People v. Cordray

2022 IL App (4th) 220047-UNOTICE FILED
This Order was filed under NO. 4-22-0047 January 4, 2023
Supreme Court Rule 23 and is Carla Bender
not precedent except in the IN THE APPELLATE COURT 4th District Appellate
limited circumstances allowed Court, IL
under Rule 23(e)(1).
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Livingston County
JASON CORDRAY, ) No. 18CF242
Defendant-Appellant. )
) Honorable
) Jennifer H. Bauknecht,
) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE DeARMOND delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Cavanagh and Steigmann concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The motion of the Office of the State Appellate Defender to withdraw as
defendant’s appellate counsel is granted, and the trial court’s decision declining to
appoint new counsel following remand for a preliminary Krankel inquiry is
affirmed.
¶2 Following an August 2019 jury trial, defendant, Jason Cordray, was found guilty
of one count of criminal trespass to a residence, a Class 4 felony (720 ILCS 5/19-4(a)(2), (b)(2)
(West 2018)). Thereafter, the trial court sentenced defendant to three years’ imprisonment.
Defendant appealed, arguing, inter alia, the trial court failed to conduct a proper preliminary
inquiry pursuant to People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181, 464 N.E.2d 1045 (1984), concerning
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel he raised in a posttrial motion. Addressing this issue
only, this court remanded the matter to the trial court for a Krankel inquiry. See People v.
Cordray, 2021 IL App (4th) 200075-U. The trial court conducted the required Krankel inquiry in
December 2021 with defendant, defense counsel, and the State present. Following statements
from defendant and defense counsel, the court declined to appoint new counsel to investigate
defendant’s claims.
¶3 The Office of the State Appellate Defender (OSAD) was appointed to represent
defendant on appeal. OSAD has filed a motion to withdraw as appellate counsel, alleging an
appeal would be frivolous. Defendant has not filed a response to OSAD’s motion. For the
following reasons, we grant OSAD’s motion and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
¶4 I. BACKGROUND
¶5 A. The State’s Charges
¶6 In August 2018, the State charged defendant by information with one count of
criminal trespass to a residence, a Class 4 felony (720 ILCS 5/19-4(a)(2), (b)(2) (West 2018)).
¶7 B. Jury Trial
¶8 On August 15, 2019, the matter proceeded to a jury trial. At the outset of the
proceedings, the trial court inquired whether any plea offers were extended. The State responded
in the affirmative, stating, “The last offer tendered would have been two years conditional
discharge, time served, mandatory minimum fines, fees, costs, and assessments,” with which
defense counsel agreed. However, counsel indicated defendant still wished to exercise his right
to a jury trial. The court confirmed defendant understood the State’s offer was the minimum
penalty permitted by statute and, if found guilty, he was eligible to receive a sentence of up to six
years in prison. The court then asked, “And having considered that and discussed that, you wish
to reject this offer even knowing that it is the very minimum you can receive *** and that you’re
-2-
likely to receive something greater than that since that’s the very minimum sentence should you
be found guilty?” Defendant answered, “Yes.”
¶9 During jury selection, the trial court—while discussing the nature of the case, the
parties and procedures involved in a jury trial, and general principles of law—addressed the
potential jurors as follows:
“THE COURT: This is a criminal trial. There are certain propositions of
law that you must be willing to follow. I am going to recite those for you now.
Please listen carefully because I will be asking if you understand these principles
of law and if you accept these principles of law.
So first, a person accused of a crime is presumed to be innocent of the
charge against him. The fact that a charge has been made is not to be considered
as any evidence or presumption of guilt against the Defendant.
The presumption of innocence stays with the Defendant throughout the
trial and is not overcome unless from all of the evidence you believe the State
proved the Defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
The State has the burden of proving the Defendant’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. The Defendant does not have to prove his innocence. The
Defendant does not have to present any evidence on his own behalf and does not
have to testify if he does not wish to. If the Defendant does not testify, that fact
must not be considered by you in any way in arriving at your verdict.
So by a show of hands, do each of you understand these principles of law?
If so, please raise your hands.
PROSPECTIVE JURORS: (All raise hands.)
