People v. Flores

2023 IL App (1st) 211383-UTHIRD DIVISION
May 10, 2023
No. 1-21-1383
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 07 CR 16031
)
OSCAR FLORES, ) Honorable
) Peggy Chiampas,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
_____________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE McBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Reyes and Burke concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The trial court did not err in summarily dismissing defendant’s pro se
postconviction petition because his appellate counsel was not ineffective for
failing to raise a meritless claim on direct appeal.
¶2 Defendant Oscar Flores appeals the trial court’s first stage dismissal of his postconviction
petition, arguing he set forth the gist of a constitutional claim of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel. Specifically, he contends that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing
to argue that the trial court erred in refusing defendant’s request to ask potential jurors questions
regarding their opinions toward gangs when gang evidence would be prevalent at trial.
No. 1-21-1383
¶3 Following a jury trial, defendant was found guilty of the May 2007 first-degree murder of
Victor Casillas, with the additional finding that defendant personally discharged a firearm that
proximately caused Casillas’s death. Defendant was also found guilty of the attempted murder
and aggravated battery with a firearm of Leonel Medina. The trial court subsequently sentenced
defendant to a term of 29 years for the first-degree murder conviction with an additional 25-year
firearm enhancement, 20 years for the attempted murder conviction, and 6 years for the
aggravated battery conviction, to be served consecutively, for a total sentence of 80 years’
imprisonment.
¶4 In his initial direct appeal, this court reversed and remanded for a new trial based on a
finding that defendant had invoked his right to remain silent and any subsequent statements were
inadmissible. People v. Flores (Flores I), 2014 IL App (1st) 121786, ¶ 63. This court also found
MySpace photographs introduced by the State to be admissible, but held that the captions were to
be redacted because the State could not establish who wrote the captions. Id. ¶ 79.
¶5 On remand, defendant’s second jury trial was conducted in July 2015. Prior to jury
selection, defense counsel requested the trial court question the prospective jurors “about any
bias or prejudice they may have regarding gangs because the courts have held that it’s such a
sensitive issue and people have very strong feelings about it.” Counsel explained that she had
drafted “questions designed to determine whether or not they know people in gangs, whether or
not they have had any interaction with gangs, and whether or not they have strong feelings about
gangs that would affect their ability to be fair.” Counsel also requested questions about whether
the prospective jurors had ties to any community watchdog groups and had strong feelings about
guns that would affect their ability to be fair.
¶6 In response, the prosecutor argued that the appropriate question was something similar to
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questions posed regarding the credibility of the testimony of police witnesses. He suggested a
question informing the jurors that they would hear evidence of gang involvement in the case, and
asked if that would cause them to be unfair. The prosecutor contended that the questions
requested by the defense were not appropriate questions. After the discussion, the court ruled that
she would ask the standard question the same way the court would ask about the testimony of
police witnesses and denied the rest of the defense’s questions.
¶7 During voir dire, the court asked the following questions of the first potential juror.
“Q. And sir, this next question, would you judge the testimony or weigh
the testimony of each witness the same, regardless of their profession or what they
do for a living?
And what this boils down to, for everyone, is this, that you’re not going to
take [the credibility of] a policeman more than a civilian witness or less than a
civilian witness, that you’re going to take it the same manner on each witness and
base it on how they testify, regardless of their profession.
A. Yes.
Q. And sir — and this is for everyone.
Ladies and gentlemen, there may be — there will be evidence presented or
testified to or alleged in regards to gang activity in this case, and individuals that
testify may or may not be affiliated with certain gangs.
And sir, can you take their testimony in the same light, manner as any
other witness in the case?
A. Yes.”
¶8 For the subsequent potential jurors, the trial court asked a similar version of this question,
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“would you give each witness that testifies the same weight, level of credibility,
regardless of if they are a police officer, alleged gang member, or any other
witness ***?”
Each of the selected jurors answered in the affirmative.
¶9 The pertinent evidence presented at defendant’s jury trial was the following.
¶ 10 Leonel Medina testified that in March 2007, he was a member of the Two Six gang, but
at the time of trial, was no longer a gang member. On March 19, 2007, at approximately 8:30
p.m., Medina was walking east on 30th Street near South Kildare Avenue in Chicago on his way
to a friend’s house. He turned to walk north on Kildare and noticed a blue and gray Astro van
stop at the intersection. He observed two people in the van, a driver and a passenger. He
described the occupants as male Hispanics, and “they seemed young.” The passenger then pulled
out a gun and began to shoot. Medina estimated that he was 20 feet away from the passenger side
of the van. The passenger fired four to six times in Medina’s direction and Medina began to run
north on Kildare. He observed the van turn east onto 30th Street and heard the tires “peal out
[sic]” and someone yelled the word, “king.” Medina continued to his friend’s house on South
Kildare Avenue. When he arrived, he noticed blood on his thighs and realized he had been shot.
