People v. D.K.

2023 IL App (2d) 220267-UNo. 2-22-0267
Order filed May 24, 2023
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Kane County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 20-CF-1189
)
D.K., ) Honorable
) David Paul Kliment,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Hutchinson and Schostok concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The trial court did not err in rejecting defendant’s posttrial proportionate penalties
challenge. Affirmed.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 In August 2020, defendant was charged with 18 identical counts of predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child. The State alleged that, on or about January 1, 2016, through June 30,
2017, defendant’s hand made contact with the sex organ of A.K., his daughter (a minor under 13
years old), for the purpose of sexual gratification or arousal of A.K. or defendant (a person 17
years of age or over). After a jury trial, defendant, D.K., was found guilty of eight counts of
2023 IL App (2d) 220267-Upredatory criminal sexual assault of a child, a Class X felony (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1), (b)(1)
(West 2020)).
¶4 In a posttrial motion, defendant raised a proportionate penalties challenge (Ill. Const. 1970,
art. I, § 11), asserting that the conduct alleged in the indictment amounted to both Class X felony
predatory criminal sexual assault of a child and Class 2 felony aggravated criminal sexual abuse
(720 ILCS 5/11-1.60(c)(1), (g) (West 2020)) and that the crimes have identical elements but that
the punishment for the former crime is more severe than the punishment for the latter one. The
trial court denied defendant’s motion, finding that the constitutionality of the statute had been
litigated elsewhere and it was upheld.
¶5 The court sentenced defendant to eight consecutive terms of seven years’ imprisonment, to
be served at 85%. Subsequently, the court denied defendant’s postsentencing motion. Defendant
appeals.
¶6 II. ANALYSIS
¶7 Defendant argues that his sentences violated the Illinois Constitution’s proportionate
penalties clause and, as a result, this court must reduce his convictions to aggravated criminal
sexual abuse and remand for resentencing within the applicable statutory range. He notes that the
sentencing range for the relevant predatory-criminal-sexual-assault statute is 6 to 60 years’
imprisonment (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(b)(1) (West 2020)), whereas the sentence for aggravated
criminal sexual abuse is 3 to 7 years’ imprisonment (720 ILCS 5/11-1.60(c)(1), (g) (West 2020);
730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-35(a) (West 2020)). Defendant asserts that, because the two offenses have
identical elements and disproportionate penalties, his convictions should be reduced to aggravated
criminal sexual abuse and the case be remanded for resentencing. For the following reasons, we
reject defendant’s argument.
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2023 IL App (2d) 220267-U¶8 Statutes are presumed constitutional, and a party challenging a statute bears the burden of
demonstrating its invalidity. People v. Graves, 207 Ill. 2d 478, 482 (2003). Whether a statute is
constitutional is a question of law we review de novo. Id.“A proportionality challenge derives from article I, section 11, of the Illinois
Constitution of 1970. Section 11, which is commonly referred to as the proportionate
penalties clause, provides that ‘[a]ll penalties shall be determined both according to the
seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring the offender to useful
citizenship.’ Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. A defendant can raise a proportionate penalties
challenge on the basis that the penalty for a particular offense is too severe under the ‘cruel
or degrading’ standard or that the penalty is harsher than the penalty for a different offense
that contains identical elements. People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d 481, 521 (2005). The latter
challenge, which is at issue here, is evaluated using the identical elements test. Graves,
207 Ill. 2d at 482. The identical elements test considers whether offenses with identical
elements are given different sentences. Id.” People v. Williams, 2015 IL 117470, ¶ 9.
¶9 Under the identical elements test, if offenses have identical elements but different
sentences, the penalties are unconstitutionally disproportionate and the offense with the greater
penalty cannot stand. Id. (discussing People v. Christy, 139 Ill. 2d 172, 181 (1990), and subsequent
case law reaffirming application of test). “[A] proportionate penalty analysis under the identical
elements test is not a subjective determination,” but is objective and “simply compares the
elements of the two offenses to determine if the offenses are the same. This objective test does
not consider the offenses as applied to an individual defendant.” Id. ¶ 19.
¶ 10 We begin by comparing the statutes. The predatory-criminal-sexual-assault-of-a-child
statute provides:
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2023 IL App (2d) 220267-U“(a) A person commits predatory criminal sexual assault of a child if that person is 17 years
of age or older, and commits an act of contact, however slight, between the sex organ or
anus of one person and the part of the body of another for the purpose of sexual gratification
or arousal of the victim or the accused or an act of sexual penetration, and:
(1) the victim is under 13 years of age[.]” 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1) (West 2020).
