of whether a particular offense is more serious than another is not limited to an examination of the degree of harm inflicted. [Citation.] While that is a relevant consideration, the legislature may consider other factors[,] such as the frequency of the crime and the high risk of bodily harm associated with it. [Citation.] Also, the legislature may perceive a need to enact a more stringent penalty provision in order to halt an increase in the commission of a particular crime." Hill, 199 Ill.2d at 454, 264 Ill. Dec. 670, 771 N.E.2d at 383.

Here, defendant argues home invasion while armed with a firearm is a less serious offense than aggravated battery with a firearm (720 ILCS 5/12-4.2(a)(1) (West 2002)) but is punished more severely. Aggravated battery with a firearm is a Class X felony (720 ILCS 5/12-4.2(b) (West 2002)) for which "the sentence shall be not less than 6 years and not more than 30 years[']" imprisonment. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(3) (West 2002). The 15-year sentence enhancement to home invasion, also a Class X felony, results in a sentencing range of 21 to 45 years. See 720 ILCS 5/12-11(c) (West 2002); 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(3) (West 2002).

Our first inquiry is whether the purpose of the offense of home invasion while armed with a firearm is distinct from the purpose of the offense of aggravated battery with a firearm. In determining the purpose of other offenses containing the mandatory sentencing enhancement at issue here, our supreme court has declined to determine the purpose of the offense from the underlying offense itself, i.e., home invasion, but has focused on the purpose in enacting the enhancements themselves. See Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 525, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 222. Thus, we are required to follow the Moss approach in analyzing the sentence enhancement at issue in this case.

Public Act 91-404 (Pub. Act 91-404, § 5, eff. January 1, 2000 (1999 Ill. Laws 5126, 5131)) added the 15-, 20-, and 25-year sentencing enhancements to the home-invasion statute and to other statutes, including those on aggravated kidnaping (720 ILCS 5/10-2 (West 2002)), aggravated battery of a child (720 ILCS 5/12-4.3 (West 2002)), aggravated criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/12-14 (West 2002)), predatory criminal sexual assault of a child (720 ILCS 5/12-14.1 (West 2002)), armed robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-2 (West 2002)), and aggravated vehicular hijacking (720 ILCS 5/18-4 (West 2002)). The Supreme Court of Illinois has relied on the statement of legislative purpose codified in section 33A-1(b)(1) of the Criminal Code (720 ILCS 5/33A-1(b)(1) (West 2002)) to determine the purpose of Public Act 91-404. See People v. Walden, 199 Ill. 2d 392, 396, 264 Ill. Dec. 91, 769 N.E.2d 928, 931 (2002). Section 33A-1(b)(1) provides as follows:

"In order to deter the use of firearms in the commission of a felony offense, the General Assembly deems it appropriate for a greater penalty to be imposed when a firearm is used or discharged in the commission of an offense than the penalty imposed for using other types of weapons and for the penalty to increase on more serious offenses." 720 ILCS 5/33A-1(b)(1) (West 2002).

In People v. Morgan, 203 Ill. 2d 470, 488, 272 Ill. Dec. 160, 786 N.E.2d 994, 1005 (2003), the supreme court also "acknowledge[d] that the legislative purpose for enacting Public Act 91-404 is the deterrence of the use of firearms in the commission of offenses."

In Hill, the Supreme Court of Illinois applied the first step of the cross-comparison analysis to the sentencing provision at issue here and held the purpose of the amendment to the home-invasion statute was to deter the use of firearms during the commission of home invasion. Hill, 199 Ill.2d at 457-58, 264 Ill. Dec. 670, 771 N.E.2d at 385. In Moss, the supreme court held the purpose of the sentencing statute for aggravated battery with a firearm was to deter the use of a firearm during the commission of a felony, i.e., aggravated battery, by imposing a harsher penalty. Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 525-26, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 222. Thus, applying the Moss approach, we conclude the offense of home invasion while armed with a firearm shares the same statutory purpose as the offense of aggravated battery with a firearm.

Our second inquiry is whether the offense with the harsher penalty is more serious than the offense with the less severe penalty. We note home invasion while armed with a firearm has a sentencing range of 21 to 45 years' imprisonment and is the offense with the harsher penalty. Thus, we must decide whether home invasion while armed with a firearm is a more serious "threat to the public health and safety" than aggravated battery with a firearm. People v. Lombardi, 184 Ill. 2d 462, 474, 235 Ill. Dec. 478, 705 N.E.2d 91, 98 (1998).

