Jamie Carson v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be Dec 10 2015, 8:27 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Hilary Bowe Ricks Gregory F. Zoeller
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Ian McLean
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jamie Carson, December 10, 2015
Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No.
49A05-1502-PC-69
v.
Appeal from the Marion
Superior Court
State of Indiana,
The Honorable Lisa F. Borges,
Appellee-Respondent. Judge
The Honorable Anne M.
Flannelly, Magistrate
Trial Court Cause No.
49G04-9910-PC-189843
Riley, Judge.
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STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Petitioner, Jamie Carson (Carson), appeals the post-conviction
court’s denial of his petition for post-conviction relief.
[2] We affirm, in part, reverse, in part, and remand, in part.
ISSUE
[3] Carson raises two issues on appeal, which we restate as the following single
issue: Whether Carson was denied effective assistance of trial and appellate
counsel.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] We adopt this court’s statement of facts as set forth in our memorandum
decision issued in Carson’s direct appeal, Carson v. State, No. 49A05-0206-CR-
260 (Ind. Ct. App. May 28, 2003), trans. denied:
On October 28, 1999, at approximately 6:30 a.m., [E.H.] and [J.R.]
were asleep in their apartment when three intruders, Carson, Bryant
Clark [(Clark)], and Joshua Powell [(Powell)], broke in and awakened
them. The intruders first went into [E.H.’s] room, where Clark pulled
a gun and demanded money. Carson and Powell then started looking
through [E.H.’s] room. After [E.H.] informed them that his roommate
was home, the intruders then went to [J.R.’s] room and demanded
money. While looking through [J.R.’s] personal belongings, Clark
found gay paraphernalia. The intruders questioned him about whether
he was gay to which he responded in the affirmative. They then made
several “homophobic remarks,” such as “fag” and “queer.” [Trial
Transcript pp. 49, 51].
[J.R.] was then forced into [E.H.’s] room where the intruders asked
[E.H.] if he too was gay. [E.H.], who was also gay, denied it because
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he was scared. [E.H.] and [J.R.] were then forced, at gunpoint, to
perform oral sex on each other. [E.H.] was ordered to perform anal
intercourse on [J.R.], an act which they feigned. [E.H.] and [J.R.]
were then tied up and repeatedly beaten. [J.R.] was kicked in the head
and the groin, whipped with belts and a coat hanger, and had items
thrown at him. [E.H.] was beaten in the head and kicked in the groin
and ribs. [E.H.] and [J.R.] were subsequently tied together, [J.R.’s]
wrists to [E.H.’s] ankles and [E.H.’s] wrists to [J.R.’s] ankles with
them facing each other.
Carson retrieved a steam iron which he and Clark used to burn [J.R.]
and [E.H.]. [E.H.] was burned on his shoulder, back, and buttocks.
[J.R.] was burned on his back, buttocks, and the right side of his leg.
[J.R.] was also forced to drink bleach, which he believes was mixed
with urine. After drinking the bleach, [J.R.] began to vomit.
After beating [J.R.] and [E.H.] some more, the intruders then left the
apartment, but only after setting a fire in the living room. However,
the intruders came back to the apartment and put out the fire. When
they returned, they also retied the restraints on [J.R.] and [E.H.], who
had attempted to free themselves. After the intruders left for the final
time, [J.R.] and [E.H.] untied themselves and [E.H.] called the police.
A sheriff’s deputy arrived at their apartment and [J.R.] and [E.H.]
were taken to Wishard Hospital for treatment for the second and third
degree burns they had suffered. [J.R.] was unable to walk because of
the severe beating and burns he sustained on his leg. At the hospital,
[J.R.] underwent two procedures to put a scope down his throat to
determine if there were any burns caused by his ingestion of the
bleach. [J.R.] has no lasting effects from the ingestion of the bleach,
but both individuals have scars from the burns from the iron.
Carson was originally charged with thirty-seven Counts, however, on
November 30, 2000, the State amended the Information charging Carson with
the following seven Counts: Counts I-II, criminal deviate conduct, Class A
felonies, Ind. Code § 35-42-4-2 (1998); Count III, robbery, a Class A felony,
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I.C. § 35-42-5-1 (1998); Count IV, attempted robbery, a Class A felony, I.C.