He had four gunshot wounds, two on each of his thighs. He called 911 and an ambulance arrived
to transport him to the hospital. He later spoke with the police about the shooting. Medina
subsequently viewed a photo array and lineups, but did not identify anyone.
¶ 11 Leonardo Gonzalez testified that he was a former member of the Two Six street gang
with Victor Casillas. In March 2007, Gonzalez was 16 years old, and Casillas was 15 years old.
¶ 12 On March 19, 2007, Gonzalez spent the day with Casillas at both Casillas’s house and
Gonzalez’s house. They smoked marijuana and played video games. Around 4 p.m., they went to
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No. 1-21-1383
Piotrowski Park to “hang out.” Gonzalez was unsure what time they left the park, but testified
that it “was still just a little bit light but it was getting dark.” They were walking on West 30th
Street near South Karlov Avenue when he heard three or four gunshots behind them. Gonzalez
told Casillas that they needed to “get the heck out of here.” Gonzalez thought a rival gang might
have fired the shots and testified that the rivals of the Two Six were the Latin Kings and Maniac
Latin Disciples. They started to walk away toward Gonzalez’s house at South Karlov Avenue
and West 26th Street.
¶ 13 As they were walking, a van drove behind them and caught Gonzalez’s attention.
Gonzalez could not remember the color of the van, but described it as an Astro van. According to
Gonzalez, Casillas made a gang sign disrespectful to the Latin Kings, specifically, “throwing the
crown down.” Gonzalez testified that he was on the passenger side of the van. The passenger in
the van pulled out a gun and Gonzalez “froze” as Casillas started to run. Gonzalez could not see
the passenger and he was unable to tell if the passenger was a man or a woman, black or white or
Hispanic. Gonzalez described the gun as an automatic, square, and black. The passenger then
fired the gun.
¶ 14 Gonzalez fell to the pavement. He then heard Casillas scream as he had been shot.
Gonzalez went toward Casillas. Gonzalez testified he threw bottles from the street at the van.
The van then drove off towards South Pulaski Road. Gonzalez remained with Casillas until the
police arrived. He told the police that he did not know who the shooter was.
¶ 15 Later, on May 24, 2007, Gonzalez went to the police station and viewed a lineup.
Gonzalez testified that he identified someone in the lineup, but he told the police that he did not
know “if it’s him.” He identified defendant in court as the person he selected in the lineup.
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¶ 16 Gonzalez did not remember speaking with Assistant State’s Attorney (ASA) Stephanie
Miller on May 24, 2007, but admitted that his signature appeared on a handwritten statement
prepared by ASA Miller. He also identified two exhibits attached to the statement, one was a
photograph of Casillas and the other was a photograph of defendant. Gonzalez admitted that he
spoke with ASA Miller because the police “were making [him] mad.” Gonzalez wanted to go to
the hospital to visit his friend, and the police told him that he could not go until he talked to
them. The prosecutor then asked a question to clarify Gonzalez’s testimony and asked Gonzalez
if the statement he gave in May 2007 was given because of the way the police treated him after
Casillas’s murder in March. Gonzalez again responded that “they were making me mad because
they wouldn’t let me see my friend.” Gonzalez admitted that in the statement he told the ASA
that the passenger pulled out a black semiautomatic handgun and fired two shots, hitting Casillas,
and he identified an attached photograph of defendant as the shooter. Gonzalez also testified he
did not remember telling ASA Miller that he had not been threatened or made promises in order
for him to provide the statement about the shooting. Gonzalez then testified that he was “really
high” when giving the statement. He did not remember if he said that he was under the influence
of drugs or alcohol in the statement. Gonzalez also did not remember testifying before the grand
jury in June 2007. The prosecutor asked Gonzalez about specific testimony he gave before the
grand jury, but Gonzalez did not recall any of the testimony.
¶ 17 On cross-examination, Gonzalez testified that on the night of the shooting in March 2007,
he did not identify anyone. Later in May 2007, he identified defendant in a lineup. Between
those dates, Casillas’s brother, Antonio Casillas came to Gonzalez with defendant’s photograph
and told Gonzalez to identify defendant. Antonio was not present at the time of the shooting.
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No. 1-21-1383
Gonzalez testified that defendant was not the shooter. Defendant was a Latin King, and he
believed a Latin King had committed the crime.
