Thomas v. The County of Cook

2023 IL App (1st) 211656-UFIRST DISTRICT,
FIRST DIVISION
September 11, 2023
No. 1-21-1656
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
OILY THOMAS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County
)
v. ) No. 2019 CH 06865
)
THE COUNTY OF COOK, ) Honorable
) Sophia H. Hall,
Defendant-Appellee, ) Judge Presiding.
_________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE COGHLAN delivered the judgment of the court.
Presiding Justice Lavin and Justice Hyman concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We affirm the circuit court’s order denying plaintiff’s request for civil penalties
under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) where defendant did not willfully
and intentionally fail to comply or otherwise act in bad faith.
¶2 For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 In 1992, plaintiff Oily Thomas (“Thomas”) was convicted of first degree murder after the
June 4, 1991, shooting of Edward McComb and sentenced to 75 years’ imprisonment. See People
v. Thomas, 364 Ill. App. 3d 91, 93 (2006). On January 14, 2019, pursuant to the Freedom of
Information Act (FOIA) (5 ILCS 140/1 et seq. (West 2014)), Thomas sent a letter to defendant
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County of Cook (“County”), requesting all postmortem photographs, autopsy photographs, and X-
rays of McComb from the County’s medical examiner.
¶5 On January 17, 2019, the County responded, through Registered Health Information
Administrator Mary E. Marik, that it was in possession of 38 autopsy photographs, but 35 of the
photographs were “exempt from disclosure” under section 7(1)(c) of the FOIA because they
depicted “a decedent postmortem” and constituted an “unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.”
The County explained that such an invasion of privacy “means the disclosure of information that
is highly personal or objectionable to a reasonable person and in which the subject’s right to
privacy outweighs any legitimate public interest in obtaining the information.” Citing Public
Access Opinion No. 10-003, the County stated that “courts have determined that autopsy
photographs are records that are highly personal and their release would be objectionable to
reasonable persons.”
¶6 On March 22, 2019, Thomas challenged the denial of access to 35 of the requested
photographs, claiming that “a forensic examination of the requested documents *** is expected to
show that the objective evidence from the documents irrefutably impeaches the testimony of [the
eye]witnesses.” Thomas also asserted that “the personal privacy of the McComb family *** is far
outweighed by the reasonable claim that [the] records could have an innocent man released from
prison.”
¶7 On June 5, 2019, Thomas filed a complaint alleging that defendant violated the FOIA by
denying his requests for all 38 of the autopsy photographs. Thomas alleged that the violation was
done willfully and intentionally or otherwise in bad faith, and requested declaratory and injunctive
relief, attorney fees, and penalties.
¶8 On June 12, 2019, Thomas submitted a second FOIA request for “all of the records and
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physical objects, without limitation” related to the death of McComb.1
¶9 The County filed its response to Thomas’s complaint on August 22, 2019, in which it again
asserted that 35 of the autopsy photographs were “exempt from disclosure pursuant to 5 ILCS
140/7(1)(c)” because they “depicted a decedent postmortem.”
¶ 10 The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. Thomas argued, inter alia, that the
County’s “refusal to produce the 35 photographs was willful and intentional or otherwise in bad
faith” and that the County’s denial “subjects the [County[ to statutory penalties.” The County
responded, in relevant part, that pursuant to section 7(1)(c) it had “complied with its FOIA
obligations and properly withheld Edward McComb’s postmortem photographs,” and there was
no “willful and intentional violation of FOIA” under section 11(j).
¶ 11 On December 10, 2020, the trial court granted Thomas’s motion for summary judgment in
part and ordered the production of all 38 autopsy photographs. The court also granted the County’s
motion in part, finding that “the record is devoid of any evidence of willful or intentional conduct
by Defendant in withholding the phot[o]s or that Defendant otherwise acted in bad faith in
withholding the requested autopsy photographs as exempt under 5 ILCS 140/7(1)(c).”
¶ 12 Thomas filed a motion for reconsideration of the denial of penalties, arguing that the record
contains “evidence of willful or intentional conduct in not producing the requested materials, or
other evidence of bad faith on the part of the defendant.” Specifically, Thomas alleged that “[t]he
correspondence of record in this case shows that the defendant consciously and deliberately
(willfully and intentionally) refused to turn over the requested documents.”
¶ 13 At the August 25, 2021, hearing on Thomas’s motion for reconsideration, the County
argued that the medical examiner properly denied Thomas’s request based on the privacy interest
1
Thomas’s second request is not a part of the record on appeal but is quoted in an email from Marik
to Thomas’s attorney, attached as an exhibit to the County’s Motion for Summary Judgment.
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exemption. The County acknowledged that there was a “balancing test,” but argued that it was not
required to produce the photographs simply because Thomas disagreed with the results of the test.