§§35-41-5-1; -42-5-1 (1998); Counts V-VI, criminal confinement, Class B
felonies, I.C. § 35-42-3-3 (1998); and Count VII, carrying a handgun without a
license, a Class A misdemeanor, I.C. § 35-47-2-1 (1998). 1
[5] At the outset, Carson was represented by private counsel who entered his
appearance on November 1, 1999. Four days later, Carson’s private counsel
withdrew from the case and Carson’s Second Pretrial Counsel entered his
appearance. While representing Carson, Second Pretrial Counsel filed several
motions including a Notice of Alibi. According to the Notice, Carson was at
his sister’s home from October 25 through October 27, 1999. The alibi then
claimed that on October 27, 1999, accompanied by Whitney Fells (Fells),
Carson visited with his mother for about thirty or forty minutes. Thereafter,
Carson and Fells drove to a friend’s house for a party, and then to Regina
Daniels’ 2 (Daniels) house. Carson claimed he remained at Daniels’ house until
the next day. On the afternoon of October 28, 1999, in the company of others,
Carson stated that he spent time at Circle Centre Mall in Indianapolis, Indiana.
1
The remaining thirty Counts were not dismissed but resolved separately in a different cause.
2
The Order denying Carson’s petition for post-conviction relief refers to Daniels as ‘Davis.’ However, we
note that at the evidentiary hearing, she is referenced as Daniels; as such, we will use that as her last name.
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After that, he returned to Daniels’ house and remained there until around 8:22
p.m. Carson claimed that he and Teresa Lewis (Lewis) thereafter checked in at
the Signature Inn on Michigan Road and 86th Street in Indianapolis. He
claimed that they spent the night at the inn until the next day, October 29, 1999.
[6] On February 12, 2001, at the pretrial hearing, Carson’s Second Pretrial Counsel
filed a motion to suppress and a Waiver of Trial by Jury. The trial court
interrogated Carson before finding that he had knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily waived his right to a jury trial. In July 2001, Carson’s Second
Pretrial Counsel withdrew from the case, and from July 2001 to November
2001, Carson was represented by two other attorneys. On December 12, 2001,
Carson’s fourth pretrial attorney, who ended up being Carson’s Trial Counsel,
entered his appearance. The record shows that Trial Counsel filed several
motions including a Motion to Withdraw Waiver of Trial by Jury.
[7] On April 12, 2002, shortly before Carson’s trial, the trial court heard Carson’s
Motion to Withdraw Waiver of Trial by Jury. The motion was denied and
Carson’s case proceeded to a bench trial. The State presented evidence that a
day after the attack, J.R. identified Carson through a photographic array; at the
live lineup, E.H. and J.R. were able to identify Carson as one of the assailants;
and Carson’s fingerprint was found on the steam iron that was used to burn
E.H. and J.R.
[8] After the State rested its case, Carson testified with regards to his Notice of
Alibi. Carson stated that on October 27, 1999, he went to his mother’s house
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escorted by Fells. Carson stated that he recalled that day because his mother
was at home recuperating from her thyroid surgery. He further claimed that
after spending about thirty or forty minutes at his mother’s house, he and Fells
drove to Daniels’ house. Carson also indicated that Daniels’ live-in-boyfriend,
Antoine Goodrich (Goodrich), and two other people were present at the house.
Carson specified that he left Daniels’ house at around 8:00 p.m. that night and
drove to a hotel. During cross-examination, Carson appeared to change his
alibi, i.e.: that on October 27, 1999, he left his mother’s house at around 10:00
p.m., he was with Fells, and they briefly detoured to another friend’s house for
a party before going to Daniels’ house. In addition, Carson indicated that he
stayed at Daniels’ house until the next day, October 28, 1999. When asked if
he had gone to the Circle Centre Mall on the afternoon of October 28, and then
to the Signature Inn as per the Notice of Alibi, Carson responded by stating that
he stayed at the inn before going to the mall. Carson did not mention spending
time with Lewis from October 27 through the morning of October 28, 1999.
[9] At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court found Carson guilty of all
charges. On May 10, 2002, the trial court held a sentencing hearing.
Subsequently, the trial court sentenced Carson to fifty years on Count I, to run
concurrently with Count III; fifty years on Count II, to run concurrently with
Count V; fifty years on Count III, to run concurrently with Count I; fifty years
on Count IV, to run consecutively to Count V; ten years on Count V, to run
consecutively to Count III; ten years on Count VI, to run consecutively to
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Count IV; and one year on Count VII, to run concurrently with Count VI.
Carson’s aggregate sentence was 120 years. Carson appealed.
[10] On direct appeal, Carson argued that the trial court erred in denying his motion
to withdraw waiver of trial by jury; by admitting certain pieces of evidence; that
there was insufficient evidence to convict him of the charged offenses; and that
his sentence was inappropriate. On May 28, 2003, we affirmed Carson’s
conviction and sentence.
