Doe v. Carlson

2017 IL App (1st) 160536SECOND DIVISION
February 7, 2017
No. 1-16-0536
JANE DOE, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 13 L 13466
)
CHERIE CARLSON, ) Honorable
) John P. Callahan,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Hyman and Justice Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff Jane Doe appeals an order dismissing her November 2013 complaint alleging
negligence, civil battery, and intentional infliction of emotional distress against defendant,
Cherie Carlson, on the basis that the statute of limitations had expired. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 This case arises from Cherie Carlson’s alleged sexual abuse of Jane Doe, beginning when
Doe was 16 years old. In her deposition, Doe, who was born in September 1979, testified that
she belonged to the North Side Gospel Church and, through the church, became a member of the
Approved Workmen Are Not Ashamed (AWANA) club at the age of five. Beginning at the age
of 11 or 12, Doe attended the AWANA overnight camps in Wisconsin for approximately 2
weeks every summer.
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¶4 Carlson was a leader at the church in charge of the high school AWANA youth group.
Doe met Carlson when Doe was 12 or 13, but the two did not have regular contact until Doe
joined the high school youth group when she was 14 years old. At that time, Doe saw Carlson at
youth group meetings once a week, at church on Sundays, and for sporadic extracurricular
activities.
¶5 In the summer of 1996, when Doe was 16, she attended the AWANA overnight camp,
where she was one of several youth group leaders for the younger members, and Carlson was in
charge of the leaders. Carlson told Doe during a series of conversations that she was interested in
pursuing a “discipleship” or mentor-mentee relationship with Doe. Doe understood this to mean
that Carlson wanted to read the Bible together and act as her teacher and spiritual advisor. Doe
was aware that Carlson previously had a mentor-mentee relationship with another youth group
leader. Doe had seen the other leader in bed with Carlson at camp in the summer of 1993 or
1994, when Doe was 12 or 13. After Doe agreed to the discipleship, Carlson began lying in bed
with Doe, cuddling her, and giving her back rubs.
¶6 When Doe returned from camp in August 1996, Carlson invited her to Carlson’s parent’s
house to watch a movie, at which time Carlson fondled her. Doe cried and pulled away, and
Carlson, also crying, apologized. Doe testified that she felt ashamed, surprised, and scared
because she knew the touching was wrong. Although Carlson assured Doe it would not happen
again, approximately one month later, in Carlson’s car, Carlson moved her hand up Doe’s leg
and kissed Doe. Again, Doe cried and Carlson apologized. From September to December 1996,
the abuse occurred on at least 10 occasions. In early 1997, Doe testified that Carlson sexually
penetrated her in Carlson’s parent’s house, which Doe knew was “inappropriate.” Over the next
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several years, Carlson continued to abuse Doe, often taking her to hotels when Carlson’s parents
were home.
¶7 Doe testified that the sexual abuse became less frequent when she began college and
stopped altogether in 1999 when Doe was 20, because Doe “couldn’t take it anymore” and felt
Carlson was no longer interested in being her spiritual advisor, but was using her for sex. At no
point did Doe feel that her relationship with Carlson was consensual.
¶8 Doe did not report Carlson’s behavior while it was occurring because she was aware that
when Wren made allegations against Carlson, Wren and her family left the church, while Carlson
remained. In addition, Carlson threatened to kill herself if Doe told anyone about the abuse.
¶9 In 1999, after the abuse had stopped, Doe received a phone call from a woman named
Dianna, who asked Doe if Carlson ever tried to touch her. Doe did not answer the question
directly, but later called Dianna’s cousin, Claire, and told her about Carlson’s abuse towards her
because she was concerned about Dianna. Specifically, Doe told Claire that Carlson was
“sexually inappropriate” with her in the hopes that Claire would “warn” her cousin. At around
this same time, Doe began experiencing chronic anxiety, sadness, and nightmares. However, Doe
testified that she did not connect these feelings to Carlson’s abuse until more than a decade later,
when in 2012 she told her husband what she had suffered and began therapy. Her therapist
diagnosed her with post-traumatic stress disorder arising out of the abuse.
¶ 10 Doe filed suit against Carlson, among others, on November 15, 2013. Carlson moved to
dismiss the suit on the grounds that the statute of limitations had expired in 2001, two years after
Doe knew or should have known both that the abuse occurred and that her injury was caused by
the abuse. See 735 ILCS 5/13-202.2(b) (West 1996). The trial court agreed and granted
Carlson’s motion.