¶ 18 On redirect, Gonzalez remembered meeting with defense counsel and an investigator in
June 2015. During that meeting, Gonzalez told them that Antonio and Casillas’s mother wanted
him to identify defendant because “the mom wanted justice.” Gonzalez admitted that the June
2015 meeting was the first time he mentioned that Casillas’s mother asked him to identify
defendant.
¶ 19 ASA Stephanie Miller testified that she met with Gonzalez on May 26, 2007, and into
May 27, 2007, at the Area 4 police district. She had a conversation with Gonzalez with a
detective present and later took a handwritten statement from Gonzalez. In the statement,
Gonzalez identified defendant in a photograph as the person who shot Casillas. During the
interview, Gonzalez did not appear to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. ASA Miller
asked Gonzalez outside the presence of any police officers how he had been treated and if he had
been threatened by anyone. Gonzalez told her that he had not been threatened and did not
disclose any threats from Antonio Casillas.
¶ 20 ASA Bonnie Greenstein testified that she presented Gonzalez to the grand jury on June
14, 2007. When she spoke with him prior to his testimony, Gonzalez did not tell her that he was
forced to make an identification in a lineup. He did not make any complaints about the police or
ASA Miller. Gonzalez also did not state that he was forced to make an identification by Antonio
Casillas. During his testimony, Gonzalez identified defendant as the shooter and the passenger in
the van. Gonzalez could not view the driver because the driver was wearing a “hoodie.” He also
testified that he was not under the influence of drugs or alcohol and that he had been treated
“good.”
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No. 1-21-1383
¶ 21 Lorena Aguilar testified that at around 8:30 p.m. on March 19, 2007, she was walking
east on West 30th Street, between South Tripp Avenue and South Kildare Avenue, with her
friend Elizabeth Hernandez when they heard gunshots. She looked behind them and observed a
Chevy Astro van. When the van passed them, Aguilar saw two Hispanic males about 19 or 20
years old. She described the passenger as wearing a white t-shirt. After the van passed them, she
heard more gunshots. They ran toward the gunshots and observed a boy on the ground “choking
up” blood. She remained on the scene until the police arrived and told them which direction the
van had traveled. Aguilar later viewed a photo array and two lineups but was unable to identify
anyone.
¶ 22 Lizette Martinez and Rita Serrano testified similarly that around 8:30 p.m. on March 19,
2007, they were walking Martinez’s dog eastward on West 30th Street, when they heard
gunshots behind them. Both women observed a gray van pass them with two occupants, a driver
and a passenger. They then heard two more gunshots in front of them, near West 30th Street and
South Karlov Avenue. When they went to that location, they each observed a young man on the
sidewalk who had been shot.
¶ 23 Serrano described the passenger in the van as a bald Hispanic male wearing a white t-
shirt. Martinez observed the van occupants were male but was unable to discern their race. Both
women separately viewed a photo array and a lineup, but neither made an identification.
¶ 24 Antonio Casillas testified that Victor Casillas was his younger brother. On March 19,
2007, Antonio was at home with his mother at the time of the shooting. His mother answered a
phone call and learned that Casillas had been shot. Antonio went to West 30th Street and South
Karlov Avenue with his mother. When he arrived, Antonio observed Casillas on the ground and
the paramedics were trying to revive him. Casillas was taken from the scene and Antonio later
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No. 1-21-1383
learned that his brother had passed away. On March 21, 2007, Antonio received a phone call
from an individual named Angel Rodriguez. Rodriguez told him that an individual from Farragut
High School known as “Little Rowdy” was “bragging” about shooting Casillas. Rodriguez also
told him that “Little Rowdy” was a Latin King member from near West 27th Street and South
Drake Avenue. Antonio had heard the name “Little Rowdy,” but did not know who “Little
Rowdy” was.
¶ 25 Also on March 21, 2007, Antonio was visited by his cousin Cindy Bahena. Bahena had a
MySpace social media account at that time, but Antonio did not. They logged into MySpace
through the account of an individual named Gladys. They looked for photographs of “Little
Rowdy.” They sent a friend request to “Little Rowdy,” which he accepted. They were then able
to view photographs on that account. On “Little Rowdy’s” account, they viewed photographs of
Casillas and defendant. Antonio did not know defendant’s name when he viewed the
photographs on MySpace. Antonio subsequently obtained a Farragut High School yearbook and
found a photograph showing the same individual as the MySpace photograph and the name listed
was Oscar Flores. Antonio identified defendant in court as the individual in the photographs.