-3-
THE COURT: And do each of you accept these principles of law? If so,
please raise your hands again.
PROSPECTIVE JURORS: (All raise hands.)
THE COURT: So for the record, all hands were raised.”
For the remaining jurors, the trial court repeated the process and admonished them in the same
manner as it had the first group. The court again asked, “So by a show of hands, do each of you
understand these principles of law?” All members of the venire raised their hands. The court then
asked, “And do each of you accept these principles of law?” All members of the venire again
raised their hands.
¶ 10 At trial, Deputy Brian Hoffmeyer of the Livingston County Sheriff’s Department
testified he responded to a call for “a subject removal” at approximately 8 p.m. on August 15,
2018, at 1512 South Hawthorne Road in Streator, Illinois. Although defendant was not present
by the time Hoffmeyer arrived, he was informed by Ronald Plesko, the homeowner, “that
[defendant] was not allowed on the property.” At that time, the home was occupied by Ronald’s
older brother, George Plesko, who was “in his 90’s,” “extremely hard of hearing,” and “[a] bit
frail of body.” After speaking with Ronald, Hoffmeyer suggested defendant be served with a
no-trespass notice to the residence, which the State introduced as People’s exhibit No. 1.
Hoffmeyer eventually located defendant “walking along the sidewalk in the LaSalle County
portion of Streator” at approximately 11:49 p.m. that evening. Hoffmeyer “advised [defendant]
that [he] had a no trespass order to serve to him. That the no trespass order was for the property
and residence at 1512 South Hawthorne Road. That the no trespass order took effect immediately
and basically remained in effect forever or until Ronald Plesko changed his mind.” Hoffmeyer
testified he told defendant, “once he was served with this no trespass order[,] that it would be
-4-
effectively illegal for him to be at the property and that if he were found there or seen there he
risked getting arrested and going to jail and charged with trespassing to the residence.” While
defendant “refused to sign the copy prior to receiving it,” Hoffmeyer testified he gave defendant
his copy of the no-trespass notice.
¶ 11 However, Hoffmeyer “had a hunch or a gut instinct that [defendant] was going to
disobey the no trespass order” and returned to the residence approximately 30 minutes later.
After exiting his patrol car, Hoffmeyer “heard a voice coming from the north side of the house.”
Hoffmeyer “walked *** to the northwest corner of the house” and “looked around the corner of
the house to find [defendant’s] leg, which was in a cast at the time, *** hanging out of the
window.” According to Hoffmeyer, “[o]nce the leg had disappeared inside the house,” he
observed defendant stand up inside the kitchen. Hoffmeyer then “knocked on the door, and
[defendant] answered the door.” After taking defendant into custody, Hoffmeyer checked the
residence for any other occupants and found George “in his bedroom on his bed asleep.”
Hoffmeyer then “woke him up *** to fill him in as to why there was a cop standing over him in
the middle of the night *** in the bedroom of his residence” and left.
¶ 12 Ronald Plesko testified he owned the residence located at 1512 South Hawthorne
Road in Streator, Illinois, which he leased to George, free of rent, in August 2018. However,
Ronald testified George was currently “in a nursing home” due to his declining health. When
asked by the State to describe George’s physical and mental condition, Ronald stated, “[H]e has
trouble remembering; and he’s stone deaf. *** He’s got a defibrillator and a pacemaker; *** and
he’s having problems right now with his legs.” On the date of the incident, Ronald spotted
defendant “in the yard” of the property, and defendant was told to leave. Ronald testified he was
familiar with defendant and knew he had been arrested “several times.” Further, Ronald testified
-5-
he never gave defendant permission to be on the property. Eventually, Hoffmeyer arrived and
“had [Ronald] sign a paper to have [defendant] arrested for being on the property.”
¶ 13 Defendant testified on his own behalf and stated he had been acquainted with the
Plesko family his entire life. As of the time of trial, defendant was serving a term of mandatory
supervised release (MSR) for a previous conviction of domestic battery. According to defendant,
his parole officer had approved him to live with George at 1512 South Hawthorne Road, and he
had resided at that address since May 2018. Defendant claimed no one told him he was not
allowed on the premises. Defendant also claimed he paid George rent and kept his personal
belongings at the residence. However, defendant acknowledged he (1) received the no-trespass
notice from Hoffmeyer, (2) returned to the property despite being told not to do so, and
(3) opened the door of the residence for Hoffmeyer when he knocked.
