People v. Walker

2022 IL App (1st) 201151No. 1-20-1151
Third Division
June 22, 2022
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
)
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of Cook County.
Respondent-Appellee, )
) No. 05 CR 18000
v. )
) The Honorable
BRIAN WALKER, ) Thomas Joseph Hennelly,
) Judge Presiding.
Petitioner-Appellant. )
)
______________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices McBride and Ellis concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant Brian Walker, age 20 at the time of the offense, appeals from the trial court’s
order denying him leave to file a successive pro se postconviction petition. Following a jury
trial, defendant was convicted of the first degree murder of Dehombre Barnett. The jury also
found that defendant personally discharged the firearm that caused the victim’s death.
Following three sentencings, which we describe below, defendant was ultimately sentenced to
28 years, plus an additional 25 years due to a firearm enhancement, for a total sentence of 53
years with the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC).
¶2 On appeal, defendant maintains that he has established the cause and prejudice necessary
to file a successive postconviction petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725
ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2018)). Defendant maintains that, in light of recent law and
developing science, his 53-year sentence violates the proportionate penalties clause of the
Illinois Constitution, as applied to him, where he was only 20 years old at the time of the
offense, where the offense reflected the hallmark characteristics of youth, including lack of
maturity, impetuousness, and susceptibility to peer pressure, and where recent research on the
young adult brain suggests he was more akin to a juvenile than an adult at the time of the
offense. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 The instant appeal represents the fourth time defendant has appeared before this court in
connection with his conviction and sentence for first degree murder. A detailed recitation of
the facts and trial testimony can therefore be found in our prior decisions, which we hereby
incorporate by reference and from which the following relevant facts are drawn. See People v.
Walker, 392 Ill. App. 3d 277 (2009); People v. Walker, 2012 IL App (1st) 102284-U; People
v. Walker, 2018 IL App (1st) 160509.
¶5 In sum, the State’s evidence at trial established that defendant and Matthew Moss, an
uncharged co-offender, entered the victim’s barbershop shortly before the murder and ran out
after two gunshots were fired. Defendant’s signed statement to an assistant state’s attorney was
admitted into evidence and published to the jury. In it, defendant stated that he went to the
barbershop on July 8, 2005, to purchase marijuana from the victim, which defendant had done
several times in the past. After leaving because people were present inside the shop, defendant
met Moss outside of the shop. Moss then went into the shop and returned a few minutes later,
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stating to defendant that he was upset because the victim would not give him a haircut for $10.
Moss told defendant that he intended to rob the victim, and defendant told Moss to be careful
because the victim usually carried a gun. Defendant had a gun and assumed that Moss had a
gun, since he intended to rob the victim.
¶6 Defendant entered the shop and walked with the victim to the back room, where defendant
gave the victim $10 in exchange for some marijuana. When defendant walked back into the
main area of the shop, he observed Moss. While it was Moss’s plan to rob the victim, defendant
stated that he was willing to accept any of “money or weed” from the robbery that Moss would
be “willing to give” him. Defendant put his hand on his gun and observed the victim pull out
a small gun and wave it toward Moss and defendant. A “click” came from the victim’s gun,
but it did not fire. Defendant then pulled out his gun and “panicked and fired the gun,” firing
two shots at the victim. Defendant then ran out of the barbershop, to the river, where he threw
his gun before running home and changing his clothes.
¶7 In a stipulation between the parties, a forensic scientist stated that, if called to testify, he
would testify that a gunshot residue test performed on defendant’s hands did not detect gunshot
residue but that “gunshot residue particles can be effectively removed by washing or wiping
the surface” or with “normal hand activity over time.” A forensic pathologist testified that the
victim died as the result of a gunshot that entered above the victim’s left temple, above the
eyebrow.
¶8 The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder and also found that he personally
discharged the firearm that proximately caused the victim’s death. At the first sentencing, the
trial court sentenced defendant to 35 years for felony murder, plus the mandatory 25-year
enhancement for killing with a firearm, for a total of 60 years.
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¶9 On appeal, defendant claimed (1) that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the
State to proceed solely on a felony murder charge, thereby precluding defendant from seeking
jury instructions on self-defense and second degree murder, (2) that the trial court erred by
refusing to allow the defense to present evidence that a co-offender was not charged, (3) that
the trial court erred by refusing to give defendant’s requested issues instruction on armed
robbery, and (4) that defendant’s sentence was both excessive and improper because the trial
court considered in aggravation matters that were implicit in the offense and facts unsupported
by the evidence.