Antonio later shared this information with a detective working on the investigation and also
provided the detective with login information to access MySpace.
¶ 26 On cross-examination, Antonio admitted that he was formerly a member of the Two Six
gang, but testified that he quit in 2004 or 2005. He denied knowing that Casillas or Gonzalez
were Two Six members. Antonio did not recall the year of the Farragut yearbook he viewed.
Defense counsel asked Antonio if he recalled prior testimony in which he testified viewing the
2006 to 2007 yearbook, but he could not recall. Antonio denied “having it out for Little Rowdy”
after speaking with Rodriguez.
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No. 1-21-1383
¶ 27 Antonio also denied showing defendant’s picture to Gonzalez. Antonio testified that he
knew of Gonzalez, but did not know Gonzalez was friends with his brother. He admitted that he
called Gonzalez to tell him that the police were looking for him, but did not tell Gonzalez about
the MySpace photograph.
¶ 28 Evangeline Martinez testified that she was Casillas’s mother. She knew Gonzalez was
friends with Casillas, but denied having any conversations with Gonzalez after Casillas’s death.
Martinez further denied telling Gonzalez that he needed to identify anyone in the case, and
specifically did not tell him to identify defendant.
¶ 29 Yolanda Gutierrez testified that her 1989 Chevy Astro van was stolen on March 16, 2007,
and she did not know who stole her vehicle.
¶ 30 Detective Greg Swiderek testified that on March 19, 2007 around 8:40 p.m., he and his
partner, Detective David Roberts, were assigned to investigate a shooting that occurred near
West 30th Street and South Karlov Avenue. They proceeded to that location, and when they
arrived, Casillas had already been removed from the scene. Detective Swiderek then learned of
another crime scene at West 30th Street and South Kildare Avenue and he went to that location.
There were forensic investigators at both locations collecting evidence and taking photographs.
He also spoke with Medina about the shooting, but after their conversation, Detective Swiderek
did not have a suspect in the shooting.
¶ 31 On March 28, 2007, Detective Swiderek spoke with another officer who informed him
that Antonio told that officer that an individual called Little Rowdy was bragging about the
shooting on MySpace and at Farragut High School. The officer gave him the name Oscar Flores,
but the officer knew defendant as Little Panther, not Little Rowdy.
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No. 1-21-1383
¶ 32 Detective Swiderek obtained a photograph of defendant and showed it to Antonio.
Antonio told the detective it was same picture he had viewed on MySpace of the individual
bragging about the shooting. Detective Swiderek received the two MySpace photographs
obtained by Antonio of defendant and Casillas. Detective Swiderek created a photo array which
was shown separately to Martinez, Serrano, Aguilar, and Hernandez, but none of the women
were able to make an identification.
¶ 33 In May 2007, Martinez, Serrano, Aguilar, and Hernandez each viewed a lineup which
included defendant, but none were able to make an identification. Gonzalez also viewed the
lineup and identified defendant as the person who shot Casillas. Gonzalez did not tell Detective
Swiderek that he was having second thoughts about identifying defendant. Detective Swiderek
also testified that no one in his presence threatened Gonzalez to make an identification. Gonzalez
did not tell him that Antonio had threatened him to identify defendant, that he identified
defendant because Casillas’s mother begged him to make an identification, or that he identified
defendant because he was a Latin King.
¶ 34 In June 2007, Detective Swiderek interviewed codefendant Macias about the shootings.
Detective Swiderek showed Macias defendant’s photograph. The detective asked Macias if
defendant was involved in the shooting. He also showed Casillas’s picture to Macias and asked if
he knew who Casillas was. During the interview, Macias made an incriminating statement and
was subsequently charged with murder and attempted murder. Gonzalez, Medina, Aguilar,
Serrano, and Martinez each viewed a lineup with Macias, but no one made an identification.
Defendant was arrested in July 2007.
¶ 35 On cross-examination, Detective Swiderek testified that he was given the photographs of
defendant and Casillas by another officer, and later Antonio showed him the photos on a
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No. 1-21-1383
computer at Antonio’s house. Defense counsel asked if it was correct that the only person who
could connect defendant to the nickname Little Rowdy was Antonio. Detective Swiderek
responded that Macias connected defendant to the name. Counsel asked the detective if he
remembered prior testimony in which he testified that Antonio and Bahena were the only people
who could connect defendant to the nickname, and Detective Swiderek answered that he could
have said that. He admitted that he never spoke with Bahena, but another detective spoke with
her. Detective Swiderek admitted that he was never on the MySpace page for Little Rowdy, nor
did he make any efforts to connect defendant to the MySpace page.
