Keyaunna Hurley v. State of Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Robert D. King, Jr. Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
David R. Thompson Attorney General of Indiana
The Law Office of Robert D. King, Jr., P.C.
Indianapolis, IN Jesse R. Drum
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, IN FILED
__________________________________________________________________________________
May 31 2017, 3:47 pm
CLERK
In the Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
Indiana Supreme Court
_________________________________
No. 49S05-1705-CR-346
KEYAUNNA HURLEY,
Appellant (Defendant below),
V.
STATE OF INDIANA,
Appellee (Plaintiff below).
_________________________________
Appeal from the Marion Superior Court, No. 49G12-1510-CM-37573
The Honorable David J. Certo, Judge
_________________________________
On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 49A05-1601-CR-108
_________________________________
May 31, 2017
Slaughter, Justice.
A state-police trooper stopped Defendant for a traffic violation. During the stop, the trooper
suspected Defendant was intoxicated, so he conducted several field sobriety tests, which
Defendant failed. At the trooper’s request, Defendant agreed to take a chemical breath test at a
nearby police station. During the first test, Defendant did not blow hard enough, prompting the
machine to print an “insufficient sample” warning. The trooper concluded Defendant had refused
to take the test, resulting in the suspension of her driving privileges. On judicial review, Defendant
challenged the conclusion that she refused the test, claiming the trooper did not follow the required
procedures when administering it. She alleges these procedures, promulgated by the Indiana State
Department of Toxicology, required the trooper to offer her a second test. Concluding the
procedures required a second test on this record, we grant transfer and reverse.
Factual and Procedural History
In October 2015, Indiana State Police Trooper Joshua Graves stopped Keyaunna Hurley in
Indianapolis for a traffic violation. Suspecting Hurley was intoxicated, Trooper Graves conducted
several field sobriety tests, which she failed. The trooper then asked Hurley to submit to a chemical
breath test at a nearby police station, and she agreed.
A chemical breath test requires the subject to blow one to three times into the Intox
EC/IR®II. This device, which contains an “electrochemical sensor (EC)” and employs “infrared
sensor (IR) technology”, measures a person’s blood-alcohol content. Before he administers a test,
the trooper generally explains to his subjects they must blow as hard as they can, for as long as
they can, to ensure an accurate test result; otherwise, they will be charged with a refusal. The
trooper also generally demonstrates the volume of air a subject needs to expel to register a
successful reading on the machine, although the record is unclear whether he did so with Hurley.
Hurley blew three times but, in the trooper’s words, she “did not blow a substantial [enough]
amount to get a sufficient sample.”
The trooper agreed Hurley was “completely cooperative throughout this process”, but he
chose not to allow her a second chemical breath test, which would have allowed her up to three
more blows. Instead, he signed the machine’s printed ticket, which recorded Hurley’s insufficient
sample, and advised he would charge her with a refusal to submit to the test. The trooper believed
this action was justified because when considering whether to administer a second test, “[i]t’s
officer discretion on whether you believe that the subject is unable to produce a sufficient sample,
or if the subject is refusing to produce a sufficient sample.” The bureau of motor vehicles
suspended Hurley’s driver’s license for one year because of her refusal to submit to a breath test.
Hurley objected to the refusal, arguing, first, she could not have refused the breath test
because the trooper failed to follow the regulations for administering the test and, second, there
was insufficient evidence to support the trooper’s conclusion she had refused it. After a hearing,
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the trial court upheld the trooper’s decision, and a unanimous Court of Appeals affirmed, Hurley
v. State, 56 N.E.3d 127 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016). We grant transfer, thus vacating the Court of Appeals
decision, and reverse.
Standard of Review
A trial-court order disposing of a petition challenging a motorist’s suspension of driving
privileges is a final judgment. Burnell v. State¸ 56 N.E.3d 1146, 1149 (Ind. 2016) (citing Ind. Code
§ 9-30-6-10(g)). Hurley, as the party seeking judicial review, bore the burden of proof by a
preponderance of the evidence. I.C. § 9-30-6-10(f) (2010 Repl.). Because the trial court entered
judgment against Hurley, she appeals from a negative judgment. Burnell, 56 N.E.3d at 1149-50.