¶ 10 For reasons already stated in our prior opinion, in 2009 this court affirmed the judgment of
conviction but remanded for resentencing, “with instructions that the trial court may not
consider in aggravation the killing by a firearm, because that is a matter implicit in the firearm
enhancement for the felony murder conviction.” Walker, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 303.
¶ 11 At the second sentencing, held on May 18, 2010, the trial court sentenced defendant to 28
years for felony murder, plus 25 years for the firearm enhancement, for a total of 53 years.
¶ 12 On appeal from the second sentencing, this court found in 2012 that “there is nothing in
the record to show whether the sentencing court considered defendant’s subjective belief that
he shot the victim in self-defense, which is a statutory mitigating factor in sentencing only in
a felony murder case.” Walker, 2012 IL App (1st) 102284-U, ¶ 1. This court vacated
defendant’s sentence a second time and remanded for a third sentencing in order “for the
sentencing court to consider defendant’s [subjective] belief.” Walker, 2012 IL App (1st)
102284-U, ¶ 1.
¶ 13 At the third sentencing, held on December 18, 2012, the trial court considered defendant’s
subjective belief in the need for self-defense and again sentenced defendant to 28 years for
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felony murder, plus 25 years for the firearm enhancement, for a total of 53 years. Defendant
filed an appeal from the third sentencing, but this court granted counsel’s Anders motion to
withdraw and affirmed defendant’s sentence. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967);
In re J.P., 2016 IL App (1st) 161518, ¶¶ 5-6 (pursuant to Anders, appointed counsel may
request leave to withdraw from representation on direct appeal if counsel “conclude[s] that no
viable grounds exist for the appeal”).
¶ 14 On August 13, 2015, defendant filed a pro se petition for relief from judgment, seeking
relief under section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2014)),
which was denied. Defendant did not appeal the denial of his section 2-1401 petition for relief
from judgment.
¶ 15 In defendant’s initial pro se postconviction petition, filed on November 17, 2015,
defendant raised several claims, only one of which he raised on appeal: that his counsel was
ineffective for failing to inform him of the mandatory 25-year firearm enhancement, thereby
leading defendant to reject a 27-year plea offer from the State. Walker, 2018 IL App (1st)
160509, ¶ 12. This court found defendant failed to show prejudice stemming from this alleged
failure and, therefore, could not establish ineffective assistance of counsel. Walker, 2018 IL
App (1st) 160509, ¶ 33. In reaching this conclusion, we noted that, the firearm enhancement
notwithstanding, defendant was willing to risk a possible 60-year sentence for murder and
reject an offer of only seven years more than the minimum in the hope of being acquitted.
Walker, 2018 IL App (1st) 160509, ¶ 35.
¶ 16 On March 3, 2020, defendant filed the pro se motion for leave to file a successive
postconviction petition that is the subject of the instant appeal. In the motion and attached
petition, defendant argues that his de facto life sentence of 53 years, imposed for a crime
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committed when he was 20 years old, violates both the eighth amendment of the United States
Constitution and the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution where the trial
court “did not consider the ‘signature qualities of youth’ ” when sentencing defendant.
Defendant also included a discussion of developments in the way the law treats juveniles and
youthful offenders, as well as recent scientific findings in neurobiology and developmental
psychology showing that the human brain does not finish developing until an individual’s mid-
twenties, which is much later than previously thought.
¶ 17 On August 27, 2020, the trial court issued an oral ruling denying defendant’s motion for
leave, finding that the law cited by defendant was “not applicable.” Defendant filed a timely
notice of appeal from that decision on September 22, 2020. We have jurisdiction over this
appeal pursuant to article VI, section 6, of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI,
§ 6) and Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(a) (eff. July 1, 2017), governing appeals from final
judgments in postconviction proceedings.
¶ 18 ANALYSIS
¶ 19 In the case at bar, defendant seeks leave to file a successive postconviction petition
pursuant to the Act. The Act provides a statutory remedy for criminal defendants who claim
that their constitutional rights were violated at trial or at sentencing. People v. House, 2021 IL
125124, ¶ 15 (the Act permits inquiry into constitutional issues relating to conviction or
sentence). Although our supreme court has made clear that the Act contemplates only one
postconviction proceeding, “[n]evertheless, [the supreme] court has, in its case law, provided
two bases upon which the bar against successive proceedings will be relaxed.” People v.
Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 22; 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018). To file a successive
petition, a defendant must establish either (1) cause for not filing earlier and prejudice or
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(2) actual innocence. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 22-23. In the instant case, defendant
alleges only cause and prejudice.