¶ 36 On redirect, Detective Swiderek testified that he showed Macias a picture and Macias
indicated that defendant was Little Rowdy. On recross, he admitted that when Antonio gave him
the MySpace photographs and said he had been bragging about the shooting, that information
was a tip. On redirect, over defense counsel’s objection, Detective Swiderek identified two
exhibits, one was a MySpace photograph used at trial which had a redaction at the bottom and
the second was another copy of the same photograph without the redaction of the caption. The
caption read, “Little Bonez Rotsk.” Detective Swiderek testified that “Little Bonez” was
Casillas’s nickname and that the phrase in gang terminology meant that Little Bonez “rots, rots
in hell. He’s dead.” Detective Swiderek further testified that the photograph with the caption
came from Little Rowdy’s MySpace page.
¶ 37 Officer Timothy Finley testified that he previously was assigned to the gang team in the
10th district, which included the area of the shooting. In March 2007, he was assigned to the 10th
district. During his time on the gang team, he became familiar with gangs, primarily the Latin
Kings, Two Six, Two Two Boys, and the Satan Disciples. He described the territory for the Latin
Kings and the Two Six, the hand symbols used for each gang, and how to use the hand symbols
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No. 1-21-1383
to show disrespect for a gang. He testified about the caption in the MySpace photo, “Little Bonez
Rotsk.” In gang context, he stated that “tsk” means “Two Six Killer” and was used by members
of the Latin Kings to show disrespect to the Two Six gang.
¶ 38 The parties entered stipulations from three investigators about statements made by
Gonzalez. Gonzalez told an investigator in 2009 that one guy in the van was wearing a hooded
sweatshirt and the other was bald, he did not observe their faces, but the shooter had a long black
gun. Gonzalez and his girlfriend were at Antonio’s house two or three days after the shooting
and Antonio showed them MySpace photos and were told that the people in the photographs
were called “King Trouble” and “King Criminal” and were bragging about the shooting.
Gonzalez stated that was when his memory came back, and he told Antonio the guys in the
photographs were the ones who did the shooting. Gonzalez told another investigator in 2011 that
he remembered observing the gun stick out of the vehicle and he remembered the gun “very
well,” but he did not get a look at the shooter. Gonzalez did not recognize the person in the
MySpace photograph, but agreed to say he was the shooter because Antonio asked him, and he
felt “paternalistic” towards Casillas. When he identified defendant in a lineup, he felt bad about
the false identification, but he identified defendant because Antonio asked him. He identified
defendant because he was a Latin King. Gonzalez told a third investigator in 2015 that Antonio
told him to the tell the police that the person in the MySpace photograph was the person who
shot Casillas. At first Gonzalez did not agree to do it, but Casillas’s mother begged him and
cried. He then agreed to do it. When he viewed the lineup, Gonzalez tried to tell the police that
he did not recognize the shooter. He said the police told him he could be charged if he did not
pick the same person as the individual depicted in the MySpace photo.
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No. 1-21-1383
¶ 39 The State then rested. Defendant moved for a directed finding, which the trial court
denied. In defendant’s case, the parties stipulated that Detective Swiderek testified on October
26, 2011, that Antonio handed him two photographs, and that Antonio and Bahena were the only
two people who could connect the nickname Little Rowdy to Oscar Flores. The defense then
rested.
¶ 40 Following closing arguments, the jury found defendant guilty of the first degree murder
of Casillas and that he personally discharged a firearm that proximately caused Casillas’s death.
The jury also found defendant guilty of the attempted murder of Medina, and aggravated battery.
Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which the trial court denied. At the sentencing hearing,
the court sentenced defendant to consecutive terms of 29 years, 25 years, 20 years, and 6 years in
the Illinois Department of Corrections. The trial court denied an oral motion to reconsider the
sentence.
¶ 41 On direct appeal, defendant argued that (1) the State failed to proved him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt where the only evidence linking defendant to the shooting was a single
unbelievable witness; (2) defendant was deprived of his rights to a fair trial and to confront and
cross-examine witnesses against him when the State called codefendant Macias who refused to
answer any questions; (3) defendant was deprived of his right to a fair trial by the State’s
introduction of prejudicial hearsay testimony; (4) defendant was deprived of his right to a fair
trial based on pervasive misconduct by the prosecutors throughout trial; (5) the trial court erred
in allowing the State to introduce a caption from a MySpace photo without foundation and in
violation of this court’s decision in Flores I; and (6) on remand, this court should assign this case
to a different trial judge. People v. Flores (Flores II), 2019 IL App (1st) 160404-U. This court
rejected defendant’s claims and affirmed his conviction. Id. ¶ 116.
