Bernie C. Harmon v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Oct 20 2016, 8:54 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Matthew J. McGovern Gregory F. Zoeller
Anderson, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
George Peter Sherman
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Bernie C. Harmon, October 20, 2016
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
13A01-1509-CR-1513
v. Appeal from the Crawford Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Kenneth Lynn
Appellee-Plaintiff. Lopp, Judge.
Trial Court Cause No.
13C01-1307-FB-27
Mathias, Judge.
[1] Bernie Harmon (“Harmon”) was convicted in Crawford Circuit Court of two
counts of Class B felony sexual misconduct with a minor, two counts of Class C
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felony sexual misconduct with a minor, Class C felony child molesting, two
counts of Class B felony vicarious sexual gratification, Class C felony vicarious
sexual gratification, four counts of Class D felony neglect of a dependent, Class
C felony battery, two counts of Class D felony battery, and Class A
misdemeanor battery. The trial court ordered Harmon to serve an aggregate
term of eighty years at the Department of Correction with thirteen years
suspended to probation. Harmon appeals and presents four issues, which we
renumber and restate as:
I. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support
Harmon’s Count III, Class C felony child molesting and Count
XIII, Class C felony battery convictions;
II. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in excluding
evidence that another person perpetrated the sexual misconduct
with a minor offense in violation of Harmon’s right to present a
defense as provided in the U.S. Constitution and Indiana
Constitution;
III. Whether Harmon’s neglect of a dependent and battery
convictions violate Indiana’s prohibition against double jeopardy;
and,
IV. Whether the trial court imposed an erroneous sentence.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] Harmon and his wife, Melissa Harmon (“Melissa”) (collectively “the
Harmons”) lived in Crawford County, Indiana with their biological son, K.H.,.
and biological daughter, W.H. The Harmons drove school buses and operated a
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car repair shop near their home. In 2005, the Harmons became foster parents to
five children1 (“the Children”). C.H.2, S.H.3, and C.A.H., 4 who were biological
siblings, and G.H.5 and M.H.,6 who were biological siblings. In April 2006, the
Children were removed for a short period and returned to the Harmons in 2007,
after they received more foster parent training. In March 2008, the Harmons
adopted C.H., S.H., and C.A.H. Several months later in June, the Harmons
adopted G.H. and M.H.
[4] Shortly after adoption, the Children were treated significantly worse than when
they were foster children. Harmon began physically and sexually abusing the
Children and limiting the amount of food that they could eat. According to the
Children, Harmon punished them by hitting their buttocks or backsides with a
paddle, an extension cord, a switch7, a bull whip or a horsewhip. The Children
were sometimes clothed when Harmon beat them, but other times they were
not. S.H. indicated that Harmon beat her many times, and she also saw
Harmon beat the other children. C.A.H. explained that Harmon sometimes
1
C.H. is not included in this designation based on the events pertinent to this appeal.
2
C.H. left the Harmon household when he was eighteen years old after running away on several prior
occasions. None of Harmon’s convictions involve C.H., but Harmon attempted to introduce testimony that
C.H. was the perpetrator of the sexual abuse instead of him.
3
A girl born in 1997.
4
A girl born in 1998.
5
A boy born in 2000.
6
A boy born in 2001.
7
Harmon described a switch as a small branch from a tree or bush.
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whipped her a couple times a day, but not every day. Harmon told C.A.H.
while she was still a foster child that she would be the first to be “whipped”
after the Children were adopted. Tr. p. 322. Harmon also hit C.A.H. in the
head with an ax handle, which caused bumps. M.H. and G.H. were whipped a
couple of times per week.
[5] Several of the children reported that Harmon sexually abused them after they
were adopted.8 Harmon touched S.H.’s breasts on numerous occasions and
sometimes masturbated while he touched her.9 Harmon also had sexual
intercourse with S.H. and forced her to perform oral sex on him about four or
five times. Harmon touched C.A.H.’s breasts and vagina as well. Harmon made
8
The Children reported that these acts occurred mostly in Harmon’s shop and in a garage near the house, but
also in a bathroom in the house, and in the attic.
9
S.H. was asked when Harmon first touched her breast:
Q: And do you remember the first time you knew it was him?
A: Yes.
Q: Okay and when and where did that take place?
A: It was, um, in the summer time, school was about to end, um, and I was taken out of
school. It was, um, in his shop, a little room.
Q: Okay in his shop and it was in summer time?
A: Yes.
Q: And now you said you were taken out of school in fifth grade, right?
A: Yes.
Q: So would this be right after fifth grade?
A: It’d be, I think towards the end of sixth grade year that I didn’t go to school.
Q: It was during sixth grade year, you think?
A: Yes.
Tr. pp. 231-32.
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C.A.H. perform oral sex on him and ejaculated in her mouth. He also placed
hot dogs in C.A.H.’s vagina.
[6] Further, Harmon instructed G.H. to perform and receive sexual acts on and
from S.H. and C.A.H. Harmon made C.A.H. perform oral sex on G.H. and in
return G.H. sucked on C.A.H.’s breasts. Harmon also told S.H. and G.H. to
perform oral sex on one another. On another occasion when Harmon was
driving home from his shop, he instructed G.H. to perform oral sex on S.H. as
he drove. Harmon told the Children if they did not comply that he would beat
them.