¶ 20 Prior to commencing a successive proceeding, a defendant must obtain leave of court to
file his or her petition. People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 43. At this threshold stage, when
a defendant seeks leave to file, he or she is required to demonstrate only “a prima facie showing
of cause and prejudice.” People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 24. To show cause, “a defendant
must identify an objective factor that impeded his ability to raise the claim in his initial
petition.” People v. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 14. To show prejudice, “a defendant must
demonstrate that the claim so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or sentence violated
due process.” Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 25. If leave to file is granted, the petition will be
docketed for second-stage proceedings. People v. Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 28; People v.
Jackson, 2015 IL App (3d) 130575, ¶ 14 (“When a defendant is granted leave to file a
successive postconviction petition, the petition is effectively advanced to the second stage of
postconviction proceedings.”). Thus, at this early leave-to-file stage, the petitioner is not
required to make the “substantial showing” that will later be required at a second-stage hearing
after counsel is appointed. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 58. “[L]eave of court to file a
successive postconviction petition should be denied only where it is clear from a review of the
petition and attached documentation that, as a matter of law, the petitioner cannot set forth a
colorable claim ***.” Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 24.
¶ 21 To determine whether a defendant has made a prima facie showing of cause and prejudice,
we apply a de novo standard of review. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 13. De novo consideration
means that a reviewing court performs the same analysis that a trial judge would perform.
People v. Van Dyke, 2020 IL App (1st) 191384, ¶ 41.
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¶ 22 In the case at bar, defendant argues he has established cause because his petition alleged
that a new and growing body of case law, such as Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), and
People v. House, 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-B, rev’d in part, 2021 IL 125124, was not available
to him when he filed his initial petition on November 17, 2015. We thus begin our analysis of
cause with a summary of the evolving constitutional standards for sentencing of juveniles and
young adults under the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution and proportionate
penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution.
¶ 23 “The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment ‘guarantees
individuals the right not to be subjected to excessive sanctions.’ ” Miller, 567 U.S. at 469(quoting Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 560 (2005)). In Miller, the United States Supreme
Court found that a sentence of mandatory life without parole for offenders under 18 years old
violates the eighth amendment and announced several factors that a sentencing court must
consider in mitigation before imposing a natural life sentence on a juvenile. Miller, 567 U.S.
at 465, 483. The Illinois Supreme Court has since expanded the applicability of Miller to
de facto life sentences, which it defined as a sentence of over 40 years. See People v. Reyes,
2016 IL 119271, ¶¶ 9-10; People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶¶ 40-41. Thus, a mandatory
sentence in excess of 40 years, for an offender under 18 years old at the time of the offense,
violates the eighth amendment if the trial court failed to specifically consider “some variant of
the Miller factors.” People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶¶ 40, 43-44; Buffer, 2019 IL 122327,
¶¶ 40-41.
¶ 24 These eighth amendment decisions, however, do not directly apply to the case at bar
because defendant was not a juvenile at the time of his offense; he was 20 years old. In People
v. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, our supreme court reaffirmed under 18 as the age cutoff for juvenile
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sentencing protections in the eighth amendment context. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 61 (in the
eighth amendment context, “for sentencing purposes, the age of 18 marks the present line
between juveniles and adults”); see also People v. Ruiz, 2020 IL App (1st) 163145, ¶ 32 (Miller
does not apply to individuals 18 years or older); People v. Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st)
170541, ¶ 37 (same); People v. White, 2020 IL App (5th) 170345, ¶ 20 (same).
¶ 25 While Harris foreclosed defendant’s eighth amendment argument, it pointedly left open
the applicability of the Illinois Constitution. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 48 (explaining that
postconviction proceedings are the most appropriate mechanism for young adult offenders to
raise proportionate penalties claim). Indeed, where, as here, a young adult raises an as-applied
challenge, Illinois courts have routinely considered their sentencing claims under the
proportionate penalties clause of our Illinois Constitution rather than the eighth amendment.
E.g., Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st) 170541, ¶¶ 37-38 (considering a 19-year-old defendant’s
as-applied sentencing claim under the proportionate penalties clause rather than the eighth
amendment); People v. Franklin, 2020 IL App (1st) 171628, ¶ 51 (18-year-old defendant);
People v. Johnson, 2020 IL App (1st) 171362, ¶¶ 13-31 (19-year-old defendant); People v.
Savage, 2020 IL App (1st) 173135, ¶ 61 (22-year-old defendant); People v. Ross, 2020 IL App
(1st) 171202, ¶ 20 (19-year-old defendant).