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¶ 11 ANALYSIS
¶ 12 The sole issue on appeal is the timeliness of Doe’s suit against Carlson. The relevant
statute of limitations provides that “An action for damages for personal injury based on
childhood sexual abuse must be commenced within 2 years of the day the person abused
discovers or through the use of reasonable diligence should discover that the act of childhood
sexual abuse occurred and that the injury was caused by the childhood sexual abuse.” 735 ILCS
5/13-202.2(b) (West 1996). The statute further provides that the limitations period under
subsection (b) does not begin to run until the victim of the abuse is 18 years old. 735 ILCS 5/13-
202.2(d) (West 1996).
¶ 13 The trial court granted Carlson’s motion to dismiss the complaint as untimely pursuant to
section 2-619(a)(5) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(5) (West 2012)), and
our review of that dismissal order is de novo (Solaia Technology, LLC v. Specialty Publishing
Co., 221 Ill. 2d 558, 579 (2006)). Ordinarily, the issue of when the statute of limitations begins
to run under the discovery rule is one of fact, but when the answer is clear from the pleadings,
we may decide this issue as a matter of law. Softcheck v. Imesch, 367 Ill. App. 3d 148, 156
(2006). Significantly, we accept as true all well-pleaded facts in the plaintiff’s complaint and
draw reasonable inferences from those facts in favor of the plaintiff as the non-moving party.
Chicago Title Insurance Co. v. Teachers’ Retirement System, 2014 IL App (1st) 131452, ¶ 13.
¶ 14 Carlson argues that Doe knew of the abuse and knew or should have known that her
injury was caused by the abuse no later than 1999, shortly after she ended her relationship with
Carlson. Therefore, the limitations period expired two years later in 2001, according to Carlson.
In support, Carlson cites Clay v. Kuhl, 189 Ill. 2d 603 (2000), and Parks v. Kownacki, 193 Ill. 2d
164 (2000). Significantly, both cases address sexual abuse that occurred prior to the time the
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legislature enacted a separate statute of limitations for actions involving childhood sexual abuse.
Before 1991, the applicable statute of limitations for abuse cases was two years, the same as for
all cases involving personal injury. See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 110, ¶ 13-202. A separate section
of the pre-1991 Code provides that the two-year period for bringing a cause of action for
personal injury does not begin to run until the plaintiff reaches the age of 18. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989,
ch. 110, ¶ 13-211. In both Clay and Parks, the plaintiffs waited well over two years past the time
of the abuse to file their complaints, but both plaintiffs claimed the benefit of the discovery rule.
Clay, 189 Ill. 2d at 607-08; Parks, 193 Ill. 2d at 173-74. Pursuant to the discovery rule, “a party’s
cause of action accrues when the party knows or reasonably should know of an injury and that
the injury was wrongfully caused.” Clay, 189 Ill. 2d at 608 (citing Knox College v. Celotex
Corp., 88 Ill. 2d 407, 415 (1981)).
¶ 15 In Clay, the plaintiff, who filed suit in 1996, admitted that she knew of the abuse at the
time it occurred in the 1970s, but she did not realize her “ ‘sexual encounters’ ” with the
defendant had caused her later psychological injuries until June 1994. Id. at 605, 609. But the
supreme court held that application of the discovery rule did not save the plaintiff’s complaint,
which was otherwise untimely. Id. at 610. The court’s decision rested on the fact plaintiff “[did]
not argue that she repressed her memories of the abuse” and that she “was aware of the abuse at
the time it occurred.” Id. The court went on to hold that “Illinois law presumes an intent to harm
and a resulting injury” from the “misconduct” committed by the defendant. Id. at 611; see also
Softcheck, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 156 (“As a matter of law, adults are charged with the knowledge
that sexual contact between 9- to 14-year-old boys and an adult is not only harmful and wrong
but also that it results in injury.”). Accordingly, the plaintiff’s complaint was untimely since she
knew of the abuse (which was tantamount to knowing she was injured) and that her injury was
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wrongfully caused by the time she turned 18 in 1983, but did not file suit until 14 years later.
Clay, 189 Ill. 2d at 610-12.