[7] The Children reported being hungry as well. They were not allowed to access
the refrigerator at home. During the 2009-2010 school year, G.H. and M.H.
asked other children for food and rummaged through the trash looking for
uneaten snacks. One of the girls also stole peanut butter from her classroom and
kept it in her locker to eat.10 The Children were removed from public school
after completing the 2009-2010 school year. Harmon stated that he was tired of
receiving calls about the Children from school officials and the DCS
investigations. At the time, M.H. had just completed second grade, G.H. had
completed third grade, C.A.H. had completed sixth grade, and S.H. had
completed fifth grade.11 Several of the children stated that they completed
10
The testimony is conflicting regarding whether S.H. or C.A.H. stole the peanut butter.
11
The record reflects that S.H. had difficulty in school and was held back at least one grade.
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homeschooling workbooks for about one year at the Harmon household but
then the lessons stopped completely.
[8] The Children also slept in the attic, which could be accessed with a step
ladder.12 During the night, the Harmons locked the door to the attic and
removed the step ladder so the Children could not access the downstairs
bathroom. As a result, the Children urinated and defecated in the attic
insulation and in plastic bottles and bags. The oldest child, C.H., stayed in the
Harmon’s shed. The shed had electricity, a mini refrigerator, and a couch, but
no bathroom. The Children were instructed to urinate and defecate in the
woods in a bucket, but they were allowed to bathe in the house.
[9] At one point after the Children were adopted, the Harmons went on vacation to
Tennessee for about a week and left the Children at home with their older
daughter, W.H. However, during this time, the Children were not allowed to go
in the house, so they slept in the Harmon’s camper and urinated and defecated
as needed in the woods.
[10] Harmon and Melissa explained that the Children had a habit of digging through
dumpsters and leaving trash in the woods. In March 2013, Harmon told the
Children that they needed to clean up the trash in the woods.13 If they failed to
12
The house was being renovated during the time relevant to these events. At one point there was also a wall
ladder.
13
The Children stated that Harmon wanted them to clean up the area in the woods where they used the
bathroom.
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comply, he told them that they would be beaten. On March 19, 2013, G.H. and
M.H. ran away from home because they were tired of “getting whipped.” Tr. p.
364. At this time, G.H. also told M.H. about his forced sexual interactions with
S.H. and C.A.H. One of Harmon’s neighbors found the boys walking on his
property and transported them to the courthouse. G.H. told authorities about
the physical and sexual abuse that he and the other children had experienced
from Harmon. G.H. also wrote a letter to the judge asking not to be sent back to
the Harmon’s home.
[11] The Harmons were notified that the boys were found and were asked to bring
S.H. and C.A.H. to the courthouse as well. They complied, and the girls were
questioned. At first, S.H. and C.A.H. denied the accusations and indicated that
they wanted to return home with the Harmons. However, C.A.H. later
explained that she denied the accusations because she was afraid, and S.H.
stated that she thought she would be placed in a worse foster home. Detective
Craig Starr (“Detective Starr”) observed multiple red lateral marks on M.H.’s
right and left buttocks along with several bruises on the back of his left thigh.
Detective Starr also noticed that G.H. had a lateral mark on his right butt cheek
and several lateral marks on his left buttocks and his lower hip area. The
Children were then examined by a nurse at Memorial Hospital. The nurse
documented that S.H. had scars and bruises on her hand, and C.A.H. had
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numerous marks, bruises, and scars.14 State’s Ex. Vol., Ex. 12-13. She also
noted that all of the Children except for G.H. were very emaciated. Tr. p. 421.
[12] The Harmons gave up their parental rights to the Children on May 21, 2013.
S.H. and C.A.H. were placed in a foster home, and G.H. and M.H. were placed
in a different foster home. The Children were then placed back in public school
after three years of being homeschooled. The record reflects that the Children
actually completed lessons for one year at most but were unable to pass their
grade-appropriate placement tests.
[13] Harmon denied any allegations of sexual abuse but admitted to disciplining the
Children with a paddle and a switch. He also denied ever using a whip of any
kind as a means of discipline. Harmon explained that the Children would
frequently misbehave and he thought that this type of discipline would be more
effective than the time outs that he used when they were foster children.
[14] On July 26, 2013, a grand jury indicted Harmon for multiple offenses, including
child molesting, neglect of a dependent, battery, vicarious sexual gratification,
and sexual misconduct with a minor. On April 20, 2015, the State filed an
amended indictment which included: Count I, Class B felony sexual
misconduct with a minor, Count II, Class C felony sexual misconduct with a
minor, Count III, Class C felony child molesting, Count IV, Class B felony
14
All of the Children’s injuries were photographed after they were removed from the Harmon’s care, and
those photos were admitted as evidence at trial.
