People v. Rajner

2021 IL App (4th) 180505 FILED
March 3, 2021
NO. 4-18-0505 Carla Bender
4th District Appellate
Court, IL
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Adams County
JOHNATHAN E. RAJNER, ) No. 17CF873
Defendant-Appellant. )
) Honorable
) Michael L. Atterberry,
) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE KNECHT delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Justice DeArmond and Steigmann concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Justice Steigmann also specially concurred, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Following a jury trial, defendant, Johnathan E. Rajner, was found guilty of
predatory criminal sexual assault of a child and aggravated criminal sexual abuse and was
sentenced to two consecutively imposed terms of 15 years and 7 years in prison. Defendant
appeals, arguing the trial court violated his right to confrontation when it allowed one of the
complaining minor witnesses to testify via closed-circuit television because there was insufficient
evidence to find that testifying inside the courtroom would prevent the witness from reasonably
communicating or cause her to suffer severe emotional distress. We affirm.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 A. Information
¶4 In November 2017, the State charged defendant with various criminal offenses
based upon his alleged sexual conduct with two minors. The State ultimately proceeded against
defendant on one count of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1)
(West 2016)), based upon his alleged sexual conduct with K.R., and one count of aggravated
criminal sexual abuse (id. § 11-1.60(c)(1)), based upon his alleged sexual conduct with Z.P.
¶5 B. Pretrial Proceedings
¶6 In February 2018, the State filed a motion to allow the minors to testify via
closed-circuit television pursuant to section 106B-5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963
(Criminal Code) (725 ILCS 5/106B-5 (West 2016)). Later, the then-guardian of K.R., the
guardianship administrator for the Department of Children and Family Services, filed a similar
motion requesting the same accommodations for K.R.
¶7 In March 2018, the trial court, with Judge Debra L. Wellborn presiding, conducted
a hearing on the pretrial motions. Prior to commencing the hearing, the State informed the court
that, based upon its conversation with Z.P.’s counselor, it would only be requesting
accommodations for K.R. The State then called one witness, Kara Moon.
¶8 Moon testified she received her bachelor’s degree in social work in 2013. Since that
time, she has worked for Chaddock, an agency which provides treatment for children who have
experienced trauma, abuse, neglect, or other maltreatment. Moon initially worked in one of
Chaddock’s residential cottages for teenage girls, where she provided therapy services. At the same
time, Moon pursued a master’s degree in social work. As part of that education, Moon completed
a six-month practicum where she worked mostly with crisis management and outpatient therapy
clients. In 2017, Moon received a master’s degree in social work. After receiving her master’s
degree, Moon obtained a social work license through the State of Illinois. She then transferred to
Chaddock’s Family Solutions Department, where she has served as a therapist. Over the five years
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she has been at Chaddock, Moon has received extensive trauma-related training.
¶9 In September 2017, Moon began seeing K.R. for individual therapy sessions. At
that time, K.R. had already completed an intake with another therapist, and it was determined K.R.
needed help with adjusting to foster care, processing the trauma she experienced, and managing
her emotions from the trauma she experienced. K.R.’s trauma included the reported sexual abuse,
as well as significant environmental and emotional neglect. K.R. was diagnosed with adjustment
disorder with mixed depression and anxiety. Moon described K.R.’s adjustment disorder as
follows:
“That means that she has faced a significant amount of undue
stress in her life and she struggles to deal with it appropriately. She
doesn’t have the skills to manage the amount of stress and the type
of stress that she’s under, so specifically children with adjustment
disorders, they—they become very easily overwhelmed because
they don’t have the emotional regulation skills to deal with things,
so, you know, typical well-functioning children, they have people in
their life that can talk them through situations or teach them how to
calm down, teach them how to take a deep breath, and she doesn’t
have that, and she hasn’t experienced that, so she doesn’t have the
skills necessary to essentially manage her emotions and her body in
a way that a child who doesn’t have an adjustment disorder does.”
¶ 10 The individual therapy sessions with K.R. occurred weekly at K.R.’s school and
lasted 30 minutes. In total, Moon met with K.R. approximately 20 times. During the sessions, K.R.
avoided discussing the trauma she experienced in her life. Specifically, K.R. avoided the subject
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by getting up and walking away, by trying to change the subject, or by refusing to talk about it.