[11] On April 16, 2004, Carson filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief
alleging ineffective assistance of Trial Counsel for failing to: (1) challenge
pretrial identification evidence, (2) call alibi witnesses, (3) properly challenge
the testimony and evidence regarding the fingerprint lifted from the steam iron,
(4) advise him not to waive the jury trial; and lastly, (5) a free-standing claim of
double jeopardy. On October 7, 2013, through his PCR Counsel, Carson
amended his petition by narrowing the allegations to ineffective assistance of
Trial Counsel for failing to present alibi witnesses at his trial, and by adding
ineffective assistance of Appellate Counsel for failing to argue that the trial
court erred by ordering consecutive sentences for Counts IV and V, since it
exceeded the statutory limitation of fifty-five years, which is the advisory
sentence for the next highest class of offense, murder. See I.C. § 35-50-1-2(c)
(1999). October 22, 2013, the State filed its response. On January 14, 2014, the
post-conviction court held Carson’s evidentiary hearing. At the hearing,
Carson called Second Pretrial Counsel, Trial Counsel, Appellate Counsel, and
Lewis as witnesses.
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[12] Carson’s Second Pretrial Counsel testified that due to the passage of time, he
could not recall any particulars relating to Carson’s trial, but nonetheless, he
indicated that if there was ever a notice of alibi filed, he would have met with
the potential witnesses, but then again he had no recollection as to whether he
met with any of the alibi witnesses. He further pointed out that he could not
remember meeting or interviewing Lewis before Carson’s trial. Lastly, Counsel
testified that when he withdrew from the case, he passed on Carson’s file to
either Carson, Carson’s family, or to Carson’s replacement counsel.
[13] Carson’s Trial Counsel, who represented Carson for the remainder of the
pretrial period and the entire trial, stated that he recalled there being an alibi
issue, but he had no recollection as to what set of charges it was designed for, or
any of the witnesses’ names. Hoping to refresh Trial Counsel’s memory,
Carson’s PCR Counsel requested a recess to allow Trial Counsel to look
through Carson’s file. When the post-conviction court resumed, Trial Counsel
stated that he found a number of his handwritten notes on the subject of
potential alibi witnesses. He translated his notes by stating:
Told [Carson] his alibi witnesses were present but could not remember
anything. [Carson] told me he thought his sister would say what he
wanted and I explained it does not work that way and reminded him
that his sister was afraid to come to the office.
Then I had a note here . . . [Carson’s mother] had told her daughter
not to come.
Next note is: [Carson] seemed not to care if the alibi witnesses
testified. . . .
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There is: [Carson] . . . with my appraisal . . . suggested to send the
alibi witnesses home. He said he would just testify.
(PCR Tr. pp. 82-83). 3 Trial Counsel stated that even though he spoke to several
alibi witnesses before Carson’s trial, he could not remember how many there
were, or whether they were male or female. In addition, Trial Counsel stated
that he could not remember meeting with Lewis as an alibi witness.
[14] Lewis testified that she had been requested to go the City County Building;
however, she could not recall if it was to offer evidence for Carson or to give a
statement. Lewis indicated that she was at the court house on at least two
occasions: the first time, she was informed that the case had been deferred, and
the second time, she was outside the court room and was informed that she was
no longer needed. With regards to her whereabouts on October 27 through the
morning of October 28, 1999 when E.R. and J.H. were attacked, Lewis stated
that Carson picked her up on October 27 at around 9:00 p.m., but no later than
10:00 p.m., and that they both spent the night at Daniels’ house. Lewis claimed
3
Throughout this opinion, the records for the direct appeal will be referenced as “D.A.___” and the records
for the post-conviction hearing will be referenced as “PCR___.”
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that she and Carson had sexual relations that night at Daniels’ house, and she
woke up the next morning at around 10:00 a.m. and left for home.
[15] Carson’s Appellate Counsel explained that part of standard procedure while
preparing for a direct appeal is to contact the client, read the transcript and
clerk’s record, research and formulate issues, and then draft and file an
appellate brief. Appellate Counsel testified that while she had no specific
recollection of Carson’s appeal, she remembered the case in general and some
of the issues that she and Carson discussed. In addition, Appellate Counsel
stated that one of the four issues raised on appeal involved Carson’s sentence.
She testified that she suspected that she looked into the issue of Carson’s
sentence exceeding the sentencing cap and double jeopardy concerns and
concluded that they were nonviable issues.
[16] Subsequently, both parties filed their proposed findings of fact and conclusions
of law. On January 22, 2015, the post-conviction court denied Carson relief.
