People v. Robinson

2018 IL App (3d) 170287Opinion filed December 20, 2018
_____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
2018
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
ILLINOIS, ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit,
) Will County, Illinois,
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) Appeal No. 3-17-0287
v. ) Circuit No. 00-CF-2095
)
TERRANCE ROBINSON, ) Honorable
) Daniel J. Rozak,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
_____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices O’Brien and Wright concurred in the judgment and opinion.
_____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 The defendant, Terrance Robinson, filed a pro se postconviction petition in which he
asserted that he had been sentenced in violation of the guidelines set forth in Miller v. Alabama,
567 U.S. 460 (2012). The circuit court dismissed the petition as frivolous and patently without
merit.
¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 In 2001, the defendant was convicted of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(3) (West
2000)). The defendant was 15 years old at the time of the offense. Following a three-day
sentencing hearing, the circuit court sentenced the defendant to a term of 50 years’
imprisonment. In imposing the sentence, the court’s only reference to the defendant’s age was
the following remark: “On the mitigating side there is the defendant’s age. He is 15 years old,
but just the same his actions caused the death directly of another human being.”
¶4 On direct appeal, this court affirmed the defendant’s conviction and sentence. People v.
Robinson, No. 3-01-0788 (2003) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).
Specifically, this court found that the circuit court’s sentence was not excessive.
¶5 On June 8, 2016, the defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition. 1 In the petition, the
defendant asserted that his sentence of 50 years’ imprisonment constituted a de facto life
sentence. Given his status as a juvenile at the time of the offense, the defendant argued that such
a sentence violated the eight amendment of the United States Constitution under Miller. The
circuit court dismissed the petition as frivolous and patently without merit. In the written order
dismissing the petition, the court commented: “This court did (and always does) consider
youthful age and potential for rehabilitation as mitigation and the record indicates that this court
specifically referred to same.”
¶6 II. ANALYSIS
¶7 On appeal, the defendant argues that his pro se postconviction petition stated the gist of a
constitutional claim, and that the circuit court therefore erred in dismissing the petition at the first
stage. We review the circuit court’s summary dismissal of the defendant’s pro se postconviction
petition de novo. People v. Brown, 236 Ill. 2d 175, 184 (2010).
¶8 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2014)) sets out a
three-stage proceeding in which a criminal defendant may assert that his conviction resulted
from a substantial denial of his rights under the United States Constitution, the Illinois
1
Though labeled as a successive petition, the filing was the defendant’s first postconviction
petition, and was treated as such by the circuit court.
2
Constitution, or both. People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 9 (2009). At the first stage, the court must
accept as true and liberally construe all of the allegations in the petition unless contradicted by
the record. People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 244 (2001). A defendant need only allege
sufficient facts to state the “gist” of a constitutional claim in order for his petition to be
forwarded to the second stage. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 9.
¶9 The first stage of postconviction proceedings “presents a ‘low threshold’ [citation],
requiring only that the petitioner plead sufficient facts to assert an arguably constitutional claim.”
Brown, 236 Ill. 2d at 184 (quoting People v. Jones, 211 Ill. 2d 140, 144 (2004)). The circuit court
must summarily dismiss a postconviction petition at the first stage of proceedings if the petition
is frivolous or patently without merit. Id. A petition is frivolous or patently without merit if it
“has no arguable basis either in law or in fact.” Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 16. “A petition which lacks
an arguable basis either in law or in fact is one which is based on an indisputably meritless legal
theory or a fanciful factual allegation.” Id.¶ 10 In Miller, the United States Supreme Court held that a mandatory sentence of life
imprisonment without the possibility of parole violates the eighth amendment of the United
States Constitution when imposed upon a juvenile offender. Miller, 567 U.S. at 470. The Court
noted that its holding “mandates only that a sentencer follow a certain process—considering an
offender’s youth and attendant characteristics—before imposing a particular penalty.” Id. at 483.
Among those attendant circumstances cited by the Miller court were diminished culpability,
greater prospects for reform, lack of maturity, underdeveloped sense of responsibility, limited
control over their environment, and inability to extricate themselves from crime-producing
settings. Id. at 471. In Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct. 718 (2016), the
Supreme Court held that Miller applied retroactively.