¶ 14 Ultimately, the jury found defendant guilty of criminal trespass to a residence.
¶ 15 C. Relevant Posttrial Proceedings
¶ 16 On August 19, 2019, defendant filed a pro se motion for judgment
notwithstanding verdict and motion for a new trial, arguing he was denied the effective
assistance of counsel. Specifically, the motion alleged defendant was entitled to live at the
residence because (1) he was paroled to that address, and parole would not have released him to
that address if he did not have a right to be there; (2) defendant possessed a rent receipt from
George, who he believed was the owner of the premises; and (3) defendant’s state identification
card showed that the address in question was his residence. The motion further alleged this
information was provided to defendant’s trial counsel, who failed to offer it as evidence during
trial.
-6-
¶ 17 In September 2019, the trial court conducted a hearing on defendant’s posttrial
motion. At that hearing, the court reminded defendant he was still represented by counsel and
could not file pro se motions. Upon hearing this, defendant indicated he wanted to proceed
pro se, and the court admonished defendant about his right to waive counsel pursuant to Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 401 (eff. July 1, 1984). After finding defendant’s waiver of counsel
knowing and voluntary, the court released defense counsel from the proceedings.
¶ 18 Defendant then attempted to introduce exhibits he claimed entitled him to live at
the residence. The trial court denied their admission and refused to consider them because, the
court said, new evidence could not be introduced during a hearing on a motion for a new trial or
judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The court allowed the State to argue against defendant’s
motion before ultimately denying it. In doing so, the court found, in relevant part, defendant
received competent representation at trial, there was nothing to suggest trial counsel was
ineffective, and even if these documents were provided to trial counsel, he was “entitled to the
benefit of the doubt with regards to trial strategy decisions.” At no point did the court further
question defendant on the specifics of how his trial counsel was ineffective, nor did it seek input
or a response to defendant’s allegations from defense counsel.
¶ 19 In October 2019, the trial court commenced defendant’s sentencing hearing.
During his statement in allocution, defendant made several rambling and incoherent statements,
prompting the court to inquire whether he was under the influence of something. Upon further
questioning, the court decided to continue the hearing, revoke defendant’s bond, and order
defendant be drug tested.
¶ 20 When the parties reconvened for sentencing in November 2019, it was revealed
defendant tested positive for cocaine, methamphetamine, and alcohol. The trial court
-7-
subsequently found defendant in direct criminal contempt of court for appearing at the October
2019 hearing intoxicated. Ultimately, the court sentenced defendant to 180 days in the county jail
for direct criminal contempt—to be served consecutively to defendant’s 3-year prison sentence
for the underlying conviction of criminal trespass to a residence—and ordered him transferred to
the Illinois Department of Corrections (DOC) upon completion of his 180-day sentence.
¶ 21 D. Direct Appeal
¶ 22 On direct appeal, defendant argued, inter alia, the trial court failed to conduct a
proper Krankel inquiry concerning his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel raised in his
pro se motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and motion for a new trial. Cordray,
2021 IL App (4th) 200075-U, ¶¶ 7, 13. This court ultimately agreed with defendant, finding the
trial court improperly “foreclosed defendant from attempting to present the recommended
elaboration of his claims,” and we remanded the matter to the trial court with instructions to
conduct a proper Krankel inquiry. See Cordray, 2021 IL App (4th) 200075-U, ¶¶ 27, 29.
¶ 23 E. Preliminary Krankel Inquiry
¶ 24 In December 2021, the trial court held the required Krankel inquiry to investigate
defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance. The court proceeded by going through each claim,
allowing defendant an opportunity to explain or elaborate. The court did not permit the State to
participate in its investigation into the factual bases of defendant’s claims. The court also
periodically interjected and asked defendant for additional information. In response to the court’s
questioning, defendant alleged trial counsel, despite being asked to do so, failed to get a written
statement from George that he sublet the premises to defendant.