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¶ 42 In March 2021, defendant filed his pro se postconviction petition as well as a
memorandum of law in support of his petition. In his petition, defendant raised multiple claims,
including that he was denied his right to a fair trial because: (1) the State was allowed to question
Macias: (2) the trial court denied his request to ask the jury venire about gangs; (3) the State was
allowed to repeatedly introduce the prior consistent statements of Gonzalez; (4) Gonzalez
repeatedly referred to defendant’s first trial; (5) the trial court allowed Detective Swiderek and
Officer Finley to testify about the their belief concerning the meaning of a photo caption; (6) the
State committed multiple acts of prosecutorial misconduct; (7) the trial court abused its
discretion multiple times; and (8) the cumulative effect of these errors denied him a fair trial. He
also asserted that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise several meritorious
claims on direct appeal, that he was denied his right to confront witnesses, and that he was
denied his right to a fair trial and impartial “adjudicator.” In support of his claims, defendant
attached multiple excerpts from the report of proceedings at trial as well as the proposed
modified jury instructions to his petition. In April 2021, the trial court summarily dismissed
defendant’s petition in a written order and found defendant’s claims were frivolous and patently
without merit.
¶ 43 This appeal followed.
¶ 44 On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his postconviction
petition at the first stage because he set forth the gist of a claim of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel. Specifically, he contends that his appellate counsel was arguably ineffective
for failing to raise a claim that the trial court erred in refusing defendant’s request to ask the
potential jurors questions about their attitudes toward gangs when gang issues, including
defendant’s gang membership, would be introduced at trial. Defendant has not challenged the
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No. 1-21-1383
remaining claims presented in his petition on appeal and has therefore forfeited those claims.
People v. Munson, 206 Ill. 2d 104, 113 (2002) (concluding that the petitioner abandoned several
postconviction claims by failing to raise them on appeal); see also Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff.
Oct. 1, 2020) (“Points not argued are forfeited and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in oral
argument, or on petition for rehearing”).
¶ 45 The Post-Conviction Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 through 122-8 (West 2018)) provides a tool
by which those under criminal sentence in this state can assert that their convictions were the
result of a substantial denial of their rights under the United States Constitution or the Illinois
Constitution or both. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(a) (West 2018); People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 378-
79 (1998). Postconviction relief is limited to constitutional deprivations that occurred at the
original trial. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 380. “A proceeding brought under the [Post-Conviction
Act] is not an appeal of a defendant’s underlying judgment. Rather, it is a collateral attack on the
judgment.” People v. Evans, 186 Ill. 2d 83, 89 (1999). “The purpose of [a postconviction]
proceeding is to allow inquiry into constitutional issues relating to the conviction or sentence that
were not, and could not have been, determined on direct appeal.” People v. Barrow, 195 Ill. 2d
506, 519 (2001).
¶ 46 At the first stage, the circuit court must independently review the postconviction petition
within 90 days of its filing and determine whether “the petition is frivolous or is patently without
merit.” 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2018). “A postconviction petition is frivolous or
patently without merit when its allegations, taken as true and liberally construed, fail to present
the gist of a constitutional claim.” People v. Harris, 224 Ill. 2d 115, 126 (2007). A petition is
frivolous or patently without merit only if it has no arguable basis in law or fact. People v.
Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 16 (2009). A petition lacks an arguable basis in law or fact if it is “based
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on an indisputably meritless legal theory,” such as one that is “completely contradicted by the
record,” or “a fanciful factual allegation,” including “those which are fantastic or delusional.” Id.
at 16-17.
¶ 47 If the court determines that the petition is either frivolous or patently without merit, the
court must dismiss the petition in a written order. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2018). At the
dismissal stage of a postconviction proceeding, the trial court is concerned merely with
determining whether the petition’s allegations sufficiently demonstrate a constitutional infirmity
that would necessitate relief under the Act. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 380. The circuit court is not
permitted to engage in any fact-finding or credibility determinations. Id. at 385. We are to accept
well-pleaded factual allegations of a postconviction petition and its supporting evidence as true
unless they are positively rebutted by the record of the original trial proceedings. Sanders, 2016
IL 118123, ¶ 48. We review the summary dismissal of defendant’s petition de novo. People v.
Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 10.