With respect to the reported sexual abuse, Moon testified:
“We have attempted to talk about it at one time and when I asked
her specifically about going to court and what that would mean for
her, just about what she thought about it, she tried to, for several
minutes, say that she didn’t know what I was talking about, she
didn’t know why she needed to go to court, she didn’t know what
she would need to talk about, but when I asked her, do you really
not know or do you really just don’t want to talk about it? And she
kind of gave me a look, and she said, I really—I can’t talk about it,
I don’t want to. So, she knows, but emotionally, she’s not able to
allow herself to talk about it because it’s too stressful for her.”
Moon testified K.R.’s inability to talk about the reported sexual abuse was a manifestation of the
adjustment disorder.
¶ 11 Moon provided an opinion as to the impact of requiring K.R. to testify in front of
defendant inside the courtroom:
“Q. And how does that—the adjustment disorder—what
would you expect her reaction to be if she’s placed on the stand and
made to testify in a courtroom in front of the [d]efendant?
A. I would expect her to become very overwhelmed. I would
expect her to be very fidgety, I would expect that she would answer
several questions with, I don’t know, and I would expect her to be
very, very overwhelmed.
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Q. Do you—in your professional opinion, would she be so
overwhelmed and so distressed by that situation that she wouldn’t
be able to communicate in the courtroom?
A. Yes. Oftentimes in my experience and in my education,
children who have experienced trauma when they are made to do
things such as this like testify, she—they often experience [post-
traumatic stress disorder (P.T.S.D.)], P.T.S.D. type responses. She
could have unwanted flashbacks, intrusive thoughts where she just
thinks about it and she can’t stop thinking about it. She could
internalize that, so she would blame herself, think it’s her fault, think
that she’s done something wrong and she—sometimes children who
experience P.T.S.D. become aggressive and very manipulative in
their environment, and I would expect her to respond in that way as
well.”
Moon also believed that allowing K.R. to testify outside the presence of defendant via a closed-
circuit television would assist her in rendering her testimony:
“I believe that she would be more likely to respond, more likely to engage and
answer questions because she won’t have that—she’ll still—I can predict that she
will still be fearful, but I don’t think that she would be as fearful and as emotionally
distressed as she would be as if she were in the courtroom.”
¶ 12 Moon was asked if her opinion was specific to K.R. or all children with K.R.’s
diagnosis, to which Moon testified: “I believe it is specific to K.R. Not all kids with adjustment
disorder present the same way, so when I’m speaking about adjustment, I’m speaking specifically
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regarding her and the behaviors that she presents with.” Moon acknowledged she had never
rendered an opinion in a court proceeding.
¶ 13 Based upon Moon’s testimony, the State and K.R.’s guardian argued that the trial
court should (1) find requiring K.R. to testify in front of defendant inside the courtroom would
result in her suffering serious emotional distress such that she could not reasonably communicate
and would suffer severe adverse effects and then (2) grant their motions and allow K.R. to testify
via closed-circuit television. Defendant disagreed, arguing Moon’s testimony was insufficient for
the court to make the requisite finding to allow K.R. to testify via closed-circuit television.
Defendant also expressed concern with the jury making “certain assumptions” about him if K.R.
was allowed to testify via closed-circuit television.
¶ 14 After taking the matter under advisement, the trial court entered an order granting
the motions and allowing K.R. to testify via closed-circuit television. In the order, the court found,
based upon its review of Moon’s testimony, “K.R. would suffer serious emotional distress such
that she cannot reasonably communicate in the presence of the [d]efendant in the courtroom.” The
court specifically highlighted Moon’s testimony indicating she had been working with K.R. for
approximately 20 therapy sessions and believed K.R. would be so overwhelmed and distressed if
she were required to testify in front of defendant inside the courtroom that she would be unable to
communicate and likely exhibit behaviors similar to those exhibited during the therapy sessions,
such as getting up and walking away, changing the subject, and refusing to talk.
¶ 15 C. Jury Trial
¶ 16 In May 2018, the trial court, with Judge Michael L. Atterberry presiding, conducted
a jury trial. K.R., who was 10 years old at the time of trial, testified via closed-circuit television
that, when she was staying the night at Z.P.’s home, defendant came into Z.P.’s bedroom and
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placed “his finger in his mouth” and then put it inside her underwear and “down to my vagina.”