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sexual misconduct with a minor, Count V, Class C felony sexual misconduct
with a minor, Count VI, Class B felony vicarious sexual gratification, Count
VII, Class C felony vicarious sexual gratification, Count VIII, Class B felony
vicarious sexual gratification, Counts IX-XII, Class D felony neglect of a
dependent, Count XIII, Class C felony battery, Counts XIV-XV, Class D felony
battery, and Count XVI, Class A misdemeanor battery.
[15] A jury trial was held on June 9-17, 2015. The jury returned a verdict of guilty
on all counts. The trial court held a sentencing hearing on August 25, 2015, and
ordered Harmon to serve twelve years with two years suspended on Count I; six
years with one year suspended on Count II; six years with one year suspended
on Count III; twelve years with two years suspended on Count IV; six years
with one year suspended on Count V; twelve years with two years suspended
on Counts VI; six years with one year suspended on Count VII; twelve years
with two years suspended on Count VIII; two years executed each on Counts
IX-XII; five years with one year suspended on Count XIII; two years with six
months suspended each on Counts XIV and XV; and one year executed on
Count XVI. The court ordered Counts I-VIII to run consecutively and Counts
IX-XII to run concurrently but consecutively to all other counts. Further, the
court ordered Counts XIII through XV to run concurrently but consecutively to
all other counts and Count XVI to run consecutively to all other counts, for an
aggregate sentence of eighty years executed at the Department of Correction,
thirteen of which were suspended to probation.
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[16] At sentencing, the trial court found as mitigating factors that incarceration
would be a hardship on Harmon’s family, Harmon showed a modest amount of
remorse for the battery convictions, and Harmon had no prior criminal history.
The court determined several aggravating factors including:
(1) Harmon was in a position of trust as a parent, and the children looked
to him for guidance and, Harmon violated their trust. While he should
have been their protector, he became their predator;
(2) the children looked to Harmon for stability, care, and love but found
quite the opposite;
(3) Harmon’s lack of remorse on the remaining convictions; and
(4) the number of strikes against one of the Children exceeded the number
needed to prove a felony, the type of weapon used to punish that child,
along with the severity of that injury.
Harmon now appeals.
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[17] Harmon argues that the Count III, Class C felony child molesting and Count
XIII, Class C felony battery convictions were not supported by sufficient
evidence. “Upon a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence to support a
conviction, a reviewing court does not reweigh the evidence or judge the
credibility of witnesses, and respects the jury’s exclusive province to weigh
conflicting evidence. Montgomery v. State, 878 N.E.2d 262, 265 (Ind. Ct. App.
2007) (quoting McHenry v. State, 820 N.E.2d 124, 126 (Ind. 2005)). We consider
only probative evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the verdict. Id.
We must affirm if the probative evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from
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the evidence could have allowed a reasonable trier of fact to find the defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.
A. Class C Felony Child Molesting
[18] Specifically, Harmon argues that S.H. was not under fourteen years of age
when he fondled her. The State was required to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that Harmon:
with a child under fourteen (14) years of age, touched the breasts
of S.H. with the intent to arouse himself.
Appellant’s Amended App. p. 251; see also Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(b).
[19] Harmon argues that based on S.H.’s testimony, Harmon first touched her breast
when she was in sixth grade, so S.H. would have been fourteen at that time.15
However, both S.H. and a school official testified that S.H. was taken out of
school after the 2009-2010 school year after completing fifth grade. S.H.
testified that the fondling occurred “in the summer time, school was about to
end and [she] was taken out of school.” Tr. p. 231. Although S.H. thought she
was in sixth grade when Harmon first touched her, based on her other
testimony, the jury could have reasonably concluded that the fondling
happened in the summer of 2010 when S.H. was thirteen years old. We must
respect this discretion. See McHenry, 820 N.E.2d at 126. Therefore, we conclude
15
S.H. was born in April 1997.
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that the State presented sufficient evidence to support Harmon’s conviction for
Count III, Class C felony child molesting.
B. Class C Felony Battery
[20] Although Harmon concedes that C.A.H. experienced pain from his
punishment, he argues that it does not constitute extreme pain as required to
elevate the conviction to Class C felony battery. The State was required to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Harmon:
knowingly or intentionally touched C.A.H. in a rude, insolent, or
angry manner, resulting in serious bodily injury thereto.
Appellant’s Amended App. p. 256; see also Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1(3).
[21] “Serious bodily injury” means bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of
death or that causes: serious permanent disfigurement, unconsciousness,
extreme pain, permanent or protracted loss or impairment of the function of a
bodily member or organ, or loss of a fetus. Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-292. There is
no bright line rule differentiating “bodily injury” from “serious bodily injury.”
Davis v. State, 813 N.E.2d 1176, 1178 (Ind. 2004). Whether bodily injury is
“serious” is a question of degree and therefore appropriately reserved for the
finder of fact. Whitlow v. State, 901 N.E.2d 659, 661 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
[22] At trial, C.A.H. testified that Harmon used a horsewhip to whip her a couple of
times per day. She indicated that she was whipped on her back, buttocks, and
legs. At the time C.A.H. was removed from the Harmon household and
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examined, photographs were taken depicting red marks, bruises, and scars. See
State’s Ex. Vol., Ex. 12-13. Our supreme court held in Norris v. State that
photographs taken of a victim after receiving treatment for injuries depicting
numerous cuts and bruises were sufficient to show that the victim suffered
“serious bodily injury” as required to support defendant’s Class C felony battery
conviction. 419 N.E.2d 129, 132 (Ind. 1981).