[17] Carson now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Standard of Review
[18] In a post-conviction proceeding, the petitioner must establish the grounds for
relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(5);
Overstreet v. State, 877 N.E.2d 144, 151 (Ind. 2007). When challenging the
denial of post-conviction relief, the petitioner appeals a negative judgment.
Overstreet, 877 N.E.2d at 151. To prevail, the petitioner must show that the
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evidence leads unerringly and unmistakably to a decision opposite that reached
by the post-conviction court. Id. We will disturb the post-conviction court’s
decision only where the evidence is without conflict and leads to but one
conclusion and the post-conviction court reached the opposite conclusion.
Henley v. State, 881 N.E.2d 639, 643-44 (Ind. 2008).
[19] Where the post-conviction court enters findings of fact and conclusions of law,
as in the instant case, we do not defer to the post-conviction court’s legal
conclusions; the post-conviction court’s findings and judgment will be reversed,
however, only upon a showing of clear error that leaves us with a definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Overstreet, 877 N.E.2d at 151.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
[20] The standard by which we review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is
well established. In order to prevail on a claim of this nature, a defendant must
satisfy a two-pronged test, showing that: (1) his counsel’s performance fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness based on prevailing professional
norms; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. Johnson v. State, 832 N.E.2d
985, 996 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
690, 694, (1984), reh’g denied) reh’g denied, trans. denied. The two prongs of the
Strickland test are separate and independent inquiries. Johnson, 832 N.E.2d at
996. Thus, “[i]f it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground
of lack of sufficient prejudice . . . that course should be followed.” Timberlake v.
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State, 753 N.E.2d 591, 603 (Ind. 2001) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697),
reh’g denied; cert. denied, 537 U.S. 839 (2002).
[21] Counsel is afforded considerable discretion in choosing strategy and tactics and
we will accord those decisions deference. Id. A strong presumption arises that
counsel rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the
exercise of reasonable professional judgment. Id. The Strickland Court
recognized that even the finest, most experienced criminal defense attorneys
may not agree on the ideal strategy or the most effective way to represent a
client. Id. Isolated mistakes, poor strategy, inexperience, and instances of bad
judgment do not necessarily render representation ineffective. Id. Furthermore,
we will not speculate as to what may or may not have been advantageous trial
strategy as counsel should be given deference in choosing a trial strategy which,
at the time and under the circumstances, seems best. Johnson, 832 N.E.2d at
997.
A. Trial Counsel
[22] Carson claims that he recalls asking Trial Counsel to have “Lewis, [] Daniels,
and [] Goodrich” give an account of his whereabouts at his trial. (Appellant’s
Br. p. 14). None of the witnesses were called to testify. As such, Carson urges
us to find that Trial Counsel’s performance was deficient since he failed to call
his alibi witnesses.
[23] We strongly presume that counsel provided adequate assistance and exercised
reasonable professional judgment in all significant decisions. McCary v. State,
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761 N.E.2d 389, 392 (Ind. 2002). We assess counsel’s conduct based upon the
facts known at the time and not through hindsight. State v. Moore, 678 N.E.2d
1258, 1261 (Ind. 1997). As such, we do not “second-guess” strategic decisions
requiring reasonable professional judgment even if the strategy in hindsight did
not serve the defendant’s interests. Id.
[24] Further, in reviewing claims of ineffective assistance, we are mindful that the
failure to present an alibi defense is not necessarily ineffective assistance of
counsel. D.D.K. v. State, 750 N.E.2d 885, 890 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (citing Jones
v. State, 569 N.E.2d 975, 982-83 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991)). Absent a strong
showing to the contrary, we normally presume counsel failed to present an alibi
defense because it was not indicated by the circumstances or, if indicated, was
rejected upon due deliberation. Lee v. State, 694 N.E.2d 719, 721 n.7 (Ind.
1998).
[25] Despite having three alibi witnesses—Lewis, Daniels, and Goodrich—Carson
only elected to call Lewis at his evidentiary hearing. Lewis’ testimony was that
Carson was with her on the night of October 27, 1999 until the morning of
October 28, 1999. Carson asserts that Lewis’ testimony would have validated
his claim that he was not at the scene of the crime on the morning of October
28, 1999.
[26] Turning to the record, we find that Lewis’ testimony was contradicted
numerous times by the evidence to support the conclusion that she was not a
credible witness. The record shows that Carson was involved in preparing his
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alibi a few months after his arrest. In the Notice of Alibi, although Carson
claimed to have spent the night with Lewis at the Signature Inn, there was no
mention of Lewis being with Carson at Daniels’ house on the evening of
October 27, 1999, until the following morning as Lewis testified at the PCR
hearing. Lewis’ testimony is also refuted by Trial Counsel’s testimony that
“alibi witnesses were present but could not remember anything.” (PCR Tr. p.