¶ 25 The trial court then asked defense counsel for his position. According to counsel,
defendant explained to him “that he had the right to be present at that address at the time of this
-8-
case.” Counsel pointed out defendant “had been served *** a notice that he was not to be back at
the house,” but defendant “did not believe that that notice was binding on him because *** he
had been paroled there.” Counsel also attempted to obtain the presence of George but “[did] not
believe that health[-]wise he was available to testify.” Counsel explained “at the time of the
trial[,] and for some time before that, [George] had been hospitalized and then *** was at a
nursing home and was not *** physically available to testify.” Due to George’s unavailability,
counsel told defendant they would be unable to present any written statement from him.
Although defendant “did provide [counsel] with a written document showing that he had paid
money to George,” counsel “had concerns regarding the hearsay nature of that” because
defendant “was not the creator of that document.”
¶ 26 After considering defendant’s factual allegations and the responses of defense
counsel, the trial court stated it recalled the trial “very clearly” and “understood *** the evidence
and arguments of [defendant] and [counsel] concerning the admissibility and/or use of certain
evidence.” Ultimately, the court found defendant’s allegations related to matters of trial strategy,
and thus, did not rise to the level of ineffective assistance. In doing so, the court noted the case
“was not a difficult [one] from a factual or legal standpoint. [Defense counsel] was prepared for
trial. He was familiar with the case and the issues in the case and did the best he could with the
facts and evidence that he had.” The court further noted:
“[T]he problem for the [d]efendant here is not the performance of his attorney.
It’s the fact by which [defense counsel] was limited. The evidence against
[defendant] was not closely balanced; and, in fact, [defendant] admitted the key
elements in his case, specifically that he was served with a no trespass; and then
he proceeded to go into the house.”
-9-
¶ 27 This appeal followed. OSAD, appointed counsel for defendant on appeal, filed a
motion for leave to withdraw as defendant’s counsel and attached a supporting memorandum of
law, citing Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), and People v. Jones, 38 Ill. 2d 384, 231
N.E.2d 390 (1967). This court granted defendant leave to file additional points and authorities on
or before July 8, 2022. None have been filed.
¶ 28 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 29 On appeal, OSAD identifies five potential issues and asserts this case presents no
meritorious issues for review. Defendant has not filed any response in opposition to appellate
counsel’s motion to withdraw. Therefore, we grant OSAD’s motion to withdraw and affirm the
trial court’s judgment.
¶ 30 A. Rule 431(b) Compliance
¶ 31 OSAD first asserts no colorable claim can be made the trial court failed to
substantially comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1, 2012) by collapsing
the four principles, or Zehr admonishments (see People v. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d 472, 469 N.E.2d
1062 (1984)), into one statement of the law during its questioning of the prospective jurors. We
agree.
¶ 32 Whether a trial court has violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1,
2012) and, if so, the effect of noncompliance, is reviewed de novo. People v. Kinnerson, 2020 IL
App (4th) 170650, ¶ 59, 170 N.E.3d 142. The rule is simple—the trial court is to ask each
prospective juror in a criminal case whether they both “understand” and “accept” that (1) the
defendant is presumed innocent, (2) the State bears the burden of proving the defendant guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt, (3) the defendant has no obligation to present evidence, and (4) the
defendant’s choice to not testify cannot be held against him. Ill. S. Ct. R. 431(b) (eff. July 1,
- 10 -
2012). Although Rule 431(b) “mandates a specific question and response process” (People v.
Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 607, 939 N.E.2d 403, 409 (2010)), it “has no requirement that the
trial court ask separate questions of the jurors about each individual principle. [Citation.] Nor
does the rule require separate, individual answers from each juror.” People v. Willhite, 399 Ill.
App. 3d 1191, 1196-97, 927 N.E.2d 1265, 1270 (2010); see also People v. Birge, 2021 IL
125644, ¶ 27, 182 N.E.3d 608 (holding no error occurred where the trial court listed all four Zehr
principles together, rather than individually, prior to asking each jury group whether they
understood and accepted the principles).