[23] Also, our court held in Buckner v. State that the evidence was sufficient to
support serious bodily injury and a conviction for Class C felony battery when
the victim testified that defendant punched her several times with his fists and
those punches left a number of bruises and scratches on the victim’s face and
other parts of her body. 857 N.E.2d 1011, 1018 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).
[24] Harmon relies on our supreme court’s holding in Davis v. State for the
proposition that a victim’s injuries including a lacerated hip, knee abrasion, and
a broken pinky finger without testimony describing the victim’s level of pain did
not rise to the level of serious bodily injury or extreme pain. 813 N.E.2d 1176,
1178 (Ind. 2004). However, Davis involved a domestic violence situation
between an adult boyfriend and girlfriend. Id. at 1177. Our supreme court
emphasized that although the victim sought treatment, she was not prescribed
pain medicine at the hospital, an officer saw her walking normally at the crime
scene, and she said little about her pain at trial. Id. at 1178.
[25] Like the victim in Davis, C.A.H. did not testify about the level of pain she
experienced when Harmon whipped her. However, C.A.H. was a minor child
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under the care of the Harmons and did not have the ability to seek medical
treatment on her own. Rather, she would have required the assistance of
Harmon, who was the person who caused her injuries. See Whitlow, 901 N.E.2d
at 661. We find C.A.H. to be more akin to the victim in Norris, whose injury
photographs were sufficient to prove serious bodily injury and the victim in
Buckner, whose testimony of being repeatedly struck with a belt that left marks
on her body was sufficient to prove serious bodily injury. For all of these
reasons, we conclude that based on C.A.H.’s testimony and post-examination
photographs, the jury could reasonably conclude that C.A.H. experienced
extreme pain when Harmon whipped her with a horsewhip.
II. Trial Court’s Exclusion of Evidence
[26] Harmon also argues that trial court abused its discretion in excluding evidence
that another person perpetrated the sexual misconduct with a minor offense in
violation of Harmon’s right to present a defense as provided in the U.S.
Constitution and Indiana Constitution. As a general matter, the decision to
admit or exclude evidence is within a trial court’s sound discretion and is
afforded great deference on appeal. Carpenter v. State, 786 N.E.2d 696, 702 (Ind.
2003). We will not reverse the trial court’s decision unless it represents a
manifest abuse of discretion that results in the denial of a fair trial. Id. An abuse
of discretion in this context occurs where the trial court’s decision is clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court or it
misinterprets the law. Id. at 703. Even if the trial court’s decision was an abuse
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of discretion, we will not reverse if the admission of evidence constituted
harmless error. Micheau v. State, 893 N.E.2d 1053, 1059 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).
[27] Harmon specifically argues that the trial court erred in excluding the testimony
of subsequent foster parent Deborah Wills (“Wills”)16 that: (1) C.H. had sex
with S.H., and (2) that Wills overheard S.H. tell C.A.H., “You know dad never
touched you.”17 Tr. p. 1047.
A. Wills’s First Statement
[28] Harmon contends that Wills’s first statement should have been admitted under
Rule 412 (b)(1)(A). The admission of evidence relating to a victim’s past sexual
conduct is governed by Indiana Evidence Rule 412.18 Rule 412 provides that,
with very few exceptions in a prosecution for a sex crime, evidence of the past
sexual conduct of a victim or witness may not be admitted into evidence. Rule
412(b)(1) outlines several exceptions to the general prohibition in a criminal
case including:
(A) evidence of specific instances of a victim’s or witness’s sexual
behavior, if offered to prove that someone other than the
16
Wills was S.H. and C.A.H.’s foster parent after the girls were removed from the Harmon household.
17
Harmon did not separately analyze the two statements included in Wills’s testimony. This caused overlap
and confusion in understanding Harmon’s argument because one statement relates to behavior between S.H.
and C.H. and the other statement involves C.A.H. and Harmon. We have separated the statements for
purposes of clarity.
18
Harmon also cites to Indiana Code section 35-37-4-4, the rape shield act. However, this act has been
superseded by Evidence Rule 412. See Sallee v. State, 785 N.E.2d 645, 650 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).
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defendant was the source of semen, injury, or other physical
evidence;
(B) evidence of specific instances of a victim’s or witness’s sexual
behavior with respect to the person accused of the sexual
misconduct, if offered by the defendant to prove consent or if
offered by the prosecutor; and
(C) evidence whose exclusion would violate the defendant’s
constitutional rights.
[29] Harmon claims that Wills was prepared to testify, as she did in her deposition,
that “[S.H.] said that they had lots of fights, her brother [C.H.] would beat her
and have sex with her[.]” Tr. p. 1046. However, Wills’s statement does not
establish that Harmon did not have sex with S.H, only that C.H. may have had
sex with S.H., too. Therefore, the statement does not assist Harmon with his
defense and is evidence of S.H.’s past sexual conduct, which is prohibited by
Evidence Rule 412(1)(a).