83). Also, Trial Counsel indicated that Carson did not seem to care if the
witnesses testified, was agreeable to the decision of sending potential witnesses
home, and did not mind testifying for himself about his location during the
times the crimes occurred.
[27] Lastly, we note that even if Trial Counsel called Lewis to testify consistently at
Carson’s trial, she would have provided an inconsistent testimony with that of
Carson. Carson exhaustively testified at his own trial regarding his
whereabouts on the night of October 27 through the morning of October 28,
1999. Carson failed to remark that he was with Lewis at any time on October
27, and on the morning of October 28, 1999. Instead, he testified that on
October 27 he was with Fells, Daniels, Goodrich, and two other people at
Daniels’ house, and that he left Daniels’ house at some point and spent the
remainder of his night in a hotel.
[28] In addition, there was enough evidence to place Carson at the scene of the
crime on October 28, 1999. At Carson’s trial, the State presented evidence that
J.R. positively identified Carson through a photographic array a day after the
attack; both E.H. and J.R. were able to identify Carson as one of the assailants
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at the live lineup; and Carson’s fingerprint was found on the steam iron that
was used to burn E.H. and J.R.
[29] Given the fact that Lewis’ testimony falls far short of establishing that Carson
was in a different location when the crimes occurred; Trial Counsel’s testimony
that the alibi witnesses were present but could not remember anything; and the
overwhelming evidence placing Carson at the scene of the crime, we cannot say
that Carson has shown that the results of his trial would have been different
even if his alibi witnesses testified. Therefore, Trial Counsel did not render
ineffective assistance counsel.
B. Appellate Counsel
[30] Next, Carson contends that his Appellate Counsel offered him inadequate
assistance on appeal. The standard by which we review claims of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel is the same standard applicable to claims of trial
counsel ineffectiveness. Wright v. State, 881 N.E.2d 1018, 1022 (Ind. Ct. App.
2008), reh’g denied, trans. denied. Our supreme court identified three categories
of appellate counsel ineffectiveness claims, including: (1) denial of access to an
appeal; (2) waiver of issues; and (3) failure to present issues well. Bieghler v.
State, 690 N.E.2d 188, 193-95 (Ind. 1997), reh’g denied, cert. denied, 525 U.S.
1021 (1998).
[31] “To show that counsel was ineffective for failing to raise an issue on appeal, the
defendant must overcome the strongest presumption of adequate assistance,
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and judicial scrutiny is highly deferential.” Manzano v. State, 12 N.E.3d 321,
329 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). Furthermore,
[t]o evaluate the performance prong when counsel failed to raise issues
upon appeal, we apply the following test: (1) whether the unraised
issues are significant and obvious from the face of the record and (2)
whether the unraised issues are “clearly stronger” than the raised
issues. If the analysis under this test demonstrates deficient
performance, then we examine whether “the issues which . . .
appellate counsel failed to raise, would have been clearly more likely
to result in reversal or an order for a new trial.” Ineffective assistance
is very rarely found in cases where a defendant asserts that appellate
counsel failed to raise an issue on direct appeal because the decision of
what issues to raise is one of the most important strategic decisions to
be made by appellate counsel.
Id. at 329-30 (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, Carson contends his
Appellate Counsel was ineffective because she failed to: (1) raise the issue that
his consecutive sentence for Counts IV and V exceeded the maximum sentence
permissible under the consecutive sentencing statute. See I.C. § 35-50-1-2(c)
(1999); and (2) argue that his convictions for Counts V and VI created a double
jeopardy violation. We will address each issue in turn.
1. Consecutive Sentencing
[32] As noted above, Carson’s sentence for attempted robbery conviction was fifty
years, and his sentence for criminal confinement was ten years. The trial court
ordered his fifty-year sentence to run consecutively to the ten-year sentence. It
is Carson’s contention that Appellate Counsel was ineffective for failing to
argue that the trial court erred by ordering consecutive sentences since his
sentence for the combined charges exceeded the statutory limitation of fifty-five
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years, which is the advisory sentence for the next highest class of offense,
murder. See I.C. § 35-50-1-2(c) (1999). Simply put, Carson posits that the trial
court improperly ordered consecutive sentences; as such, we should find that
Appellate Counsel rendered him ineffective assistance by failing to argue that
issue on appeal.