¶ 33 Here, the trial court complied with Rule 431(b). The court explained to each panel
of potential jurors (1) defendant was presumed innocent; (2) the State had the burden of proving
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; (3) defendant did not have to present any evidence;
and (4) defendant did not have to testify, and the jury could not hold it against him if he decided
not to testify. Instead of asking if the potential jurors understood and accepted each principle set
forth in Rule 431(b), the court stated all four principles together and then asked if the potential
jurors understood and accepted the principles. As noted supra, our supreme court in Birge
recently held the trial court in that case did not err when it listed all four Zehr principles together,
rather than individually, prior to asking each panel of potential jurors whether they understood
and accepted them. Birge, 2021 IL 125644, ¶ 27. Accordingly, we conclude the trial court’s
procedure here passes muster because it accurately conveyed each of the Zehr principles and
allowed for the question and response process contemplated by the rule.
¶ 34 B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
¶ 35 OSAD asserts no colorable argument can be made the State failed to prove
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of criminal trespass to a residence. We agree.
- 11 -
¶ 36 When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to convict, a
reviewing court determines whether any rational trier of fact could have found the required
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt when the evidence presented at trial is viewed
in a light most favorable to the prosecution, with all reasonable inferences drawn in favor of the
State. People v. Newton, 2018 IL 122958, ¶ 24, 120 N.E.3d 948. It is not a function of this court
to retry a defendant when reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. People v.
Nere, 2018 IL 122566, ¶ 69, 115 N.E.3d 205. Rather, “[i]t is the responsibility of the trier of fact
to resolve conflicts in the testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from
the facts.” People v. Bradford, 2016 IL 118674, ¶ 12, 50 N.E.3d 1112. We reverse a conviction
only where the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that it raises a
reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt. People v. Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 67, 23 N.E.3d
325.
¶ 37 To prove defendant guilty of criminal trespass to a residence, the State must
present evidence to establish defendant (1) knowingly entered the residence of another,
(2) entered the residence without authority, and (3) knew or had reason to know one or more
persons were present in the residence at the time of entry. 720 ILCS 5/19-4(a)(2) (West 2018).
¶ 38 Here, OSAD argues there is no basis on which to challenge the sufficiency of the
evidence. The evidence against defendant was overwhelming. At trial, Hoffmeyer testified he
responded to a call for “a subject removal” at approximately 8 p.m. on August 15, 2018, at 1512
South Hawthorne Road in Streator, Illinois. Although defendant was not present by the time
Hoffmeyer arrived, he was informed by Ronald, the homeowner, “that [defendant] was not
allowed on the property.” After speaking with Ronald, Hoffmeyer suggested defendant be served
with a no-trespass notice to the residence, which the State introduced as People’s exhibit No. 1.
- 12 -
Hoffmeyer eventually located defendant “walking along the sidewalk in the LaSalle County
portion of Streator” at approximately 11:49 that evening and “advised [defendant] that [he] had a
no trespass order to serve to him.” Hoffmeyer explained to defendant “the no trespass order was
for the property and residence at 1512 South Hawthorne Road. That the no trespass order took
effect immediately and basically remained in effect forever or until Ronald Plesko changed his
mind.” Hoffmeyer testified he also told defendant “once he was served with this no trespass
order[,] that it would be effectively illegal for him to be at the property and that if he were found
there or seen there he risked getting arrested and going to jail and charged with trespassing to the
residence.” While defendant “refused to sign the copy prior to receiving it,” Hoffmeyer stated
defendant took his copy of the no-trespass notice.
¶ 39 Unfortunately for defendant, Hoffmeyer’s “hunch or a gut instinct that
[defendant] was going to disobey the no trespass order” proved correct and, upon returning to the
residence shortly after midnight, Hoffmeyer heard a voice, looked around the corner of the
house, and saw defendant’s leg outside the window before defendant entered. Hoffmeyer
observed defendant stand up inside the kitchen. Hoffmeyer then “knocked on the door, and
[defendant] answered the door.” Defendant was then taken into custody, advised he was under
arrest for trespassing, handcuffed, and placed in Hoffmeyer’s squad car for transport. Ronald
Plesko testified he owned the residence located at 1512 South Hawthorne Road in Streator,
Illinois, which he leased to his older brother, George, free of rent. However, Ronald testified
George was currently “in a nursing home” due to his declining health. Ronald testified George
“has trouble remembering; and he’s stone deaf. *** He’s got a defibrillator and a pacemaker;
*** and he’s having problems right now with his legs.” On the date of the incident, Ronald
spotted defendant “in the yard” of the property, and defendant was told to leave. Ronald testified
- 13 -
he was familiar with defendant and knew defendant had been arrested “several times.” More
importantly, Ronald testified he never gave defendant permission to be on the property.