[30] Further, Wills’s first statement does not fall under the Evidence Rule
412(b)(1)(A) exception that focuses on physical evidence.19 Here, the State did
not present physical evidence claiming that Harmon sexually abused the
Children. Instead, the State relied on the testimony of S.H., C.A.H., and G.H.
that Harmon sexually abused them. See Pribie v. State, 46 N.E.3d 1241, 1248
(Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (stating “[a]n exception that allows a defendant to rebut
19
The purpose of this exception is for defendant to rebut the State’s evidence by claiming that someone else
was the source of the physical evidence. See Pribie v. State, 46 N.E.3d 1241, 1248 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (stating
“[t]he rule contemplates if the State had presented the [physical evidence] to the jury, defendant then would
have been allowed to present evidence that the [physical evidence] came from someone else.”).
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physical evidence presupposes that evidence; since the State did not rely on
physical evidence to convict defendant, the exception does not apply.”).
Therefore, evidence that one of the victims may have engaged in sexual activity
with another family member is not admissible under this exception.
B. Wills’s Second Statement
[31] Harmon also argues that even if our court determines that the Rule 412(b)(1)(A)
exception does not apply to Wills’s first statement, Wills’s second statement
that she overhead S.H. tell C.A.H., “You know dad never touched you,” is
admissible under Indiana Evidence Rule 613(b) which states in relevant part:
Extrinsic evidence of a witness’s prior inconsistent statement is
admissible only if the witness is given an opportunity to explain
or deny the statement and an adverse party is given an
opportunity to examine the witness about it, or if justice so
requires. This subdivision does not apply to an opposing party’s
statement under 801(d)(2).
[32] Although Harmon did not address it in his argument, Wills’s second statement
is classic hearsay. Indiana Evidence Rule 801(c) provides:
“Hearsay” means a statement that: (1) is not made by the
declarant while testifying at trial or hearing; and (2) is offered in
evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.
As such, even if we concluded that Wills’s second statement was
admissible under 613(b) to impeach S.H.’s credibility, the substance of
the statement could not aid in Harmon’s defense to prove that he did not
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touch C.A.H. Even so, Wills’s proffered testimony was not that C.H.
touched C.A.H. instead of Harmon.
[33] Harmon also asserts that by excluding Wills’s testimony, the trial court violated
his right to present a defense under both the U.S. Constitution and the Indiana
Constitution. Harmon claims that he raised the “right to defense” argument at
the pretrial hearing when the trial court was considering the State’s motion in
limine. However, “[r]ulings on motions in limine are not final decisions and,
therefore, do not preserve error for appeal.” Swaynie v. State, 762 N.E.2d 112,
113 (Ind. 2002). Harmon failed to preserve this issue for appeal because he did
not raise the argument again at trial.
[34] Harmon alternatively argues that the exclusion of Wills’s testimony violated his
right to present a defense, and as such constitutes fundamental error. A
fundamental error is one that constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles,
the harm or potential for harm is substantial, and the resulting error denies the
defendant fundamental due process. Mathews v. State, 849 N.E.2d 578, 587 (Ind.
2006). The error must be so prejudicial to the rights of the defendant so as to
make a fair trial impossible. Taylor v. State, 717 N.E.2d 90, 93 (Ind. 1999).
[35] Although the right to present a defense is of utmost importance, it is not
absolute. Marley v. State, 747 N.E.2d 1123, 1132 (Ind. 2001).” [T]he accused, as
is required of the State, must comply with the established rules of procedure
and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability in the
ascertainment of guilt and innocence. Id. The Constitution “prohibits the
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exclusion of defense evidence that serve no legitimate purpose or that are
disproportionate to the ends that they are asserted to promote,” but trial judges
may exclude evidence “if its probative value is outweighed by certain other
factors such as unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or potential to mislead
the jury.” Ruiz v. State, 926 N.E.2d 532, 534 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting
Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 326 (2006)). Further, the trial court has
wide discretion in determining the scope of cross-examination and only an
abuse of discretion warrants that reversal. Seketa v. State, 817 N.E.2d 690, 693
(Ind. Ct. App. 2004).
[36] Wills’s first statement that Harmon sought to introduce did not implicate C.H.
instead of Harmon in molesting S.H., but rather indicated that S.H. also had
sex at some point with C.H. See Pribie, 46 N.E.3d at 1248 (concluding that the
trial court did not violate defendant’s right to present a defense when it
excluded evidence that a victim engaged in prior sexual activity). Thus, it was
irrelevant and had great potential to mislead the jury.
[37] Further, Harmon had the opportunity to extensively cross-examine S.H.,
C.A.H., and C.H. Both S.H. and C.H. denied engaging in sexual relations with
one another. C.H. also denied engaging in sexual relations with C.A.H., but
C.A.H. was not asked whether she ever had a sexual relationship with C.H.
Therefore, we conclude that the trial court’s exclusion of Wills’s testimony did
not violate Harmon’s right to present a defense and accordingly did not
constitute fundamental error.