[33] With respect to consecutive sentencing, Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2(c)
(1999) provides, in part:
The court may order terms of imprisonment to be served consecutively
even if the sentences are not imposed at the same time. However,
except for crimes of violence, the total of the consecutive terms of
imprisonment, exclusive of terms of imprisonment under I.C. § 35-50-
2-8 [(1999)] and I.C. §. 35-50-2-10 [(1999)], to which the defendant is
sentenced for felony convictions arising out of an episode of criminal
conduct [4] shall not exceed the advisory sentence for a felony which is
one (1) class of felony higher than the most serious of the felonies for
which the person has been convicted.
(emphasis added).
[34] To develop his argument, Carson relies on Ellis v. State, 736 N.E.2d 731, 736
(Ind. 2000). In that case, the jury found Ellis guilty of murder, two counts of
4
As used in this section, “episode of criminal conduct” means offenses or a connected series of offenses that
are closely related in time, place, and circumstance. I.C. §.35-50-1-2(b) (1999).
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attempted murder, and burglary. Id. The trial court imposed consecutive
sentences of sixty-five years for murder and fifty years for each attempted
murder. Id. It also ordered a concurrent twenty-year sentence for burglary.
The sentence thus totaled 165 years. Id. at 733.
[35] In interpreting the consecutive sentencing statute, the Ellis court held:
Adherence to this rule requires that we interpret the statute to exempt
from the sentencing limitation (1) consecutive sentencing among
crimes of violence, and (2) consecutive sentencing between a crime of
violence and those that are not crimes of violence. However, the
limitation should apply for consecutive sentences between and among
those crimes that are not crimes of violence.
Therefore, the trial court erred when it ordered Ellis’ sentences for the
two counts of attempted murder [5] to be served consecutively for a
total term of 100 years. This portion of the sentence exceeded the
statutory limitation. The limitation should have been fifty-five years
for consecutive sentencing, i.e., the presumptive sentence for the felony
one class higher than attempted murder.
The trial court did not err, however, by ordering the murder sentence
served consecutively to the two counts of attempted murder without
limitation. Therefore, Ellis may properly be sentenced for sixty-five
years for murder, to be served consecutively with a fifty-five year
5
At the time of Ellis, attempted murder was not identified as a crime of violence, but it is under the current
version of the statute. See I.C. §.35-50-1-2(a) (2).
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sentence for the attempted murders, resulting in a total sentence of one
hundred and twenty years.
Id. at 737-38.
[36] It is undisputed that Carson’s felony convictions arose out of an episode of
criminal conduct. The question here is whether the limitation upon consecutive
sentencing would have applied to Carson’s convictions for Counts IV and V.
For the purpose of the consecutive sentencing statute, we note that when
Carson was sentenced, Class A robbery was delineated as a “crime of
violence.” See I.C. § 35-50-1-2(a) (1999); however, an attempt to commit that
offense was not expressly described as a crime of violence. In addition,
criminal confinement, a Class B felony, was not considered a crime of violence
under Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2(a) (1999). Here, Count IV attempted
robbery and Count V criminal confinement are not crimes of violence. See I.C.
§ 35-50-1-2(c) (1999) (providing that limitation on consecutive sentences should
apply between and among crimes that are not crimes of violence.)
[37] Notably, pursuant to Ellis, consecutive sentences is permissible for nonviolent
crimes, however, the sentence is subject to the sentencing cap. See Ellis, 736
N.E.2d at 733. In this regard, we find that the trial court erred by ordering
consecutive sentences since Carson’s sentence for the combined charges—
attempted robbery and criminal confinement—exceeded the statutory limitation
of fifty-five years, which is the advisory sentence for the next highest class of
offense, murder. See I.C. § 35-50-1-2(c) (1999).
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[38] During Carson’s evidentiary hearing, Appellate Counsel testified that although
she had no specific recollection of Carson’s appeal, she remembers the case in
general and some of the issues that she and Carson discussed. She further
stated that one of the four issues raised on appeal involved Carson’s sentence.
Again, having no specific recollection, she speculated that she may have
considered Carson’s sentence exceeding the sentencing cap but she never raised
it.
[39] The State argues that, even if Appellate Counsel argued that the trial court erred
when it ordered consecutive sentencing for attempted robbery and criminal
confinement, Carson was not prejudiced as a result of the error. We disagree.
As discussed above, the lengthiest consecutive sentence that Carson would have
received for attempted robbery and criminal confinement was fifty-five years;
thus, the trial court erred in ordering consecutive sentences totaling sixty years.