Eventually, Hoffmeyer arrived and “had [Ronald] sign a paper to have [defendant] arrested for
being on the property.”
¶ 40 Finally, defendant testified on his own behalf and stated his parole officer
previously approved him to live with George at 1512 South Hawthorne Road. Defendant claimed
he was not told he was not allowed on the premises. He further claimed he paid rent to George
and kept his personal belongings at the residence. However, defendant ultimately acknowledged
he (1) received the no-trespass notice from Hoffmeyer, (2) returned to the property despite being
told not to do so, and (3) opened the door of the residence for Hoffmeyer when he knocked.
¶ 41 As stated, “[i]t is the responsibility of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the
testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from the facts.” Bradford, 2016
IL 118674, ¶ 12. Because the jury was in a superior position to assess witness credibility and
conflicts in testimony, we will not reverse the decision where the evidence was not so
unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that it justifies a reasonable doubt as to defendant’s
guilt. See Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 67. Accordingly, after reviewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the State, we agree with OSAD and conclude there is no arguable merit to a
claim the State failed to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See Newton, 2018 IL
122958, ¶ 24.
¶ 42 C. Preliminary Krankel Inquiry
¶ 43 OSAD additionally contends any argument the trial court failed to conduct a
preliminary Krankel inquiry would be meritless. We agree.
- 14 -
¶ 44 “A pro se posttrial motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel is governed
by the common-law procedure developed by [the Illinois Supreme Court] in [Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d
181].” People v. Roddis, 2020 IL 124352, ¶ 34, 161 N.E.3d 173. When a defendant makes a
pro se posttrial claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, “the court should first examine the
factual basis of the defendant’s claim.” Roddis, 2020 IL 124352, ¶ 35. “If the court determines
that the claim lacks merit or pertains only to matters of trial strategy, then the court need not
appoint new counsel.” Roddis, 2020 IL 124352, ¶ 35.
¶ 45 “The operative concern for the reviewing court is whether the trial court
conducted an adequate inquiry into the defendant’s pro se allegations of ineffective assistance of
counsel.” People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 78, 797 N.E.2d 631, 638 (2003). “During this
evaluation, some interchange between the trial court and trial counsel regarding the facts and
circumstances surrounding the allegedly ineffective representation is permissible and usually
necessary in assessing what further action, if any, is warranted on a defendant’s claim.” Moore,
207 Ill. 2d at 78. “Trial counsel may simply answer questions and explain the facts and
circumstances surrounding the defendant’s allegations.” Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78.“A brief
discussion between the trial court and the defendant may be sufficient.” Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78.
“Also, the trial court can base its evaluation of the defendant’s pro se allegations of ineffective
assistance on its knowledge of defense counsel’s performance at trial and the insufficiency of the
defendant’s allegations on their face.” Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 79.
¶ 46 “The issue of whether the trial court properly conducted a preliminary Krankel
inquiry presents a legal question that we review de novo.” Roddis, 2020 IL 124352, ¶ 33.
¶ 47 As OSAD points out, the record reveals the trial court followed proper procedure
in complying with our remand. The Krankel inquiry lacked participation by the State, and the
- 15 -
court conducted a thorough investigation into the factual bases of defendant’s claims, allowing
defendant full opportunity to elaborate on each claim and even asking for clarifying information
during the process. The trial court then provided defense counsel with the opportunity to
comment on each issue raised by defendant and evidence of consideration of matters outside the
record is absent. Thus, even with de novo review, it is clear no error occurred in the court’s
compliance with our remand
¶ 48 As to the trial court’s decision to decline to appoint counsel, we find no error.