As used in the statute, courts have construct “contact” to mean any touching. People v. Johnson,
2023 IL App (4th) 220201, ¶ 24.
¶ 11 The aggravated-criminal-sexual-abuse statute provides:
“(c) A person commits aggravated criminal sexual abuse if:
(1) that person is
(2) 17 years of age or over and: (i) commits an act of sexual conduct with a victim
who is under 13 years of age[.]” 720 ILCS 5/11-1.60(c)(1) (West 2020).
¶ 12 “Sexual conduct” means:
“any knowing touching or fondling by the victim or the accused, either directly or through
clothing, of the sex organs, anus, or breast of the victim or the accused, or any part of the
body of a child under 13 years of age, or any transfer or transmission of semen by the
accused upon any part of the clothed or unclothed body of the victim, for the purpose of
sexual gratification or arousal of the victim or the accused.” 720 ILCS 5/11-0.1 (West
2020).
In People v. Johanson, 2023 IL App (2d) 210690, ¶ 18, this court analyzed the grammatical
structure of this definition and determined that sexual conduct occurs when, for purposes of sexual
gratification or arousal of the defendant or the victim, there is (1) knowing touching or fondling of
the victim’s or the defendant’s sex organs, anus, or breast, or (2) knowing touching or fondling of
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2023 IL App (2d) 220267-Uany part of the body of a child under age 13, or (3) any transfer or transmission of semen by the
accused upon any part of the clothed or unclothed body of the victim. Id. Thus, sexual conduct,
this court concluded, occurs in some cases without consideration of the age of the victim or the
defendant. Id. ¶ 19.
¶ 13 In contrast, predatory criminal sexual assault of a child involves only victims under 13
years of age. 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a) (West 2020). Further, the conduct proscribed is (1) an act of
contact between the sex organ or anus of one person and the part of the body of another for the
purpose of sexual gratification or arousal of the victim or the accused; or (2) an act of sexual
penetration. (Emphasis added.) Id. In contrast, “sexual conduct” in aggravated criminal sexual
abuse is defined more broadly when the victim is under age 13, specifically, it includes a knowing
touching or fondling of “any part of the body of a child under 13 years of age.” (Emphasis added.)
720 ILCS 5/11-0.1 (West 2020).
¶ 14 Here, defendant points to People v. Deckard, 2020 IL App (4th) 170781-U, ¶¶ 71-77,
wherein the Fourth District, in an unpublished decision, determined there was a proportionate
penalties violation when it compared predatory criminal sexual assault of a child to aggravated
criminal sexual abuse. In that case, the defendant had argued that his two convictions for predatory
criminal sexual assault of a child violated the proportionate penalties clause because those
offenses, as charged, had the same elements as criminal sexual abuse. Id. ¶¶ 72, 75.
¶ 15 However, in addressing the same issue before us in this case, this court rejected Deckard
as being wrongly decided because it did not look at the elements of both statutes but looked at how
the defendant committed the crime. Johanson, 2023 IL App (2d) 210690, ¶¶ 19-27. We noted
that the supreme court has instructed that a proportionate penalties analysis under the identical
elements test was an objective test, not a subjective one, and that the objective test “ ‘does not
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2023 IL App (2d) 220267-Uconsider the offenses as applied to an individual defendant.’ ” Id. ¶ 26 (quoting Williams, 2015 IL
11740, ¶ 19). Thus, what was charged in the count of which the defendant was found guilty, even
if it satisfied the elements of both offenses, was irrelevant. Id. ¶ 27.
“Under the identical elements test, all that matters is whether, when comparing the
elements of the offenses as the legislature enacted them, the two statutes are revealed to
contain the same elements but provide for disparate sentences. The elements of predatory
criminal sexual assault of a child and aggravated criminal sexual abuse are not the same.
Thus, the disparate sentences for the two offenses are proper.” Id.¶ 16 This court rejected the defendant’s argument that there was a proportionate penalties
violation because the conduct at issue constituted both offenses. Id. ¶ 20. We noted that not all
conduct that constitutes aggravated criminal sexual abuse also constitutes predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child. Id. The latter offense requires proof of a knowing touching of a sex
organ or anus for sexual gratification or arousal when the victim is under age 13, whereas the
former offense does not require know touching of specific areas when the victim is under 13. Id.