[40] Here, we find that Carson’s arguments do overcome the high bar our standard
of review sets when challenging appellate counsel’s presentation of issues. If
Appellate Counsel had presented the consecutive sentencing argument as
Carson suggests, we do believe that it would have changed this court’s decision
in Carson’s direct appeal, i.e., we would have remanded this case for
resentencing. Carson’s claim for sentence revision and reduction did have a
reasonable probability of being successful, so we find that Appellate Counsel
did perform deficiently by failing to raise this claim.
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[41] If we cannot say with confidence that the trial court would have imposed the
same sentence had it properly considered reasons that enjoy support in the
record, we will remand for resentencing. See Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d
482, 490, clarified on other grounds on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind. 2007).
Accordingly, because the trial court erred in sentencing Carson to consecutive
sentences amounting to sixty years, five years more than what was permissible
under the consecutive sentencing statute effective on the date Carson
committed the crime, we order the trial court to enter a sentence of fifty-five
years.
2. Double Jeopardy
[42] Carson lastly argues that his conviction on Counts V and VI, criminal
confinement, constitute double jeopardy. The Indiana Constitution provides
that “[n]o person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the same offense.” IND.
CONST. art. 1, § 14. “Indiana’s Double Jeopardy Clause . . . prevent[s] the
State from being able to proceed against a person twice for the same criminal
transgression.” Hopkins v. State, 759 N.E.2d 633, 639 (Ind. 2001) (quoting
Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind. 1999)). The Indiana Supreme Court
has held that “two or more offenses are the ‘same offense’ in violation of Article
I, Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution, if, with respect to either the statutory
elements of the challenged crimes or the actual evidence used to convict, the
essential elements of one challenged offense also establish the essential elements
of another challenged offense.” Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 49.
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[43] “An offense is the same as another under the actual evidence test when there is
a reasonable possibility that the evidence used by the fact-finder to establish the
essential elements of one offense may have been used to establish the essential
elements of a second challenged offense.” Id. The Indiana Supreme Court
clarified this test in Spivey v. State, 761 N.E.2d 831, 833 (Ind. 2002), where it
held that the test is not whether the evidentiary facts used to establish one of the
essential elements of one offense may also have been used to establish one of
the essential elements of a second challenged offense; rather, the test is whether
the evidentiary facts establishing the essential elements of one offense also
establish all of the elements of a second offense. If the evidentiary facts
establishing one offense establish only one or several, but not all, of the essential
elements of the second offense, there is no double jeopardy violation. Id.
[44] As specified in his direct appeal, Carson, while armed with a handgun, broke
into E.H.’s and J.R.’s apartment. Carson then made E.H. and J.R. submit to or
perform criminal deviate conduct, robbed E.H., and attempted to rob J.R.
Once Carson and his accomplices completed those offenses, they subsequently
confined E.H. and J.R. by tying them together with a cord. Carson was
subsequently charged with: Counts I-II, criminal deviate conduct; Count III,
robbery; Count IV, attempted robbery; Counts V-VI, criminal confinement; and
Count VII carrying a handgun without a license.
[45] The charging information for Counts V and VI stated as follows:
Count V
. . . Carson, on or about October 28, 1999, did knowingly while armed
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with a deadly weapon, that is: a handgun, confine [E.H.] without the
consent of [E.H.], by tying [E.H.] up with a cord.
Count V
. . . Carson, on or about October 28, 1999, did knowingly while armed
with a deadly weapon, that is: a handgun, confine [J.R.] without the
consent of [J.R.], by tying [J.R.] up with a cord.
(D.A. App. p. 62).
[46] Carson suggests that Counts V and VI violate the actual evidence test, and he
maintains that “all of the conduct constituting Counts I through IV—[two
counts of] criminal deviate conduct, robbery and attempted robbery—occurred
while . . . [E.H. and J.R.] were confined.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 23). He further
suggests that his case is analogous to Wethington v. State, 560 N.E.2d 496, 501
(Ind. 1990), and that the trial court violated Indiana’s Double Jeopardy Clause
by ordering separate sentences of ten years each for his two criminal
confinement convictions.
[47] In Wethington, two armed men broke into the house occupied by the three
victims, bound the victims, and stole cash and marijuana. Id. at 501. The State
then charged Wethington as follows:
[Wethington did] knowingly or intentionally take property from
another person or from the presence of another person, to wit: $120.00
... in cash and a small quantity of marijuana from the home of Pat
Adair by using or threatening the use of force on any persons, to wit:
Pat Adair, Dianne Adair and Danny Adair, in that [he] bound and
gagged the above-named individuals, forced them to [lie] on the floor,
covered them with a blanket, and poured gasoline over the area where
the victims [lay]. All of the above acts were done while [Wethington]
was armed with a deadly weapon, thereby committing Robbery, a
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Class B felony. . .