The County also argued that knowingly raising an exemption could not constitute a willful and
intentional violation of the FOIA, even if the exemption was later determined to be inapplicable.
Thomas’s motion to reconsider was denied.
¶ 14 ANALYSIS
¶ 15 Thomas argues that the trial court’s finding that the County did not “willful[ly] and
intentional[ly]” fail to comply with FOIA or otherwise act in bad faith constituted an erroneous
interpretation of section 11(j) of the FOIA. The County argues that the trial court’s finding was
not against the manifest weight of the evidence where the County reasonably believed that the
withheld photographs were exempt under section 7(1)(c) of the FOIA.
¶ 16 Section 11(j) of the FOIA states in relevant part: “If the court determines that a public body
willfully and intentionally failed to comply with this Act, or otherwise acted in bad faith, the court
shall also impose upon the public body a civil penalty of not less than $2,500 nor more than $5,000
for each occurrence.” (Emphasis added.); 5 ILCS 140/11(j). “To warrant the imposition of a civil
penalty under section 11(j), the public body not only must have intentionally failed to comply with
the FOIA but must have done so deliberately, by design, and with a dishonest purpose.” Edgar
County Watchdogs v. Joliet Township, 2023 IL App (3d) 210520, ¶ 30 (citing Williams v. Bruscato,
2021 IL App (2d) 190971, ¶ 14).
¶ 17 A trial court’s finding that a public body willfully, intentionally, and in bad faith failed to
comply with the FOIA is reviewed under the manifest-weight-of-the-evidence standard,
“regardless of whether the underlying facts are disputed.” Rock River Times v. Rockford Public
School Dist. 205, 2012 IL App (2d) 110879, ¶ 48. A trial court’s decision is against the manifest
weight of the evidence “only when an opposite conclusion is apparent or when findings appear to
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be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on evidence.” Judgment Services Corp. v. Sullivan, 321
Ill. App. 3d 151, 154 (2001).
¶ 18 In this case, the trial court found that the County did not willfully, intentionally, and in bad
faith fail to comply with the FOIA, stating that the record was entirely “devoid” of any evidence
of such conduct. In denying Thomas’s motion to reconsider, the court further explained that the
County did not act willfully, intentionally, or in bad faith “through its conduct with respect to the
response to the request and the conduct in raising an exemption which was presented to the Court.”
We agree.
¶ 19 Although the argument was ultimately rejected by the trial court, the County reasonably
asserted that the autopsy photographs were exempt from the FOIA disclosure obligations under
section 7(1)(c). This section exempts the following from disclosure under the FOIA:
“Personal information contained within public records, the disclosure of which would
constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, unless the disclosure is
consented to in writing by the individual subjects of the information. ‘Unwarranted
invasion of personal privacy’ means the disclosure of information that is highly personal
or objectionable to a reasonable person and in which the subject’s right to privacy
outweighs any legitimate public interest in obtaining the information.” 5 ILCS 140/7(1)(c).
¶ 20 In support of the claimed exemption, the County cited Public Access Opinion No. 10-003
(2010 Ill. Att’y Gen. Pub. Access Op. 10-003). “While Attorney General Opinions are not binding
on the courts, a well-reasoned opinion of the Attorney General is entitled to considerable weight.”
Burris v. White, 232 Ill. 2d 1, 8 (2009); 5 ILCS 140/9.5(f). In Public Access Opinion No. 10-003,
the Attorney General concluded that, based on section 7(1)(c) of the FOIA, “the release of the
post-mortem photographs” of decedents to newspaper reporters “would constitute an unwarranted
invasion of the surviving family members’ personal privacy.” The Attorney General noted that
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No. 1-21-1656
“courts have determined that autopsy photographs are records that are highly personal and their
release would be objectionable to reasonable persons.”
¶ 21 In reaching its opinion, the Attorney General relied on National Archives and Records
Administration v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157 (2004). In Favish, the United States Supreme Court held
that a deceased person’s family members have a privacy interest in preventing the disclosure of
the deceased’s death-scene photographs that could be properly considered exempt under federal
FOIA exemption 7(C), which excuses from disclosure records that “could reasonably be expected
to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” Id. at 168-71; 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C).
The Supreme Court explained that “family members have a personal stake in honoring and
mourning their dead and objecting to unwarranted public exploitation that, by intruding upon their
own grief, tends to degrade the rites and respect they seek to accord to the deceased person who
was once their own. Favish, 541 U.S. at 168.
¶ 22 In the instant case, the record does not support Thomas’s assertion that the County’s
objection to releasing the autopsy photographs was motivated by bad faith. Therefore, the trial
court properly denied Thomas’s request for civil penalties.
¶ 23 CONCLUSION
¶ 24 For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶ 25 Affirmed.
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