¶ 48 Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are resolved under the standard set forth in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). In Strickland, the Supreme Court delineated a
two-part test to use when evaluating whether a defendant was denied the effective assistance of
counsel in violation of the sixth amendment. Under Strickland, a defendant must demonstrate
that counsel’s performance was deficient and that such deficient performance substantially
prejudiced defendant. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. To demonstrate performance deficiency, a
defendant must establish that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness. People v. Edwards, 195 Ill. 2d 142, 163 (2001). In evaluating sufficient
prejudice, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
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reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
¶ 49 “The Strickland standard applies equally to claims of ineffective appellate counsel, and a
defendant raising such a claim must show both that appellate counsel’s performance was
deficient and that, but for counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable probability that the appeal would
have been successful.” People v. Petrenko, 237 Ill. 2d 490, 497 (2010). “Appellate counsel is not
obligated to brief and argue every conceivable issue on appeal, and a defendant cannot claim
prejudice based on appellate counsel’s failure to raise an issue that is not meritorious.” People v.
Pingelton, 2022 IL 127680, ¶ 64. “If the underlying claim would not have succeeded on direct
appeal, then ‘there is no arguable legal basis’ for defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel, and dismissal is ‘proper.’ ” People v. Randall, 2021 IL App (1st) 191194, ¶ 66
(quoting Petrenko, 237 Ill. 2d at 501-02).
¶ 50 At the first stage of postconviction proceedings, a petition alleging ineffective assistance
of counsel may not be dismissed if: (1) counsel’s performance arguably fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness; and (2) the petitioner was arguably prejudiced as a result. Hodges,
234 Ill. 2d at 17. “To adequately plead a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petition
must satisfy both prongs of the test.” People v. Bush, 2022 IL App (1st) 210509, ¶ 31 (citing
Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d at 17).
¶ 51 Here, defendant’s underlying claim is that the trial court erred in denying his attorney’s
request for additional questions during voir dire regarding the prospective jurors attitudes and
bias toward gangs. Prior to jury selection, defense counsel asked the court to ask the venire
questions regarding whether they know people in gangs, whether they have had any interaction
with gangs, whether they have strong feelings about gangs that would affect their ability to be
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fair, whether they had ties to any community watchdog groups, and whether they had strong
feelings about guns that would affect their ability to be fair. The State objected to these questions
and argued that defense counsel’s requested questions were not appropriate. The prosecutor
contended that the appropriate question regarding gang bias was the same question used for
police officers, i.e., “You’re going to hear evidence that there is a gang involved in this case.
Would that cause you to be *** not impartial.” Following this discussion, the trial court denied
defendant’s request and held that she would ask the standard question the same way the court
would ask about the credibility of police witnesses.
¶ 52 During jury selection, the court asked the prospective jurors whether they would be able
to give each witness who testifies the same weight, level of credibility, regardless of if they are a
police officer, alleged gang member, or any other witness. Defendant argues that the court’s
failure to ask the additional questions about gang-related prejudices was an error because this
evidence was integral to the trial.
¶ 53 Voir dire examination is to assure the selection of an impartial jury; it is not to be used as
a means of indoctrinating a jury or impaneling a jury with a particular predisposition. People v.
Bowel, 111 Ill. 2d 58, 64 (1986). Stated another way, the purpose of voir dire “is to obtain
enough information about the beliefs and opinions of potential jurors as would allow for the
removal of those members of the venire whose minds are so closed by bias and prejudice that
they cannot apply the law as instructed by the trial court.” People v. Sanders, 238 Ill. 2d 391, 400
(2010) (citing People v. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d 467, 476-77 (2000)).
¶ 54 “[T]he trial court is given the primary responsibility of conducting the voir dire
examination, and the extent and scope of the examination rests within its discretion.” Strain, 194
Ill. 2d at 476. “However, the trial court should exercise its discretion in a manner that is
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consistent with the goals of voir dire. Voir dire is conducted to assure the selection of an
impartial jury, free from bias or prejudice, and grant counsel an intelligent basis on which to
exercise peremptory challenges.” People v. Dixon, 382 Ill. App. 3d 233, 243 (2008). “ ‘To be
constitutionally compelled, it is not enough that a voir dire question be helpful; rather, the trial
court’s failure to ask the question must render the defendant’s proceedings fundamentally
unfair.’ ” People v. Encalado, 2018 IL 122059, ¶ 25 (quoting People v. Terrell, 185 Ill. 2d 467,
485 (1998)).