[Wethington did] knowingly or intentionally confine another person,
to wit: Pat Adair, Dianne Adair and Danny Adair by binding them
with rope, gagging them, forcing them to lie on the floor, covering
them with a blanket and pouring gasoline around the area where they
lay, which events occurred within the residence of Pat Adair without
the consent of Pat Adair, Dianne Adair and Danny Adair, all while
said [] Wethington was armed with a deadly weapon, to wit: a gun,
thereby committing Criminal Confinement, a Class B felony. . .
Id. at 507.
[48] Wethington was subsequently convicted of both offenses and received a
separate sentence for each one. Id. On appeal, he argued that the imposition of
separate sentences violated double jeopardy. Id. After acknowledging the
statutory differences between the two offenses, our supreme court nevertheless
held that sentences for both offenses violated double jeopardy because the “acts
alleged by the State to substantiate a necessary element of the robbery charge,
i.e., the force that was used to effectuate the taking, [were] precisely co-
extensive with the acts alleged as constituting a violation of the criminal
confinement statute . . . .” Id. at 508. Our supreme court further explained:
Today’s decision does not affect the body of case law from this Court
which makes it clear that, given a single criminal transaction, a
defendant may properly be charged with, convicted of, and sentenced
for both confinement and a distinct crime which entails some sort of
confinement as necessary to effectuate that crime such as robbery or
rape. The holding of this case is limited to instances such as this one
where criminal confinement is charged along with another crime, the
commission of which inherently involves a restraint on the victim’s
liberty, and where the language of the charging instruments makes no
distinction between the factual basis for the confinement charge and
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the facts necessary to the proof of an element of the other crime.
Id. (internal citations omitted).
[49] Although E.H. and J.R. were continuously confined while Carson and his
accomplices effectuated the crimes of criminal deviate conduct, robbery and
attempted robbery, it is possible to divide the confinement into two separate
criminal transgressions. In Boyd v. State, 766 N.E.2d 396, 400 (Ind. Ct. App.
2002), we addressed Indiana’s double jeopardy prohibition in confinement
cases and applied the analytical framework espoused in Idle v. State, 587 N.E.2d
712, 715 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992), to determine whether two punishments had been
imposed for a single confinement arising from one set of operative
circumstances. The Boyd court found the determining factor to be “whether the
confinement may be divided into two separate parts.” Boyd, 766 N.E.2d at 400.
“A confinement ends when the victim both feels and is, in fact, free from
detention, and separate confinement begins if and when detention of the victim
is re-established.” Id.
[50] Unlike Wethington, the evidence shows that Carson’s confinement of E.H. and
J.R. extended beyond what was necessary to commit criminal deviate conduct,
robbery and attempted robbery. Turning to the facts of the instant case, after
Carson broke into E.H.’s and J.R.’s apartment, they made E.H. and J.R.
perform oral and anal sex on each other, robbed E.H., and attempted to rob
J.R. Thereafter, Carson and his accomplices tied up E.H. and J.R. with a cord.
Both E.H. and J.R. were repeatedly beaten. J.R. was kicked in the head and
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groin, and whipped with belts and a coat hanger. E.H. was also beaten in the
head and kicked in the groin. Carson, with the help of his partners, retrieved a
steam iron, plugged it in, and proceeded to burn E.H. and J.R. After beating
E.H. and J.R. some more, Carson and his accomplices left, but only after
setting a fire in the living room. A short while later, they returned to put out of
the fire, and retied the restraints on J.R. and E.H. even tighter than before.
[51] When Carson and the intruders left the apartment the first time, E.H. and J.R.
attempted to free themselves. At that point, E.H. and J.R. felt they were both
free from detention. The second criminal confinement occurred when Carson
and his accomplices returned to the apartment and retied E.H. and J.R. even
tighter than before. Accordingly, we find no merit in Carson’s claim that his
convictions for criminal confinement violated double jeopardy. Thus, the post-
conviction court did not err in rejecting Carson’s claim of ineffective assistance
of Appellate Counsel on this basis.
CONCLUSION
[52] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Carson was not denied effective
assistance of Trial Counsel. However, we do conclude that Appellate Counsel
offered Carson ineffective assistance for failing to argue that the sentences on
Count IV, attempted robbery, and Count V, criminal confinement, exceeded
the consecutive sentencing statute, and, as such, we remand to the trial court to
enter a sentence of fifty-five years.
[53] Affirmed, in part, reversed, in part, and remanded.
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[54] Brown, J. and Altice, J. concur
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