Robert L. Clark, Jr. and Debra Clark v. Robert L. Clark, Sr.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
David W. Craig Richard P. Samek
Scott A. Faultless Diana C. Bauer
Krysten Lester-LeFavour Carson Boxberger LLP
Craig Kelley & Faultless Fort Wayne, Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
______________________________________________________________________________
In the FILED
Jul 23 2012, 11:28 am
Indiana Supreme Court
_________________________________ CLERK
of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
No. 01S02-1112-CT-690
ROBERT L. CLARK, JR. AND
DEBRA CLARK, Appellants (Plaintiffs below),
v.
ROBERT L. CLARK, SR., Appellee (Defendant below).
_________________________________
Appeal from the Adams Circuit Court, No. 01C01-0811-CT-16
The Honorable Frederick A. Schurger, Judge
_________________________________
On Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 01A02-1007-CT-759
_________________________________
July 23, 2012
Dickson, Chief Justice.
The Indiana Guest Statute prevents certain designated passengers from recovering dam-
ages for injuries resulting from the ordinary negligence of the motor vehicle operator, where
such passenger was "being transported without payment in or upon the motor vehicle." Ind.
Code § 34-30-11-1 (emphasis added). We hold that, as to injuries inflicted when such a passen-
ger has exited the vehicle and is standing outside of it and directing the driver's attempt to park,
the passenger is not "in or upon" the vehicle and thus is not precluded from bringing a negli-
gence action against the driver.
Both parties moved for summary judgment seeking a determination of the applicability of
the Guest Statute, and the trial court ruled in favor of Senior. The Court of Appeals reversed, in
an unpublished opinion, Clark v. Clark, No. 01A02-1007-CT-759, 2011 WL 2848178 (Ind. Ct.
App. July 19, 2011). We granted transfer and now hold that the Indiana Guest Statute does not
bar the plaintiffs' suit.
The relevant facts are not disputed. On September 5, 2007, Robert Clark, Jr., age 46, was
travelling as a passenger in a motor vehicle operated by his father, Robert Clark, Sr. When they
arrived at their destination, the son exited the vehicle and walked to a point several feet in front
of the vehicle and began motioning for his father to drive forward into a parking space. Once the
vehicle had pulled in, the son raised his hand to signal his father to stop. Instead of depressing
the brake pedal, the father's foot hit the accelerator, causing the vehicle to pin his son between
his vehicle and the next vehicle and resulting in significant leg injuries to his son. Robert, Jr. and
his wife Debra, as plaintiffs, brought this damage action alleging negligence by the defendant,
Robert, Sr.
The defendant driver asserted the Indiana Guest Statute as an affirmative defense, and the
parties each filed competing motions for summary judgment upon this issue. The trial court held
that the Guest Statute was applicable to the facts and granted summary judgment to the driver.
The Court of Appeals reversed in a divided opinion. Clark, 2011 WL 2848178, at *3. Writing
the lead opinion, Judge May found dispositive the defendant's factual admission that "[his son]
was not 'in or upon' the vehicle." Id. Separately concurring, Judge Vaidik noted that, even with-
out the admissions, the phrase "in or upon" is unambiguous and does not apply to the plaintiff
who had exited the vehicle and was standing in front of it when struck, citing C.M.L. ex rel. Bra-
bant v. Republic Servs., Inc., 800 N.E.2d 200 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. Id. at *5.
Chief Judge Robb dissented, urging that "in and upon" should be not be interpreted literally but
rather consistent with KLLM, Inc. v. Legg, 826 N.E.2d 136 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied.
Id. at *3–4. We granted transfer to address the conflict of authority.1
1
The plaintiffs do not assert, and thus we do not address, any claim that the statute violates Arti-
cle 1, Section 12 of the Indiana Constitution, which declares in part that "every person, for injury done to
him in his person, property, or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law." Such a claim was
previously presented and rejected with respect to a former version of the Guest Statute in Sidle v. Majors,
2
In reviewing a grant of summary judgment, the appellate court "faces the same issues that
were before the trial court, and analyzes them in the same way." Carie v. PSI Energy, Inc., 715
N.E.2d 853, 855 (Ind. 1999). Where the challenge to the trial court's summary judgment pre-
sents only legal issues, not factual ones, the issues are reviewed de novo. Spangler v. Bechtel,
958 N.E.2d 458, 461 (Ind. 2011). The Indiana Guest Statute provides:
The owner, operator, or person responsible for the operation of a motor vehicle is not lia-
ble for loss or damage arising from injuries to or the death of:
(1) the person's parent;
(2) the person's spouse;
(3) the person's child or stepchild;
(4) the person's brother;
(5) the person's sister; or
(6) a hitchhiker;
resulting from the operation of the motor vehicle while the parent, spouse, child or step-
child, brother, sister, or hitchhiker was being transported without payment in or upon the
motor vehicle unless the injuries or death are caused by the wanton or willful misconduct
of the operator, owner, or person responsible for the operation of the motor vehicle.
Ind. Code § 34-30-11-1 (emphasis added). The Indiana Guest Statute altered the common law
duty a motor vehicle driver owes to certain passengers. Stephenson v. Ledbetter, 596 N.E.2d
1369, 1372 (Ind. 1992). The defendant contends that, in the context of the Guest Statute, the
meaning of "upon" is ambiguous and that it should be understood to mean that "as long as the
guest has a sufficient relationship to the vehicle, the guest is upon the vehicle for purposes of the
Statute." Appellee's Br. at 7.