We will reverse a negative judgment only if it is contrary to law—meaning “the evidence leads to
but one conclusion and the trial court reached an opposite conclusion.” Id. at 1150. We consider
the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party and do not reweigh the evidence or
judge witness credibility. Id. A party appealing from a negative judgment “has a heavy burden to
establish … there was no basis in fact for the judgment rendered.” Id. (citation omitted). At issue
here is the meaning of a regulatory provision, Title 260, Section 2-4-2 of the Indiana
Administrative Code. As with statutes, we interpret administrative rules de novo, affording the
trial court’s conclusion no deference. Indiana Family and Soc. Services Admin. v. Culley, 769
N.E.2d 680, 682 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).
Discussion
When the results of an initial chemical breath test yield an “insufficient sample”, the police
officer administering the test must offer the subject a second test unless the subject clearly
demonstrates a manifest unwillingness to submit to it.
At issue is whether Title 260, Section 2-4-2 of the Indiana Administrative Code—the
“Breath-Test Rule”—required the trooper to allow Hurley a second breath test before recording a
refusal. We hold the Rule requires an officer to administer a second test after the first returns an
insufficient sample unless the subject clearly manifests an unwillingness to take the test. On this
record, there was no factual basis for the officer’s determination that Hurley refused the test.
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A. Hurley challenges the determination that she refused to submit to a chemical
test.
“A person who operates a vehicle impliedly consents to submit to the chemical test
provisions of this chapter as a condition of operating a vehicle in Indiana.” Ind. Code § 9-30-6-1(2010 Repl.). When a law-enforcement officer has probable cause to believe a driver is intoxicated,
the officer must give the driver an opportunity to submit to a chemical test. Id. § 9-30-6-2(a) (2010
Repl.). “If a person refuses to submit to a chemical test, the arresting officer shall inform the person
that refusal will result in the suspension of the person’s driving privileges.” Id. § 9-30-6-7(a) (2015
Supp.). If, despite notice of the consequences, the person still refuses the test, the officer must
obtain the person’s driver’s license and submit a probable-cause affidavit to the prosecutor in the
county where the alleged offense took place. Id. § 9-30-6-7(b) (2015 Supp.). If the officer’s
affidavit recites that a person refused to submit to a chemical test, the bureau of motor vehicles
must suspend the person’s driving privileges for one year for a first offense. Id. § 9-30-6-9(b)(1)
(2015 Supp.). A person whose driving privileges were suspended is entitled to prompt judicial
review, id. § 9-30-6-9(d) (2015 Supp.), but review is limited to two issues: (i) whether the officer
had probable cause to believe the person was operating a vehicle while intoxicated and (ii) whether
the person refused to submit to a chemical test, id. § 9-30-6-10(c) (2010 Repl.). Hurley bases her
challenge on the second issue—that she refused the test—and she bears the burden of proof by a
preponderance of the evidence. Id. § 9-30-6-10(f) (2010 Repl.).
B. Whether the officer complied with the breath-test rule is relevant to whether
the subject refused the test.
The State argues that an officer’s compliance (or not) with a chemical-test protocol is
relevant to whether the test results are admissible, but not to whether the test was refused. We
disagree. Instead, we approve of decisions from our Court of Appeals holding that a person does
not refuse a chemical test if the officer failed to comply with the rules for conducting it. See, e.g.,
Vetor v. State, 688 N.E.2d 1327, 1329 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (vacating Vetor’s license suspension
and reinstating driving privileges when he was not properly “offered” breath test because officer
did not comply with applicable statute by advising Vetor of consequence of refusing test). As
explained in Steward v. State, 638 N.E.2d 1292 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994), a chemical test “cannot be
‘refused’ unless it is ‘offered’; thus the propriety of the offer of a chemical test is relevant to the
issue of whether it is refused.” Id. at 1294 (holding Steward did not refuse urine test for marijuana:
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offer of test was illusory because not administered properly; no sample was obtained during
required three-hour statutory window).
An important corollary to this principle applies here: an officer conducting a chemical
breath test must comply strictly with the department of toxicology’s protocol for administering it.