¶ 22. “Rather, touching any part of the body of a victim under 13 for sexual gratification or arousal
constitutes aggravated criminal sexual abuse.” Id.¶ 17 Defendant asks us to reconsider Johansen, asserting first that the fact that sexual conduct
for aggravated criminal sexual abuse is more broadly defined compared to the more specific
contact required for predatory criminal sexual assault of a child does not automatically defeat a
proportionate penalties challenge under the identical elements test and that the proper focus is on
whether one offense is punished less severely than identical conduct when charged as another
offense. See People v. Clemons, 2012 IL 107821, ¶ 23 (“the identical elements test has never
required that the two offenses be equally specific”). We find this argument unavailing. In
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2023 IL App (2d) 220267-UWilliams, the court distinguished Clemons, noting that it involved statutes that used different words
that meant the same thing. Williams, 2015 IL 117470, ¶ 17. Here, the terms “contact” and “sexual
conduct” do not mean the same thing.
¶ 18 Similarly, defendant further argues that, in Johansen, this court confused the methods of
committing the offenses with the elements of the offenses and failed to confine its test to the
elements pertinent to the Johansen defendant’s case. See People v. Graves, 207 Ill. 2d 478, 484-
85 (2003) (“setting forth identical offenses is not synonymous with setting forth identical
elements[.] *** That a single offense of theft may be performed in an number of ways necessarily
requires that the single offense of theft be defined in a number of ways.”) (emphases in original).
He also argues that this court ignored that there are factual instances, as in this case, where both
offenses require a knowing touching of a specific area even when the victim is under age 13.
Defendant also contends that Williams’ instruction that the identical elements analysis be objective
does not apply because we need only compare the elements of the offenses “as alleged,” and, here,
and the inescapable conclusion is that they are identical (and noting that the State agreed that the
acts charged here meet the elements of both offenses).
¶ 19 We reject defendant’s arguments. In Williams, the supreme court noted that, although an
individual could simultaneously violate both statutes at issue, “this is not always true.” Williams
2015 IL 117470, ¶ 18 (rejecting the defendant’s argument that FOID card statute and aggravated
unlawful-use-of-a-weapon statute had identical elements because a person possessing a firearm
while not possessing a valid FOID card violated both statutes; further noting that a person can
violate the FOID card statute by possessing a firearm in his or her home without also having a
FOID card, but such conduct would not violate the aggravated unlawful use of a weapon statute,
which requires proof of the additional element that the person be outside of his or her home or on
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2023 IL App (2d) 220267-Uthe public way); see also Johanson, 2023 IL App (2d) 210690, ¶ 20-22; People v. Parker, 277 Ill.
App. 3d 585, 591 (1996) (where permitting an unlawful use of a building applies to buildings used
for unlawful manufacturing or delivering of a controlled substance, the offense of maintaining a
public nuisance is broader and incorporates offenses beyond unlawful manufacturing or delivering,
such as possession of a controlled substance, prostitution, kidnapping and gambling; although an
individual charged with permitting unlawful use of a building could also be charged with
maintaining a public nuisance, “the opposite is not always true”; statutes are not identical and there
is no proportionate penalties violation). Also, to the extent that defendant essentially asks us to
compare the elements as “alleged” or “charged” against him, such a subjective analysis is incorrect
when assessing a proportionate penalties challenge under the identical elements test. Johanson,
2023 IL App (2d) 210690, ¶¶ 25-27.
¶ 20 Finally, we observe that the Fourth District has distinguished Deckard. Recently, in People
v. Melvin, 2023 IL App (4th) 220385, ¶¶ 30-31, the Fourth District, in a published opinion,
addressed Deckard and Johansen and held that the defendant could not bring an as-applied
constitutional challenge to a penalty under the identical elements test. In distinguishing Deckard,
the court noted that Deckard did not address Williams, was unpublished and not precedential, and
the defendant did not clearly identify what type of proportionate penalties challenge he was raising
(i.e., as-applied versus facial challenge). Id. ¶ 30. Notably, the court also stated that, to the extent
Deckard suggests that a defendant can raise an as-applied proportionate penalties challenge under
the identical elements test, Williams precludes it. Id.¶ 21 In summary, the trial court did not err in rejecting defendant’s proportionate penalties
challenge.
¶ 22 III. CONCLUSION
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2023 IL App (2d) 220267-U¶ 23 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County.
¶ 24 Affirmed.
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