¶ 26 The proportionate penalties clause provides that “[a]ll penalties shall be determined both
according to the seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring the offender to
useful citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. “The purpose of the proportionate penalties
clause is to add a limitation on penalties beyond those provided by the eighth amendment and
to add the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.” Minniefield, 2020 IL App
(1st) 170541, ¶ 35; see Franklin, 2020 IL App (1st) 171628, ¶ 55; Savage, 2020 IL App (1st)
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173135, ¶ 65. Thus, the proportionate penalties clause goes further than the eighth amendment
in offering protection against oppressive penalties. Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st) 170541,
¶ 35; People v. Clemons, 2012 IL 107821, ¶ 39; People v. Fernandez, 2014 IL App (1st)
120508, ¶ 63 (“the Illinois Constitution places greater restrictions on criminal sentencing than
the eighth amendment’s prohibition”). “Unlike other constitutional provisions affecting
criminal defendants, these two provisions—the eighth amendment and the proportionate
penalties clause—are not in lockstep.” Franklin, 2020 IL App (1st) 171628, ¶ 55; see Savage,
2020 IL App (1st) 173135, ¶ 65.
¶ 27 By way of the proportionate penalties clause, our supreme court has held that young adults
may rely on the evolving neuroscience and societal standards underlying the rule in Miller to
support an as-applied challenge to a life sentence. See People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151,
¶¶ 43-44 (19-year-old defendant “is not necessarily foreclosed from renewing his as-applied
challenge in the circuit court” pursuant to the Act); Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶¶ 59-61.
Recently, in House, 2021 IL 125124, ¶¶ 29-31, our supreme court once again found that a
young adult may bring an as-applied challenge under the proportionate penalties clause based
on a developed evidentiary record as to how the “science concerning juvenile maturity and
brain development applies equally to young adults, or to petitioner specifically.”
¶ 28 However, while our supreme court has suggested that emerging adults may be able to
leverage Miller to challenge their sentences under the proportionate penalties clause, that
suggestion is not tantamount to a substantial change in the law that would provide the
defendant cause to file a successive petition under the Act. See People v. Caballero, 2022 IL
App (1st) 181747-U, ¶ 4. Indeed, during the time since defendant filed his successive
postconviction petition, our supreme court has held that the unavailability of Miller or the
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Miller line of cases under Illinois law by itself does not provide cause for a successive petition
raising youth-based sentencing claims under the proportionate penalties clause. People v.
Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶¶ 73-74.
¶ 29 Specifically, in Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 74, our supreme court held that “Miller’s
announcement of a new substantive rule under the eighth amendment does not provide cause
for a defendant to raise a claim under the proportionate penalties clause,” because “Illinois
courts have long recognized the differences between persons of mature age and those who are
minors for purposes of sentencing.” If Miller’s announcement of a new substantive rule does
not provide a minor cause to bring a successive petition, it follows that our supreme court’s
recent acceptance that Miller may apply to young adults in certain circumstances does not
provide cause for a young adult’s successive petition either. Instead, the unavailability of
Miller and the line of cases extending the rule of Miller under Illinois law “at best deprived
defendant of ‘some helpful support’ for his state constitutional law claim, which is insufficient
to establish ‘cause.’ [Citation.]” Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 74; see also People v. Guerrero,
2012 IL 112020, ¶ 20 (“the lack of precedent for a position differs from ‘cause’ for failing to
raise an issue, and a defendant must raise the issue, even when the law is against him, in order
to preserve it for review”).
¶ 30 Moreover, this court has routinely applied Dorsey to reject arguments identical to those
raised by defendant in the case at bar. See, e.g., People v. Winters, 2021 IL App (1st) 191625-
U, ¶ 51 (Dorsey foreclosed a finding of cause even where defendant was young adult rather
than a juvenile); Caballero, 2022 IL App (1st) 181747-U, ¶ 37 (same); People v. Harris, 2022
IL App (1st) 200697-U, ¶¶ 33-34 (finding lack of cause in light of Dorsey, despite parties’
agreement that defendant had established cause). Put simply, because the cases relied upon by
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defendant did not provide a new basis to challenge defendant’s sentence, defendant has failed
to establish cause for failing to raise his proportionate penalties claim on direct appeal or in his
initial 2015 postconviction petition.
¶ 31 Because defendant has not made a prima facie showing of cause, we do not reach the
question of whether he has made a prima facie showing of prejudice. See People v. Brown,
225 Ill. 2d 188, 207 (2007) (where defendant has failed to establish cause, it is not necessary
for the court to consider prejudice). The trial court properly denied defendant leave to file his
successive postconviction petition.
¶ 32 CONCLUSION
¶ 33 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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2022 IL App (1st) 201151Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 05-CR-
18000; the Hon. Thomas Joseph Hennelly, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Jennifer L. Bontrager,
for of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Enrique
for Abraham, Paul E. Wojcicki, and James J. Stumpf, Assistant
Appellee: State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
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