Defendant argues that we must follow the holding in Moss that aggravated battery with a firearm (720 ILCS 5/12-4.2(a)(1) (West 2002)) is the more serious offense because the Moss court did not examine the elements of the specific enhanced offenses in analyzing the seriousness of the offenses. See Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 527-30, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 223-25. We disagree.

First, the supreme court in Moss specifically stated the following:

"We conclude, as did the circuit court below, that the less serious conduct proscribed in the Public Act 91-404 offenses involving possession of a firearm (15-year add-on) and personal discharge of a firearm (20-year add-on) is punished more harshly than is the more serious conduct targeted by the statutes for aggravated battery with a firearm and aggravated discharge of a firearm. Accordingly, with regard to the statutes for armed robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-2 (West 2000)), aggravated kidnapping (720 ILCS 5/10-2 (West 2000)), and aggravated vehicular hijacking (720 ILCS 5/18-4 (West 2000)), the 15- and 20-year add-ons mandated by Public Act 91-404 violate the proportionate[-]penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution." (Emphases added.) Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 531, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 225.

Thus, the Moss court expressly limited its decision to sentence enhancements applied to convictions for armed robbery, aggravated kidnaping, and aggravated vehicular hijacking. See People v. Powell, 355 Ill. App. 3d 124, 136, 290 Ill. Dec. 849, 822 N.E.2d 131, 142 (2004).

Second, in determining the relative severity of two offenses, the Moss court noted the high risk of bodily harm is a factor to consider but not the only factor. Moss, 206 Ill.2d at 529-30, 276 Ill. Dec. 855, 795 N.E.2d at 224. Thus, the fact that aggravated battery with a firearm (720 ILCS 5/12-4.2(a)(1) (West 2002)) requires an injury to the victim by means of the discharging of a firearm, while home invasion while merely armed with a firearm (720 ILCS 5/12-11(a)(3) (West 2002)) requires only a threat of force, is not dispositive of the issue of which offense is more severe but merely one factor to consider.

Last, to only compare defendant's conduct with the firearm that is required for the application of the 15-year enhancement with the offense of aggravated battery with a firearm would yield absurd results. For example, it would lead to a finding that aggravated battery with a firearm is a more serious offense than first degree murder while armed with a firearm since the 15-year enhancement for first degree murder (like the offenses addressed in Moss) only requires the defendant to be in possession of a firearm (see 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(d)(i) (West 2004)).

At issue in this case is the offense of home invasion, which was designed to guard the sanctity of one's home against armed intruders. As the United States Supreme Court has recognized, "``the house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence, as for his repose.'" Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 609-10, 119 S. Ct. 1692, 1697, 143 L. Ed. 2d 818, 827 (1999), quoting Semayne's Case, 5 Co. Rep. 91a, 91b, 77 Eng. Rep. 194, 195 (K.B.1604). We find the emotional and psychological trauma caused by a home invasion with a firearm may in fact be more severe than the physical injury suffered by a victim of aggravated battery with a firearm.

Accordingly, we conclude the legislature has determined that home invasion while armed with a firearm is the greater evil to the public's health and safety, and thus defendant did not overcome the presumed constitutionality of the sentencing-enhancement provision in question. This conclusion is consistent with our prior rulings in unpublished orders. See People v. Waltrip, No. 4-03-0164 (October 21, 2003) (unpublished under Supreme Court Rule 23), appeal allowed, 207 Ill. 2d 626, 283 Ill. Dec. 140, 807 N.E.2d 981 (2004) (No. 97299); People v. Wardle, No. 4-02-0768 (February 11, 2004) (unpublished under Supreme Court Rule 23), appeal pending, No. 98008. Additionally, we recognize our decision is contrary to the Second District's People v. Dryden, 349 Ill.App.3d 115, 124, 285 Ill. Dec. 61, 811 N.E.2d 302, 310 (2004).

Since we have found the 15-year sentence enhancement is constitutional, we need not address defendant's last argument.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

Affirmed.

STEIGMANN and APPLETON, JJ., concur.