See, e.g., Upchurch v. State, 839 N.E.2d 1218, 1221-22 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (concluding
Upchurch did not refuse test for alcoholic intoxication because officer did not follow approved
method for administering test). Without the officer’s strict compliance, the defendant cannot refuse
the test—and any suspension of driving privileges premised on refusing the test cannot stand.
C. The breath-test rule presumptively requires a second test.
The department of toxicology’s Breath-Test Rule outlines the proper procedure for a law-
enforcement officer to administer the test. The department’s regulations appear in Title 260 of
Indiana’s administrative code. Article 2 applies to breath-test operators and instruments. Rule 4
recites approved methods for administering breath tests. Section 2 outlines the approved method
for conducting a breath test with the device at issue here—the Intox EC/IR II—and contains two
subsections. Section 2(a) recites the twelve-step “method that shall be followed in making an
analysis of breath for ethanol using the Intox EC/IR II breath test instrument”. 260 Ind. Admin.
Code 2-4-2(a) (West 2015 Supp.). The first nine steps are not at issue here. Steps Ten through
Twelve provide as follows:
STEP TEN: When “Please blow” appears on the instrument display, place a new
mouthpiece in the breath tube. Instruct the subject to deliver a breath sample.
Remove mouthpiece when prompted by the instrument display and discard.
STEP ELEVEN: When “Please blow” appears again on the instrument display,
place a new mouthpiece in the breath tube. Instruct the subject to deliver a breath
sample. Remove mouthpiece when prompted by the instrument display and discard.
STEP TWELVE: Print the instrument report and remove it from the printer; check
the instrument report for the numerical value of the subject’s breath ethanol
concentration and the correct date and time and sign the instrument report where
indicated.
Id.5
Section 2(b) addresses how to proceed “[i]f any of the following messages appear on the
instrument display or report”:
(1) If “Please blow” appears on the instrument display after completion of
STEPS ONE through ELEVEN, perform an additional breath test, beginning with
STEP ELEVEN.
* * *
(5) If “Insufficient Sample” … is printed on the instrument report, perform an
additional breath test, beginning with STEP TWO and proceeding through STEP
TWELVE. If “Insufficient Sample” … is printed on the instrument report after this
additional breath test:
(A) obtain an alternate chemical test for ethanol;
(B) perform a breath test on another breath test instrument; or
(C) if a numerical value for the subject’s breath ethanol concentration is
printed on any instrument report, check the instrument report for the correct
date and time and sign the instrument report where indicated.
If an “Insufficient Sample” … message is caused by the lack of cooperation of the
subject, the breath test operator should record that the test was refused[.]
260 I.A.C. 2-4-2(b) (West 2015 Supp.).
The trooper initially had Hurley blow twice into the tube, as provided in Section 2(a). After
the second blow, “Please blow” appeared on the instrument display, so the trooper had Hurley
blow for a third time. After the third blow, the instrument report printed “Insufficient Sample”.
None of the three blows Hurley provided during this first test yielded a numerical value for her
breath-ethanol concentration. At that point, the trooper believed Hurley was not cooperating and
concluded she had refused the test.
The State defends the trooper’s three-blows-and-you’re-out determination as consistent
with the Breath-Test Rule, pointing to this provision at the tail end of Section 2-4-2: “If an
‘Insufficient Sample’ … message is caused by the lack of cooperation of the subject, the breath
test operator should record that the test was refused[.]” Id. § 2-4-2(b)(5) (West 2015 Supp.).
Hurley, in contrast, objects that the State tries to justify the trooper’s refusal determination by
jumping to the end of the Rule, thus skipping over an intervening provision within Section 2(b)(5)
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that required him to offer Hurley a second test. “If ‘Insufficient Sample’ … is printed on the
instrument report, perform an additional breath test, beginning with STEP TWO and proceeding
through STEP TWELVE.” Id. (emphasis added). We hold the Rule presumptively required the
trooper to offer Hurley a second test.
D. A second test is not required if the subject clearly manifests an unwillingness
to take the test.