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[38] Furthermore, even if the trial court had erred in excluding Wills’s testimony,
any error was harmless. Where wrongfully excluded evidence is merely
cumulative of other evidence presented, its exclusion is harmless error. Pierce v.
State, 29 N.E.3d 1258, 1268 (Ind. 2015). Wills’s testimony would have been
cumulative to other evidence presented because the jury also heard testimony
that the girls originally denied that Harmon molested them. We also
acknowledge Harmon’s argument that the State opened the door to this
evidence. However, the State called C.H. to testify only after Harmon claimed
in his opening statement that it was C.H. who sexually abused S.H. and C.A.H.
instead of Harmon. Regardless, there is an overwhelming amount of evidence
of Harmon’s guilt, and any such error was harmless. For all of these reasons,
we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Wills’s
testimony.
III. Double Jeopardy
[39] Harmon contends that his four neglect of a dependent and four battery
convictions violate Indiana’s prohibition against double jeopardy. Specifically,
he argues that because the State charged the neglect offense by listing several
allegations of neglect in the disjunctive that there is a reasonable possibility that
the jury could have convicted Harmon of neglect by using the same evidence of
the whippings when it convicted him for battery.
[40] The Indiana Constitution provides that “[n]o person shall be put in jeopardy
twice for the same offense.” Ind. Const. art. 1, § 14. Our supreme court has
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developed a two-part test for Indiana double jeopardy claims, holding that two
or more offenses are the “same offense” in violation of Article 1, Section 14, if,
with respect to either the statutory elements or the challenged crimes or the
actual evidence used to convict, the essential elements of one challenged offense
also establish the essential elements of another challenged offense. Richardson v.
State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind. 1999). To show that two challenged offenses
constitute the “same offense” in a claim of double jeopardy, a defendant must
demonstrate a reasonable possibility that the evidentiary facts used by the fact-
finder to establish elements of one offense may also have been used to establish
the essential elements of a second challenged offense. Id. at 53.
[41] Our supreme court clarified the Richardson test in Bald v. State, holding that no
violation of the actual evidence test occurs as long as “each conviction
[contains] proof of at least one unique evidentiary fact.” 766 N.E.2d 1170, 1172
(Ind. 2002). To determine if a jeopardy violation occurred, our court considers
the charging information, jury instructions, and arguments of counsel. Spivey v.
State, 761 N.E.2d 831, 832 (Ind. 2002).
[42] Here, the State charged Harmon with four counts of Class D felony neglect of a
dependent. The charges stated in relevant part:
[O]n or about and between the 1st day of January, 2009, and the
19th day of March, 2013, in the County of Crawford, State of
Indiana, Bernie C. Harmon, a person having the care of a
dependent, whether assumed voluntarily or because of a legal
obligation did knowingly or intentionally place the dependent in
a situation that endangered the dependent’s life or health, and/or
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cruelly confined the dependent, and/or deprived the dependent
of education as required by law: to wit: [Harmon] having the care
of [the victim] to a home environment wherein [he/she] was
subjected to unreasonable corporal punishment, and/or was not
provided adequate food/nutrition resulting in psychological
and/or physical harm, and/or cruelly confined [him/her] in the
attic of his home, and/or failed to enroll [him/her] in school or
provide an education as required by law.
Appellant’s Amended App. pp. 254-55. The State also charged Harmon
with four counts of battery. The charging information provided in
relevant part:
[O]n or about the 17th day of March in the County of Crawford,
State of Indiana, Bernie C. Harmon, being a person of at least
eighteen (18) years of age, did knowingly or intentionally touch
[the victim], who was less than fourteen years of age, in a rude,
insolent, or angry manner, resulting in bodily injury to wit: struck
[the victim] several times with a whip causing [him/her] to suffer
pain.20
Appellant’s Amended App. pp. 256-57. Further, at closing the State
noted:
[A]s I told you before, there’s three different theories under the
neglect. . . One places the dependent in a situation that endangers
the dependent’s life or health. Two abandons or cruelly confines
20
Harmon was charged with and convicted of one count of Class C felony, two counts of Class D felony,
and one count of Class A misdemeanor battery. Although there are differences in the charging information
based on age of the victim and the level of pain the victim experienced, all battery charges stem from the
Children being “struck several times with a whip.”
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the dependent. And three deprives the dependent of an education
as required by law. And a simple explanation to this is that there
are four different counts of neglect. One for each child. And in
order for you to find him guilty of neglect, you just have to
determine that he’s committed neglect in at least one of these
three ways. Placed the dependent in a situation that endangered
his or her health by unreasonable corporal punishment or
inadequate food. That’s one. Two, cruelly confined the
dependent in an attic or three deprived the dependent of
education and there’s a reason why I highlighted deprived the
dependent of an education because all you have to do, you
probably heard this, you have to unanimously decide something
beyond a reasonable doubt. Theoretically the twelve of you who
ended up being jurors, it’s possible that five of you could decide
that he’s guilty of one, of the first one and not the other two and
three of you could decide he’s guilty of a different one. As long as
each person feels he’s guilty of at least one of the three and I, uh,
I don’t want to be presumptuous but it seems obvious that we’ve
proven this count of neglect, which was number four, which is
the third one down, deprived the dependent of an education. .