¶ 16 The supreme court reached the same conclusion in Parks. There, the plaintiff likewise
alleged that while she had not repressed memories of the abuse by her priest, she did not connect
her post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis with that abuse until over 20 years after the abuse
ended. Parks, 193 Ill. 2d at 177. Moreover, she alleged that at the time the abuse was occurring,
she did not know that the sexual relationship between her and her priest was wrong. Id. The
supreme court, citing Clay, held that the discovery rule did not save the plaintiff’s claims. Id. at
177-78. The court pointed out that, despite the plaintiff’s allegations, her actions of reporting the
abuse to her parents and a church leader demonstrated that she knew the defendant had wronged
her. Id. at 177. Further, the plaintiff reasonably should have known that a portion of her injury—
namely, the abortion the defendant forced her to obtain—was caused by the abuse. Id. at 177-78.
The court concluded that the facts regarding plaintiff’s knowledge were stronger than those in
Clay and affirmed the dismissal of the plaintiff’s complaint as time-barred. Id. at 178.
¶ 17 Doe disputes the applicability of Clay and Parks, pointing out that they do not interpret
section 13-202.2 of the Code but instead apply the common law discovery rule. But Doe
overlooks the supreme court’s express finding in Clay that section 13-202.2 of the Code
“codif[ied] the common law discovery rule for actions involving childhood sexual abuse.” Clay,
189 Ill. 2d at 609. As such, we are hard-pressed to find inapposite cases applying that rule.
¶ 18 Significantly, Doe’s allegations bear striking similarities to those made by the Clay and
Park plaintiffs. First, Doe does not allege her memories of the abuse were repressed. Further,
while she, too, denied awareness of the fact that the contact between her and Carlson was
criminal, she admitted that she knew the contact was “wrong” and “inappropriate” at the time it
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was occurring. Doe elaborated that she did not believe her encounters with Carlson amounted to
a consensual dating or sexual relationship. It is well-settled that under the discovery rule a
plaintiff need not appreciate the criminality of the conduct at issue to be charged with knowledge
that her injury was wrongfully caused. See Mitsias v. I-Flow Corp., 2011 IL App (1st) 101126,
¶ 24 (citing Knox, 88 Ill. 2d at 415-16). Finally, just as the plaintiff in Parks, Doe, at the age of
20, informed a third party that Carlson had been “sexually inappropriate” with her. Indeed, Doe
had considered reporting Carlson’s conduct earlier, but decided against it after remembering that
another girl whom Carlson mentored made similar allegations that Carlson “inappropriately
touch[ed]” her, only to end up leaving the church with her family. Doe also recalled that her
youth group leader at the time ordered the members not to discuss those allegations. Taken
together, and contrary to her argument on appeal, Doe’s testimony establishes that she knew of
Carlson’s abuse at the time it occurred.
¶ 19 Turning then to the issue of when Doe knew that her injuries were caused by the sexual
abuse (the second prong of section 13-202.2(b)), pursuant to Clay, knowledge of injury is
presumed where the victim was aware of the sexual abuse as it was occurring (Clay, 189 Ill. 2d
at 611-12). And even assuming arguendo that this presumption of knowledge of injury is
inapplicable, Doe’s testimony nevertheless reveals that she had actual knowledge of the cause of
at least a portion of her injuries when they occurred.
¶ 20 In Doe’s complaint, she states a claim for, inter alia, intentional infliction of emotional
distress against Carlson, alleging that “as a direct result of [Carlson’s] conduct” she “suffered
and will continue to suffer *** severe and permanent emotional distress, physical manifestations
of emotional distress, embarrassment, and loss of self-esteem, humiliation and psychological
injuries.” All these are injuries Doe testified she suffered immediately following the abuse. For
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example, Doe testified that after Carlson fondled her, Doe began crying and felt shame, fear, and
embarrassment. These same reactions and feelings occurred whenever Carlson abused her. To be
sure, Doe may not have realized that the persistent nightmares and ongoing emotional problems
she experienced in her 20s were likewise attributable to the abuse, but it is not necessary that a
plaintiff recognize the full extent of his or her injuries before bringing suit. See, e.g., Golla v.
General Motors Corp., 167 Ill. 2d 353, 367 (1995). Thus, regardless of the applicability of the
Clay presumption, the evidence reveals that Doe actually knew that a portion of her injury was
caused by the abuse at the age of 16. And pursuant to section 13-202.2(d), when Doe reached the
age of 18, the statute of limitations began to run. See 735 ILCS 5/13-202.2(d) (West 1996). The
statute expired two years later, in 1999, well before Doe filed her complaint against Carlson in
2013. The circuit court’s order dismissing Doe’s complaint as time-barred is therefore affirmed.
¶ 21 Affirmed.
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