People v. Lopez

2020 IL App (2d) 180142-UNo. 2-18-0142
Order filed June 2, 2020
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as
precedent by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Du Page County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 17-DV-1078
)
JESUS LOPEZ JR., ) Honorable
) Jeffrey S. MacKay,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Zenoff and Hudson concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The trial court abused its discretion by admitting testimony that the elderly victim,
who had died before trial, made gestures to the police to indicate that defendant had
punched him in the face: the testimony violated defendant’s right to confront
witnesses, and the constitutional error required a new trial because it was not
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
¶2 Following a trial before a six-person jury, defendant, Jesus Lopez Jr., was found guilty of
domestic battery (720 ILCS 5/12-3.2(a)(1) (West 2016)). The conviction was based on evidence
that defendant punched his elderly father, Jesus Lopez Sr. (Mr. Lopez), who passed away from an
unrelated illness prior to trial. Defendant argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the
2020 IL App (2d) 180142-Uadmission of evidence of gestures that Mr. Lopez made while talking to the police violated his
right to confront witnesses. We reverse the conviction and remand for a new trial.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 Defendant’s mother, Anita Lopez Gonzalez, testified that, on August 18, 2017, she and Mr.
Lopez were at home in their living room. She was reading on the couch and Mr. Lopez, who was
84 years old, was in bed. Gonzalez testified that she saw defendant come down the stairs and hit
Mr. Lopez. She then got up from the couch and tried to separate defendant and Mr. Lopez. She
believed that defendant had been drinking. Asked whether she noticed any injury to Mr. Lopez,
she responded, “Well, then it was swollen.” On cross-examination, Gonzalez acknowledged that
she previously told someone named Sabina Jacobs that she knew nothing about defendant hitting
Mr. Lopez.
¶5 On August 31, 2017, West Chicago police officers Waylon Potts and Michael Zepeda
spoke with Mr. Lopez, Gonzalez, and defendant at the family home. Mr. Lopez spoke Spanish
and Zepeda translated the conversation. Mr. Lopez had some difficulty speaking, and he used
gestures during the conversation. Zepeda testified that, at one point, Mr. Lopez “made a closed
fist with his hands [sic]” and that Mr. Lopez “touched the left side of his face.” Defendant objected
to the testimony on hearsay grounds. The trial court overruled the objection. Zepeda testified that
the left side of Mr. Lopez’s face was bruised and yellow.
¶6 Defendant told Potts that, on the date of the incident, he had consumed about a pint of
alcohol. At some point, Mr. Lopez called defendant a “faggot.” Later in the day they got into a
“verbal altercation.” Defendant told Potts that he had blacked out and did not remember anything
else from that day. Gonzalez told Zepeda that she did not see a physical altercation between
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2020 IL App (2d) 180142-Udefendant and Mr. Lopez but, according to Zepeda, Gonzalez reported that she “did hear a
commotion coming from the room.”
¶7 Mr. Lopez’s granddaughter, Anna Dominguez, testified that she visited the family home
on August 18, 2017. Mr. Lopez did not have any injuries at the time. When Dominguez visited
again the next day, she noticed a bruise on Mr. Lopez’s cheekbone.
¶8 The jury found defendant guilty of domestic battery and defendant filed a timely motion
for a new trial in which he argued, inter alia, that Zepeda’s testimony about the gestures Mr. Lopez
made during their conversation was inadmissible hearsay and violated defendant’s constitutional
right to confront the witnesses against him. The trial court agreed with defendant that the
testimony was hearsay. However, the trial court found that the error was harmless. Applying the
harmless-error standard set forth in People v. White, 134 Ill. App. 3d 262, 283 (1985), the trial
court concluded that there was no reasonable probability that the jury would have acquitted
defendant if the evidence had been excluded. The trial court sentenced defendant to a 90-day jail
term, with credit for 71 days in pretrial custody, and a 1-year term of probation. This appeal
followed.
¶9 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 10 Defendant argues that the trial court committed reversible error by allowing Zepeda to
testify that, at one point during their conversation, Mr. Lopez “made a closed fist with his hands
[sic]” and that Mr. Lopez “touched the left side of his face.” There is no dispute that Zepeda’s
testimony about Mr. Lopez’s gestures was inadmissible hearsay. Defendant argues however, as
he did below, that the testimony also violated his right to confront the witnesses against him. We
agree.
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2020 IL App (2d) 180142-U¶ 11 The sixth amendment to the United States Constitution provides, in pertinent part, that “[i]n
all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right *** to be confronted with the witnesses
against him.” U.S. Const., amend. VI. By virtue of the fourteenth amendment (U.S. Const.,
amend. XIV), that provision, known as the “confrontation clause,” extends to the states. Pointer
v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 406 (1965). The confrontation clause bars “ ‘admission of testimonial
statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to testify, and the
defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.’ ” Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S.