.Cause assuming you believe beyond a reasonable doubt that he
deprived these children of an education required by law, you
don’t even need to decide whether or not he cruelly confined
them in the attic or he didn’t feed them enough or he uh, used
too much corporal punishment.
Tr. pp. 1203-04.
[43] Harmon relies on Morgan v. State, in which our supreme court held that a
double jeopardy violation occurred where the charging information left open a
mere possibility that the jury relied on the same acts to convict the defendant of
two different offenses. 675 N.E.2d 1067, 1072 (Ind. 1996). However, our
supreme court clarified its position several years later in Redman v. State in
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stating, “[t]he issue before us, however, is not merely whether it is possible that
this occurred, but rather whether the likelihood of this occurrence is sufficiently
substantial for us to conclude that it is reasonably possible that this occurred.” 743
N.E.2d 263, 267 (Ind. 2001).
[44] In Redman, the defendant argued that there was a reasonable possibility that the
jury used the evidence of the victim’s abduction to establish both of the
conspiracy to commit murder and the criminal confinement offenses. Id. The
charging information identified four alternative overt acts, one of which was
abduction. The defendant further argued that the language of the conspiracy
charge permitted the victim’s abduction to constitute the overt act element and
that the State’s voir dire, opening statement, witness testimony, and closing
statement described the initial abduction evidence as the basis for the criminal
confinement charge. Id.
[45] The State argued in response that there was no reasonable possibility that the
jury relied on the same evidentiary facts to prove both charges because the
charged overt acts were supported by separate evidence. Id. Our supreme court
agreed with the State and relied on its reasoning in Griffin v. State, 717 N.E.2d
73 (Ind. 1999), a situation where a jury was instructed that a charge of
conspiracy to commit robbery could be established by various alleged overt
acts, one of which was the completed robbery itself. In Griffin, our supreme
court noted the extensive evidence of other alleged overt acts and rejected the
claim of double jeopardy and emphasized: “[t]o establish that two offenses are
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the same offense under the actual evidence test, the possibility must be
reasonable, not speculative or remote.” Id. at 89.
[46] In the present situation, like in Redman and Griffin, the charging information
identified alternative overt acts that could constitute neglect of a dependent.
One of the overt acts included unreasonable corporal punishment, which was
also the basis for the battery offenses. Here, like in Griffin, we conclude that the
State presented extensive evidence of Harmon’s other alleged acts of neglect.
The Children testified that they were confined to the attic, were deprived
adequate food, and that they only were homeschooled for at most one year of
the three years that they were taken out of public school. Further, the State
emphasized at closing the three alternative theories of neglect, not limiting the
overt act to unreasonable corporal punishment. Rather, the State indicated that
it was “clear” and “obvious” that Harmon neglected the Children by failing to
provide them with an education. Tr. pp. 1204-05. Therefore, we conclude that
there is no reasonable possibility that the jury relied on the evidence of
unreasonable corporal punishment to establish the neglect element of Harmon’s
neglect of a dependent charges. As a result, no double jeopardy violation
occurred.
IV. Harmon’s Sentence
[47] Finally, Harmon argues that the trial court imposed an erroneous sentence in
several respects.
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A. Abuse of Discretion
[48] Harmon first argues that the trial court considered improper aggravators at
sentencing. As explained by our supreme court, “sentencing decisions rest
within the sound discretion of the trial court and are reviewed on appeal only
for an abuse of discretion.” Anglemeyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007),
clarified on reh’g. 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind. 2007). An abuse of discretion occurs
where the trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts
and circumstances before the court, or the reasonable, probable, and actual
deductions to be drawn therefrom. Id. A trial court may abuse its discretion by
failing to issue a sentencing statement, or by issuing a sentencing statement that
bases a sentence on reasons that are not supported by the record, that omits
reasons both advanced for consideration and clearly supported by the record, or
that includes reasons that are improper as a matter of law. Id. at 490-91.
However, under the post-Blakely amendments to our sentencing statutes, a trial
court can no longer be said to have abused its discretion by improperly
weighing or balancing aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Id. at 491.
1. Improper Aggravator No. 1
[49] Harmon claims that the court’s finding that he struck C.A.H. with a whip in
excess of evidence required to prove felony battery was not supported by the
record. In other words, the trial court found this battery to be particularly severe
in nature. The nature of the crime is “appropriately considered. . . as an
aggravating circumstance.” Bailey v. State, 763 N.E.2d 998, 1004 (Ind. 2002).
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Thus, facts evidencing the particular brutality of an attack may be considered as
an aggravating circumstance when sentencing a defendant for aggravated
battery. Id; see also Benton v. State, 691 N.E.2d 459, 464 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998)
(although bodily injury is an element of burglary, “the viciousness with which
the injury was inflicted” could be considered as an aggravating circumstance to
enhance the sentence).