3
¶ 11 In People v. Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶ 9, the Illinois supreme court expanded the
reasoning of Miller to include mandatory de facto life sentences. The court reasoned:
“A mandatory term-of-years sentence that cannot be served in one lifetime
has the same practical effect on a juvenile defendant’s life as would an actual
mandatory sentence of life without parole—in either situation, the juvenile will
die in prison. Miller makes clear that a juvenile may not be sentenced to a
mandatory, unsurvivable prison term without first considering in mitigation his
youth, immaturity, and potential for rehabilitation.” Id.One year later, in People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40, the court held that the reasoning in
Miller applied whether the life sentence imposed was mandatory or discretionary. In other
words, any life sentence imposed upon a juvenile—whether de facto or de jure, mandatory or
discretionary—is “disproportionate and violate[s] the eight amendment, unless the trial court
considers youth and its attendant circumstances.” Id. Thus, to prevail on a Miller-based claim
and be subject to resentencing, a defendant sentenced for an offense committed while a juvenile
must show that (1) he was subject to a life sentence, and (2) the sentencing court failed to
consider youth and its attendant circumstances in imposing the sentence.
¶ 12 The defendant argues on appeal that his is a de facto life sentence. Pursuant to that
sentence, the defendant is scheduled to be released from prison on September 17, 2051,
approximately a month prior to his 66th birthday. In making this argument, the defendant relies
in part on data cited approvingly in People v. Sanders, 2016 IL App (1st) 121732-B, ¶ 26, and
People v. Buffer, 2017 IL App (1st) 142931, ¶ 59, which suggests the average life expectancy in
the prison population is 64 years. The defendant also cites to a number of cases in which courts
have determined similar sentences to be de facto life sentences for juveniles. Buffer, 2017 IL
4
App (1st) 142931, ¶ 62 (50-year sentence); People v. Ortiz, 2016 IL App (1st) 133294, ¶ 24 (60
years); Bear Cloud v. State, 20147 WY 113, ¶ 33, 334 P.3d 132, 142 (Wyo. 2014) (45 years). 2
¶ 13 The State insists that the defendant, as well as the above-cited authorities, go too far in
defining the term “de facto life sentence.” Pointing out that the Reyes court defined a de facto life
sentence as one “that cannot be served in one lifetime,” (Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶ 9), the State
asserts that sentences such as that imposed upon the defendant here, where a reasonable
possibility exists that the defendant will be released from prison, should not be considered
de facto life sentences. The State, in turn, cites a number of cases in which courts have
determined that sentences similar to the defendant’s were not de facto life sentences. People v.
Rodriguez, 2018 IL App (1st) 141379-B, ¶ 1 (50 years); People v. Applewhite, 2016 IL App (1st)
142330, ¶ 16 (45 years); People v. Perez, 2018 IL App (1st) 153629, ¶ 38 (53 years); People v.
Pearson, 2018 IL App (1st) 142819, ¶ 49 (50 years).
¶ 14 Importantly, this appeal does not call on us to determine the precise point at which a
sentence becomes a de facto life sentence, or which side of that line the defendant’s sentence
falls on. Instead, we must only determine whether the defendant’s Miller claim, as stated in his
postconviction petition, has an “arguable basis either in law or in fact.” Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 16.
Given the apparent disagreement between numerous courts, as well as the intrinsically difficult
nature of such a question, it is clearly at least arguable that the defendant’s 50-year sentence
amounts to a de facto life sentence.
¶ 15 Next, we must consider whether the circuit court arguably failed to consider the
defendant’s youth and the attendant circumstances of that youth, in fashioning its sentence. See
Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40. The circuit court referenced the defendant’s youth once at
2
While Bear Cloud, as an out-of-jurisdiction case, is merely persuasive authority, it was cited
approvingly by our supreme court in Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶ 9.
5
sentencing, when it commented: “He is 15 years old, but just the same his actions caused the
death directly of another human being.” The State asserts that this comment satisfies Miller and
Holman, but concedes that “the trial court’s analysis of the impact of defendant’s youth as it
relates to his culpability and sentence was not as thorough as mandated by Miller.” 3
¶ 16 The extreme brevity with which the circuit court addressed the defendant’s youth at
sentencing stands in stark contrast with the detailed approach to addressing youth and attendant
circumstances seen in Miller. Miller, 567 U.S. at 470. As with the portion of our analysis, we
need not determine whether the circuit court’s comments were sufficient or insufficient under
Miller. Instead, we simply find that it is arguable that the court’s brief comment was an
insufficient consideration of youth and its attendant circumstances. Because the defendant’s
postconviction petition set forth an arguable basis in law and fact for his Miller claim, we reverse
the circuit court’s summary dismissal of that petition and remand so that the matter may be
docketed for second-stage proceedings.
¶ 17 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 18 The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is reversed and the matter is remanded
for further proceedings.
¶ 19 Reversed and remanded.
3
The State contends that the circuit court only failed to be more thorough because it imposed the
sentence before Miller was decided. While this is no doubt true, it is of no legal import, because Miller
applies retroactively. Montgomery, 577 U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct. 718.
6