But this presumptive obligation to offer a second test is not absolute. The Rule does not
require an officer to administer a second test to a subject who obviously is not cooperating in
providing one or more measurable, recordable breath samples. Officers must—and do—have
discretion under the Rule to make the judgment call that the subject is being uncooperative and
thus has refused the test. An officer needn’t go through the motions to administer a test to an
obviously uncooperative subject. Common sense doesn’t require it, and neither does the Rule.
A subject who puffs out his cheeks pretending to blow but releases no breath into the device
is an easy call. Jaremczuk v. State, 177 Ind. App. 628, 632, 380 N.E.2d 615, 618 (1978). So, too,
is the subject who makes no bones about his unwillingness to cooperate. Hatch v. State, 177 Ind.
App. 231, 232, 378 N.E.2d 949, 950 (1978) (telling officer “that was all [you’re] going to get”).
When a subject is clearly and manifestly uncooperative, an officer may exercise discretion to
record a refusal and forego a second test.
This interpretation of the Rule is consistent with our recent holding in Burnell, 56 N.E.3d
1146. There, we held “a refusal to submit to a chemical test occurs when the conduct of the motorist
is such that a reasonable person in the officer’s position would be justified in believing the motorist
was capable of refusal and manifested an unwillingness to submit to the test.” Id. at 1151. If the
subject clearly manifests an unwillingness to submit to the test, he is refusing to cooperate and
triggers the exception in the last sentence of the rule, allowing an officer to record a refusal in lieu
of offering a second test. But an officer cannot lightly conclude the subject is not cooperating. As
discussed next, we believe the trooper jumped the gun in concluding Hurley was uncooperative.
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E. The trooper was required to administer a second test on this record because
Hurley did not clearly manifest an unwillingness to take it.
The record does not support the State’s argument that “Hurley caused the insufficient
sample by refusing to cooperate.” If Hurley had verbally refused to submit to any further testing
after the first breath test, as in Morrissey v. Department of Motor Vehicles, 647 N.W.2d 644, 648
(Neb. 2002), disapproved on other grounds by Hahn v. Neth, 699 N.W.2d 32, 39 (Neb. 2005); or
had pretended to blow into the machine without doing so, as in State v. McIntyre, 863 N.W.2d
471, 475 (Neb. 2015); or had repeatedly blocked the machine’s mouthpiece with her upper lip
despite warnings that doing so would result in a deficient sample, as in Rader v. Director of
Revenue, 490 S.W.3d 778, 779 (Mo. Ct. App. 2016), she could fairly be described as
uncooperative—thus obviating the Rule’s presumptive requirement of a second test. See also
People v. Schuberth, 450 N.E.2d 459 (Ill. App. Ct. 1983) (defendant sucked on machine
mouthpiece instead of blowing into it); People v. Doherty, 494 N.E.2d 933 (Ill. App. Ct. 1986)
(defendant did not seal his lips around mouthpiece and thus air around mouthpiece escaped when
he blew into it).
But Hurley did none of these things—or anything else clearly constituting a “manifest[] …
unwillingness to submit the test.” Burnell, 56 N.E.3d at 1151. As Hurley points out correctly, she
voluntarily took a portable breath test at the scene; she agreed to the chemical breath test given at
the police station; she submitted to the test; she was never told she wasn’t blowing hard enough or
that she needed to blow harder; and the trooper acknowledged “[Hurley] was completely
cooperative throughout this process,” and at no point did she “not cooperate with any of [his]
instructions.” We conclude there is no factual basis in this record to support the judgment that
Hurley refused the test. She thus sustained her burden on judicial review of showing the evidence
points to one conclusion—one opposite that reached by the trial court.
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Conclusion
Unless a subject clearly manifests an unwillingness to submit to a chemical breath test,
Title 260, Section 2-4-2 of the Indiana Administrative Code requires a law-enforcement officer to
administer a second test if the first returns an “insufficient sample” message. There is no factual
basis for the trooper’s determination that Hurley refused the chemical test. Because the trooper did
not offer Hurley a second test, we reverse the judgment below and remand with instructions to
direct the bureau of motor vehicles to vacate its suspension of Hurley’s license and reinstate her
driving privileges.
All Justices concur.
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