After hearing from defendant and trial counsel, the court addressed defendant’s complaints and
appropriately found—based on its evaluation of defendant’s claims and its recollection of
counsel’s performance during trial—defendant’s allegations lacked merit and related to matters
of trial strategy. See Roddis, 2020 IL 124352, ¶ 35. The court also acknowledged the evidentiary
hurdles that prevented some of defendant’s requested evidence from being admissible at trial, as
his counsel had advised. Given defendant’s claims were rebutted by counsel and the outcome
resulted from defendant’s predicament and not failures of counsel, the court’s decision regarding
the appointment of counsel cannot be said to be error, let alone manifest error that is plain,
evident, and indisputable. See People v. McLaurin, 2012 IL App (1st) 102943, ¶ 41, 982 N.E.2d
832.
¶ 49 Because the trial court provided defendant an appropriate preliminary Krankel
inquiry and correctly declined to appoint new counsel, the court did not err. Accordingly, we
agree with OSAD that there are no meritorious issues for review.
¶ 50 D. Remaining Claims
¶ 51 Finally, OSAD contends any argument the trial court erred by imposing (1) a
harsher sentence in response to defendant’s exercising his constitutional right to a jury trial and
- 16 -
(2) consecutive sentences of 180 days in the county jail for direct criminal contempt and 3 years’
imprisonment for the underlying conviction of criminal trespass to a residence pursuant to
section 5-8-4(c)(1) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(c)(1) (West 2018))
would be without merit. Specifically, OSAD asserts defendant has completed his entire sentence,
and thus, this court is unable to render any sort of effectual relief. We agree.
¶ 52 Illinois appellate courts generally do not review moot issues. People v.
Henderson, 2011 IL App (1st) 090923, ¶ 9, 961 N.E.2d 407. “A case is moot if the issues
involved in the trial court have ceased to exist because intervening events have made it
impossible for the reviewing court to grant effectual relief to the complaining party.” People v.
Roberson, 212 Ill. 2d 430, 435, 819 N.E.2d 761, 764 (2004). For example, “[a] sentencing
challenge is moot where defendant has completed serving his sentence.” People v. Shelton, 401
Ill. App. 3d 564, 582, 929 N.E.2d 144, 162 (2010); see also People v. Melton, 2013 IL App (1st)
060039, ¶ 28, 4 N.E.3d 99 (“[A] challenge to the validity of an imposed sentence becomes moot
once the entire sentence has been served.”).
¶ 53 Here, OSAD tells us defendant “has now served the entirety of both sentences,
including the required period of [MSR].” See People v. Montalvo, 2016 IL App (2d) 140905,
¶¶ 14-15, 64 N.E.3d 84 (stating a defendant’s entire sentence includes the period of incarceration
in DOC and the time spent on MSR). We also note defendant’s information did not appear
through the “Inmate Search” on DOC’s website, potentially due to the following reason: “The
inmate’s sentence may be DISCHARGED. Inmate has completed their sentence/parole.” Inmate
Search, Illinois Department of Corrections,
https://www2.illinois.gov/idoc/OFFENDER/Pages/InmateSearch.aspx (last visited Nov. 29,
2022). Thus, it is impossible to provide defendant his requested relief as he has completed
- 17 -
serving his entire sentence. Moreover, there is no evidence in the record to support defendant’s
claim the trial court erroneously imposed a harsher sentence in response to defendant’s demand
for a jury trial. Additionally, defendant’s claim that his contempt sentence should have run
concurrently with his sentence for criminal trespass to a residence ignores the discretionary
authority of trial courts to impose a consecutive sentence for a separate contempt finding (see
People v. Hoffman, 2020 IL App (2d) 180853, ¶ 39, 148 N.E.3d 863), and most importantly, he
faces no more exposure in this case to which those days could be applied. Because no effectual
relief can be granted, we conclude these potential issues are moot. See Melton, 2013 IL App (1st)
060039, ¶ 28.
¶ 54 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 55 We grant OSAD’s motion for leave to withdraw as appellate counsel and affirm
the trial court’s judgment.
¶ 56 Affirmed.
- 18 -