¶ 55 In Strain, the supreme court held that when testimony pertaining to gang membership and
gang-related activity was an integral part of the defendant’s trial, the defendant must be afforded
an opportunity to question prospective jurors concerning any gang bias. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at
477. In that case, the defendant was charged with first-degree murder. The State’s theory was
that the defendant, a gang member, shot the victim while attempting to retaliate against a rival
gang for allegedly shooting the defendant in the leg on an earlier occasion. Id. at 470. Prior to the
start of voir dire, the trial court stated that it would ask prospective jurors about their
involvement, if any, with gangs. Id.¶ 56 During voir dire, the trial court asked potential jurors if they, any member of their family,
or a close friend had any involvement with a gang. The court also asked each prospective juror
whether he or she could be fair to both sides. However, the court refused defense counsel’s
request to ask each prospective juror whether the juror would find the defendant less believable
if the juror learned that the defendant belonged to a gang. Id. at 470-72. At trial, the State
introduced the defendant’s alleged statement into evidence, as well as the testimony of several
police officers and members of a rival gang in support of its theory that the defendant shot and
killed the victim in an attempt for revenge against a rival gang. Id. at 473.
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¶ 57 As the supreme court acknowledged, gang information permeated the testimony of
almost every witness at the defendant’s trial and the outcome of the trial turned upon the
credibility of the defendant, the testifying police officers, and rival gang members. Id. The Strain
court acknowledged that “street gangs are regarded with considerable disfavor by other segments
of our society” and “there may be strong prejudice against street gangs.” Id. at 477. In
considering the prejudicial effect of bias against gangs, the court held that “when testimony
regarding gang membership and gang-related activity is to be an integral part of the defendant’s
trial, the defendant must be afforded an opportunity to question the prospective jurors, either
directly or through questions submitted to the trial court, concerning gang bias.” Id.¶ 58 Following this holding, the supreme court in Strain concluded that the trial court erred in
denying the defendant’s request to question the venire regarding gang bias and “defendant was
denied an informed and intelligent basis on which to assert challenges for cause or to exercise
peremptory challenges.” Id. at 481.
¶ 59 Defendant contends that the trial court’s question asking if the prospective jurors could
give each witness, including police officers and alleged gang members, the same level of
credibility was not sufficient under Strain. According to defendant, this question “failed to
adequately probe whether the jurors would be prejudiced by evidence” that defendant and some
witnesses were “gang members and lived a gang lifestyle.” We disagree.
¶ 60 The requested question in Strain sought to ask whether the prospective jurors would find
the defendant less credible based on his alleged gang membership. Id. at 471. In this case, the
trial court essentially asked each prospective juror whether they would judge the credibility of a
gang member as they would judge the credibility of any other witness. Contrary to defendant’s
contention, Strain did not hold that a trial court is required to ask the venire multiple questions
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about their knowledge and involvement with gangs. Strain did not establish such a rule; rather,
the supreme court held that the defendant must be afforded an opportunity to question
prospective jurors about gang bias. Id. at 481. The trial court in this case complied with Strain by
asking the prospective jurors about their ability to weigh the credibility of witnesses involved in
gangs the same way they would any other witnesses who testified.
¶ 61 Further, we point out that the questions sought by defense counsel relating to gang
involvement were similar to those asked in Strain but found insufficient to determine bias. “A
juror might well answer a question regarding gang involvement in the negative, while harboring
an opinion of gang members that would affect his ability to weigh the evidence fairly and
impartially.” Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 474; see also People v. Gardner, 348 Ill. App. 3d 479, 482,
486 (2004) (observing that Strain held “gang bias does not depend on one’s involvement with
gangs”). The supreme court later explained its holding in Strain:
“The voir dire questions in Strain were not required because gang members feel
ashamed of being in a gang, or simply because gang membership provokes strong
feelings in the public. Instead, the questions were required because the public
views the testimony of gang members with skepticism and may, therefore, fail to
consider the testimony of a gang member without prejudice.” People v. Encalado,
2018 IL 122059, ¶ 30 (declining to extend the holding in Strain to voir dire
questions about a bias against prostitution).
Defendant has not cited any cases extending Strain to find an abuse of discretion for failing to
ask additional questions during voir dire about gang involvement as sufficient to elicit a bias.
Under Strain, the trial court was required to ask the venire a question about any bias against the
testimony of gang members and the court complied. Since the trial court properly questioned the
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venire about gang bias, the court did not err in denying defense counsel’s requested jury
questions.
¶ 62 Since we have concluded that defendant’s underlying issue lacks merit, defendant cannot
show that he was arguably prejudiced by counsel’s failure to raise this claim on appeal. People v.
Easley, 192 Ill. 2d 307, 329 (2000). Accordingly, defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel fails and the trial court properly dismissed defendant’s postconviction petition
at the first stage.
¶ 63 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶ 64 Affirmed.
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