Z.P., who was also 10 years old at the time of trial, testified that, when she was receiving a shoulder
ride from defendant inside her bedroom on a night when K.R. was staying over, defendant reached
around his neck and “touched my private and asked me if it felt good.” The jury also heard both
minors’ accounts through recorded forensic interviews. After hearing the evidence presented, the
jury found defendant guilty of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child and aggravated criminal
sexual abuse.
¶ 17 D. Posttrial Proceedings
¶ 18 In June 2018, defendant filed a motion for a new trial. In the motion, defendant
argued that (1) “[w]hile the jury was instructed that it should give the testimony of K.R. the same
consideration had K.R. personally appeared in court, the use of [the procedure allowing K.R. to
testify via closed-circuit television] is highly prejudicial to [d]efendant” and (2) “[t]he prejudice
to [d]efendant resulting from the closed[-]circuit television testimony warrants a new trial.”
¶ 19 In July 2018, the trial court, with Judge Michael Atterberry presiding, conducted a
hearing on defendant’s motion for a new trial. At that hearing, defendant argued:
“[T]his motion pertains to the procedure that was used whereby
[K.R.] was permitted, pursuant to statute, to testify not in the
presence of the jury but outside the presence of the jury. And
essentially, we are arguing that that procedure, while it did comply
with statute, was prejudicial to [defendant][.]”
The court attempted to clarify defendant’s argument, stating:
“[J]ust to be clear so I understand, you’re arguing not only all the
reasons that you presented, I think it was Judge Wellborn, maybe,
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who ruled on the original motion to have the testimony presented in
this light. Are there any additional reasons based on the actual
procedure used that you’re asking that this posttrial motion be
granted?”
Defendant responded in the negative. The State, in response, argued no error occurred as the
statutory procedures were followed prior to and during trial. In part, the State asserted Judge
Wellborn made an appropriate finding based upon the testimony from K.R.’s therapist. After
considering the arguments presented and reviewing the written order entered by Judge Wellborn,
the court denied defendant’s motion. In part, the court found Judge Wellborn’s order was
appropriate from what it could discern. The matter then proceeded to sentencing, where the court
sentenced defendant to consecutively imposed terms of 15 years in prison for predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child and 7 years in prison for aggravated criminal sexual abuse.
¶ 20 This appeal followed.
¶ 21 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 22 On appeal, defendant argues the trial court violated his right to confrontation when
it allowed K.R. to testify via closed-circuit television because there was insufficient evidence that
testifying in court would prevent her from reasonably communicating or cause her to suffer severe
emotional distress. In support, defendant emphasizes K.R.’s therapist was neither a doctor nor a
psychologist and had never testified as an expert, and K.R. never told her therapist about the
reported sexual abuse she suffered. Defendant also asserts the opinion from K.R.’s therapist was
speculative and generalized and proven incorrect based upon K.R.’s ability to testify and discuss
the sexual abuse with the forensic interviewer.
¶ 23 As an initial matter, the State asserts defendant forfeited any argument concerning
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the sufficiency of the evidence by failing to raise it in his posttrial motion. Defendant disagrees,
contending his posttrial motion “obviously was intended to renew and preserve for appeal” his
pretrial argument concerning the sufficiency of the evidence. Alternatively, defendant contends
his forfeiture may be excused under the plain error doctrine. While the State’s forfeiture argument
is well taken, we elect to exercise our discretion to consider the merits of defendant’s argument.
See People v. Curry, 2018 IL App (1st) 152616, ¶ 36, 100 N.E.3d 482 (“[F]orfeiture is a limitation
on the parties, not the court, and we may exercise our discretion to review an otherwise forfeited
issue.”). We do so here particularly because the State and the trial court addressed the issue during
the hearing on defendant’s posttrial motion.
¶ 24 Both the State and K.R.’s guardian filed pretrial motions to allow K.R. to testify
via closed-circuit television pursuant to section 106B-5 of the Criminal Code (725 ILCS
5/106B-5(a)(2) (West 2016)). Section 106B-5 provides, in relevant part, as follows:
“In a proceeding in the prosecution of an offense of *** predatory
criminal sexual assault of a child *** or aggravated criminal sexual
abuse, a court may order that the testimony of a victim who is a child
under the age of 18 years *** be taken outside the courtroom and
shown in the courtroom by means of a closed[-]circuit television if:
***
(2) the judge determines that testimony by the child victim
*** in the courtroom will result in the child *** suffering serious
emotional distress such that the child *** cannot reasonably
communicate or that the child *** will suffer severe emotional
distress that is likely to cause the child *** to suffer severe adverse
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effects.” 725 ILCS 5/106B-5(a)(2) (West 2014).