813, 821 (2006) (quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53-54 (2004)). For purposes of
the confrontation clause, the testimonial nature of an out-of-court statement distinguishes the
statement from other hearsay. Id. In Davis, the Court explained the difference between testimonial
and nontestimonial statements as follows:
“Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under
circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to
enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the
circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the
primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant
to later criminal prosecution.” Id. at 822.
¶ 12 There is no dispute that Mr. Lopez’s gestures—making a fist and pointing to his face—
were admitted into evidence as statements that he had been punched. Moreover, the questioning
that elicited the gestures was of the type that has been characterized as “interrogation.” Id. at 820-
21, 829-30. It is also clear that Potts and Zepeda elicited the statements for a possible criminal
prosecution and that there was no ongoing emergency when they spoke with Mr. Lopez.
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2020 IL App (2d) 180142-U¶ 13 Having concluded that the admission of Zepeda’s testimony about Mr. Lopez’s gestures
violated defendant’s right to confront witnesses, we now consider whether the trial court erred by
denying defendant’s motion for a new trial. Citing People v. Hall, 194 Ill.2d 305, 343 (2000), the
State contends that the trial court’s ruling on a motion for a new trial should only be reversed if
the trial court abused its discretion. According to the State, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in allowing the testimony. 1 We disagree. “A trial court abuses its discretion only when
its ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable; when no reasonable person would take the view
adopted by the trial court; or when its ruling rests on an error of law.” (Emphasis added.) People
v. Johnson, 2018 IL App (2d) 160674, ¶ 10. The trial court’s ruling here rests on an error of law
because the trial court viewed the admission of the testimony about Mr. Lopez’s gestures merely
as simple hearsay. Defendant correctly argued that the admission of the testimony also violated
his constitutional right to confront the witnesses against him. Like the improper admission of
hearsay, violations of the right to confront witnesses are subject to a harmless-error analysis.
However, as defendant correctly points out, the analysis is more stringent in the latter case.
¶ 14 Here, the trial court applied the harmless-error standard set forth in White, which held that
“[t]he admission of hearsay evidence is harmless error where there is no reasonable probability
1
We note that the trial court denied defendant’s motion on the basis that the error
complained of was harmless. We are unaware of any authority suggesting that a reviewing court
owes any deference to a trial court’s determination that an error is harmless. Rather, courts appear
to consider the question de novo. See, e.g. People v. Melchor, 226 Ill. 2d 24, 35 (2007) (Instructing
the Appellate Court to determine, on remand, whether evidentiary error was harmless). For
purposes of our analysis, however, we will assume that the abuse-of-discretion standard applies.
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2020 IL App (2d) 180142-Uthat the jury would have acquitted the defendant if the hearsay evidence had been excluded.”
White, 134 Ill. App. 3d at 283. The trial court reasoned that the error was harmless because the
evidence was not closely balanced. However, in determining whether a constitutional error—such
as a violation of the right to confront witnesses—is harmless, the question “is whether it appears
beyond a reasonable doubt that the error at issue did not contribute to the verdict obtained.”
(Emphasis added.) People v. Patterson, 217 Ill. 2d 407, 428 (2005).
¶ 15 Our supreme court has described three approaches for determining whether constitutional
error is harmless: “(1) focusing on the error to determine whether it might have contributed to the
conviction, (2) examining the other evidence in the case to see if overwhelming evidence supports
the conviction, and (3) determining whether the improperly admitted evidence is merely
cumulative or duplicates properly admitted evidence.” Id. Under these approaches, the admission
of the challenged testimony was not harmless. Evidence about Mr. Lopez’s gestures was admitted
as proof that he had been punched. Other than Mr. Lopez’s gestures, the only evidence of
defendant’s guilt was Gonzalez’s testimony that she saw defendant strike Mr. Lopez and
Dominguez’s testimony that, on August 19, 2017, Mr. Lopez’s face had a new bruise that was not
there the day before. Gonzalez’s testimony was impeached by her statement to police that she did
not see what happened. Moreover, Dominguez’s testimony did establish how Mr. Lopez came to
be bruised. The properly admitted evidence of defendant’s guilt was far from overwhelming.
¶ 16 Although Gonzalez’s testimony covered the same subject as Zepeda’s description of
Lopez’s gestures, the gestures were not merely cumulative, because it is unclear whether the jury
would have credited Gonzalez’s testimony without hearing that Mr. Lopez used gestures to
indicate that he had been punched. We concluded that, in the absence of additional properly
admitted evidence, the error contributed to the conviction. Accordingly, the violation of
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2020 IL App (2d) 180142-Udefendant’s right to confront the witnesses against him was not harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt and defendant is entitled to a new trial.
¶ 17 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 18 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County is reversed
and the cause is remanded for a new trial.
¶ 19 Reversed and remanded.
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