"In the interpretation of statutes, our goal is to determine and give effect to the intent of
the legislature in promulgating it." Porter Dev., LLC v. First Nat'l Bank of Valparaiso, 866
N.E.2d 775, 778 (Ind. 2007). But in determining the intent of the legislature, we look first to the
statutory language chosen by the legislature and we presume that the words "were selected and
employed to express their common and ordinary meanings." Id. "Where the statute is unambig-
264 Ind. 206, 341 N.E.2d 763 (1976). While not reanalyzing this constitutional issue in the present case,
we take this opportunity to disapprove certain unfortunate language in Sidle which we find to undermine
and misstate well-established important values and principles of Indiana and American jurisprudence.
The Sidle opinion speculated with approval that "a very likely legislative policy" may have been "protec-
tion against the 'benevolent thumb syndrome'" and "the 'Robin Hood' proclivity of juries." Id. at 218–20,
341 N.E.2d at 771–72. Such language improperly mischaracterizes the conscientious, insightful, and reli-
able efforts of those who serve as jurors. It has no proper place in our jurisprudence.
3
uous, the Court will read each word and phrase in this plain, ordinary, and usual sense, without
having to resort to rules of construction to decipher meanings." Id.; accord Loparex, LLC v.
MPI Release Techs., LLC, 964 N.E.2d 806, 817 (Ind. 2012); McCabe v. Comm'r, Ind. Dep't of
Ins., 949 N.E.2d 816, 819 (Ind. 2011). Furthermore, a statute in derogation of the common law
must be strictly construed. Loparex, 964 N.E.2d at 817; Hinshaw v. Bd. of Comm'rs, 611 N.E.2d
637, 639 (Ind. 1993). "We will presume that the legislature is aware of the common law and in-
tends to make no change therein beyond its declaration either by express terms or unmistakable
implication." Hinshaw, 611 N.E.2d at 639.
We find the language of the Guest Statute to be unambiguous. See C.M.L., 800 N.E.2d at
209 (reaching the same conclusion). The Guest Statute states that the operator of a motor vehicle
may not be held liable for injuries negligently caused to a close family member or hitchhiker
when those injuries are incurred "while the [close family member] or hitchhiker was being trans-
ported without payment in or upon the motor vehicle." Ind. Code § 34-30-11-1 (emphasis add-
ed). The word "upon," both at the time it was originally added to the Guest Statute, see Act of
Mar. 11, 1937, ch. 259, § 1, 1937 Ind. Acts 1229, and when the statute was most recently
amended, see Pub. L. 68-1984, 1984 Ind. Acts 925, should be given its literal meaning: "[u]p and
on" or simply "on." The New Century Dictionary 2112 (1929); American Heritage Dictionary
1328 (2d college ed. 1985). Being "in or upon the motor vehicle" thus connotes a physical con-
nection to or contact with the vehicle, such as being "in" a car or "upon" a motorcycle or truck-
bed.2 This understanding is consistent with the statute's further limiting phrase, "while [the
guest] was being transported." Ind. Code § 34-30-11-1. Thus, if the injury is sustained at a time
when a passenger is in mere physical contact with the motor vehicle but standing outside of or
off of it or at a time when the passenger is not being "transported" by the vehicle, then the Indi-
ana Guest Statute does not bar a passenger's damage action against the driver.3
In the present case, the defendant urges that his son "was 'in or upon' [the father's] vehicle
2
These examples also explain the use of the disjunctive "or," which suggests that the General
Assembly had different types of motor vehicles in mind when designating that the guest must be "in or
upon the motor vehicle." See Ind. Code § 34-30-11-1.
3
Because we find the Guest Statute to be unambiguous with respect to the meaning of "in or up-
on," the holding to the contrary in KLLM, Inc. v. Legg, 826 N.E.2d 136 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. de-
nied, is disapproved.
4
when the accident occurred, even though [the son] was actually outside the vehicle at the time of
injury." Appellee's Br. at 7. But the Guest Statute, as a statute in derogation of the common law,
must be strictly construed, see Stephenson, 596 N.E.2d at 1372, and its unambiguous language
belies such an expansive reading. It is undisputed that, when the defendant depressed the accel-
erator instead of the brake, his son was standing outside the vehicle and was not being transport-
ed at that time. Thus, the Guest Statute does not bar the plaintiffs' claims.
Conclusion
The "in or upon" language of the unambiguous Indiana Guest Statute must be given its
plain and ordinary meaning and does not apply to persons who may have been passengers but
who, at the time of their injury, had exited the vehicle and were not actually being transported by
it. Under the agreed facts of this case, the Guest Statute does not bar the plaintiffs' claims. We
reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand for denial of the defendant's motion for sum-
mary judgment and granting of the plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment.
Rucker and David, JJ., concur.
Sullivan and Massa, JJ., dissent, and would affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment in
favor of Senior, believing the analysis of KLLM, Inc. v. Legg, 826 N.E.2d 136 (Ind. Ct. App.
2005), trans. denied, and of Chief Judge Robb in this case, Clark v. Clark, No. 01A02-1007-CT-
759, 2011 WL 2848178 at *3-5 (Ind. Ct. App. July 19, 2011) (Robb, C.J., dissenting), to have
been correct.
5