¶ 25 During a hearing on the pretrial motions, the trial court heard testimony from K.R.’s
therapist. K.R.’s therapist testified about her education, training, and experience working with
minors who had experienced trauma. While defendant points out K.R.’s therapist was neither a
doctor nor a psychologist and had never testified as an expert, defendant cites no authority
requiring any such qualifications or experience to be able to render relevant testimony.
¶ 26 K.R.’s therapist also testified about her experience working specifically with K.R.
She had conducted approximately 20 individual therapy sessions with K.R. During those sessions,
K.R., a minor diagnosed with adjustment disorder, avoided discussing the trauma she experienced
in her life, including the reported sexual abuse. K.R. specifically avoided the subject by getting up
and walking away, by trying to change the subject, or by refusing to talk about the trauma. While
defendant points out K.R. never discussed the reported sexual abuse with her therapist, that fact
does not preclude K.R.’s therapist from being able to render relevant testimony.
¶ 27 K.R.’s therapist opined requiring K.R. to testify in front of defendant inside the
courtroom would cause her to become so overwhelmed that she would not be able to communicate.
Defendant asserts the opinion was speculative and generalized. We disagree. K.R.’s therapist made
clear the opinion was based upon her experience with K.R. and specific to K.R. Defendant further
asserts the opinion was proven incorrect based upon K.R.’s ability to testify and discuss the sexual
abuse with the forensic interviewer. We disagree. The fact K.R. was able to discuss the sexual
abuse via closed-circuit television and with the forensic interviewer does not subtract from the
opinion that requiring K.R. to testify in front of defendant inside the courtroom would cause her
to become so overwhelmed that she would not be able to communicate.
¶ 28 Contrary to defendant’s argument, we find the testimony presented was more than
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sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that “K.R. would suffer serious emotional distress
such that she cannot reasonably communicate in the presence of the [d]efendant in the courtroom.”
Accordingly, defendant’s argument suggesting the trial court violated his right to confrontation
when it allowed K.R. to testify via closed-circuit television is meritless.
¶ 29 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 30 We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
¶ 31 Affirmed.
¶ 32 JUSTICE STEIGMANN, specially concurring:
¶ 33 Although I fully agree with my distinguished colleagues in the majority in this case,
I write this special concurrence to reiterate the concerns expressed by this court in People v. Pope,
2020 IL App (4th) 180773, ¶¶ 42-46, 157 N.E.3d 1055. In Pope, this court acknowledged that the
Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Dean, 175 Ill. 2d 244, 254, 677 N.E.2d 947, 952 (1997),
concluded that section 106B-1 of the Criminal Code was constitutional. Pope, 2020 IL App (4th)
180773, ¶ 43. However, we noted that to reach that conclusion, the Illinois Supreme Court relied
on Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 851 (1990), and we further noted that the later decision of
the United States Supreme Court in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), renders
continued reliance upon Craig problematic. Pope, 2020 IL App (4th) 180773, ¶¶ 44-45. As this
court wrote in Pope, Professor Wayne LaFave has similarly questioned continued reliance on
Craig, writing as follows:
“ ‘Some language in Crawford that endorses categorical rules rather than balancing
tests is at odds with the Court’s opinion in Craig. Nevertheless[,] courts have
continued to apply Craig, noting that the Crawford decision did not mention Craig,
and that it addressed when confrontation is required, not what procedures constitute
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confrontation.’ ” Id. ¶ 45 (quoting 6 Wayne R. LaFave, Criminal Procedure
§ 24.2(e) (4th ed. 2019)).
¶ 34 Only the Illinois Supreme Court can change its holding regarding the
constitutionality of section 106B-1 of the Criminal Code, and until the Illinois Supreme Court
sees fit to do so, this court is required to follow Dean. Nonetheless, I am writing this special
concurrence in the hope that the Illinois Supreme Court might reconsider its holding in Dean.
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No. 4-18-0505
Cite as: People v. Rajner, 2021 IL App (4th) 180505
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Adams County, No. 17-CF-873;
the Hon. Michael L. Atterberry, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Darrel F. Oman, of State
for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Gary L. Fahra, State’s Attorney, of Quincy (Patrick
for Delfino, David J. Robinson, and Benjamin M. Sardinas, of
Appellee: State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for
the People.
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