[50] Here, C.A.H. testified that Harmon whipped her as a routine punishment and
the State submitted photographs of C.A.H.’s injuries consistent with being
struck with a whip numerous times. Based on these facts and circumstances, we
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in considering the
severity of C.A.H.’s injuries as an aggravator.
2. Improper Aggravator No. 2
[51] Harmon also challenges the court’s finding that he lacked remorse as an
aggravating factor. Although a court may not enhance a sentence for a
defendant consistently maintaining his innocence if the defendant does so in
good faith, a court may consider the defendant’s lack of remorse. Cox v. State,
780 N.E.2d 1150, 1158 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). “A lack of remorse is displayed by
a defendant when he displays disdain or recalcitrance, the equivalent of ‘I don’t
care.’ This is distinguished from the right to maintain one’s innocence, i.e., ‘I
didn’t do it.’” Id.
[52] Here, the trial court equated Harmon’s continuing claim of innocence with a
lack of remorse. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion in determining
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that lack of remorse was an aggravator. However, because the court found three
other proper aggravators, this error is harmless. See Garrett v. State, 714 N.E.2d
618, 623 (Ind. 1999) (the trial court erred in finding one improper aggravating
factor, but defendant’s sentence was supported by other valid aggravators).
3. Consecutive Sentences
[53] Harmon further argues that the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences
was inappropriate. However, Harmon should have addressed this under the
abuse of discretion standard, not the inappropriate sentence standard. In order
to impose consecutive sentences, the trial court must find at least one
aggravating circumstance. Rhoiney v. State, 940 N.E.2d 841, 846 (Ind. Ct. App.
2010). Here, the trial court noted Harmon’s position of trust and that the
children came looking to him for stability, care, and love but found quite the
opposite among other aggravating circumstances. The same aggravating
circumstance may be used to both enhance a sentence and justify consecutive
terms. Id. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in imposing consecutive sentences.
B. Appropriateness of Sentence
[54] Under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B):
[We] may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due
consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the
sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and
the character of the offender.
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When reviewing a sentence, our principal role is to “leaven the outliers” rather
than necessarily achieve what is perceived as the “correct” result. Conley v. State,
972 N.E.2d 864, 876 (Ind. 2012). Our review under Appellate Rule 7(B) should
focus on “the forest”–the aggregate sentence–rather than the trees–consecutive
or concurrent, number of counts, or length of the sentence on any individual
count. Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1225 (Ind. 2008). We do not look to
determine if the sentence was appropriate; instead we look to make sure the
sentence was not inappropriate. King v. State, 894 N.E.2d 265, 268 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2008).
[55] Sentencing is principally a discretionary function in which the trial court’s
judgment should receive considerable deference. Id. at 1222 (Ind. 2008) (citing
Morgan v. State, 675 N.E.2d 1067, 1072 (Ind. 1996)). Therefore, the defendant
has the burden of persuading us that his sentence is inappropriate. Childress v.
State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006).
[56] The advisory sentence is the starting point the legislature has selected as an
appropriate sentence for the crime committed in assessing the nature of the
offense. Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 494 (Ind. 2007). The “character of
the offender” portion of the sentence involves consideration of the aggravating
and mitigating circumstances and general considerations. Clara v. State, 899
N.E.2d 733, 735 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
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[57] Harmon was convicted of four counts of Class B felony, five counts of Class C
felony, six counts of Class D felony, and one count of Class A misdemeanor.
During the time of Harmon’s offenses, the sentencing range for a Class B felony
was six to twenty years, with ten years being the advisory sentence. See Ind.
Code § 35-50-2-5. The sentencing range for a Class C felony was two to eight
years, with four years being the advisory sentence. See Ind. Code § 35-50-2-6.
The sentencing range for Class D felony was six months to three years, with
one and one half years being the advisory sentence. See Ind. Code § 35-50-2-7.
The sentence for Class A misdemeanor was one year. See Ind. Code § 35-50-3-2.
Thus, the statutory maximum for Harmon would have been one hundred and
forty-seven years. The trial court ordered Harmon to serve an aggregate eighty-
year sentence, with thirteen years suspended.
[58] Concerning the nature of the offenses, we observe that Harmon’s behaviors
were absolutely reprehensible. The Children came to the Harmon family as
foster children looking for stability and care. After being adopted and thinking
that they found their forever family, the Children were physically and sexually
abused and were neither properly fed nor educated. The Children were often
times not allowed in the house during the day, used a bucket in the woods for
their elimination needs, were locked in the attic at night, and were forced to
urinate and defecate in bottles and bags.
[59] At the time of removal all of the Children were emaciated except for G.H., who
begged for snacks and dug through the trash while he was enrolled in school.
When teachers at school and DCS began recognizing these issues, the Harmons
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took the Children out of school and decided that homeschooling was a better
option for their own sake. However, the record reflects that the Children were
homeschooled for no more than one year out of the three years that they were
taken out of public school. When the Children returned to public school, they
were all unable to pass their grade appropriate placement tests.
[60] Furthermore, Harmon beat the Children with whips, paddles, and switches
from trees in his yard. He claimed that this was the only punishment that would
work because the Children did not listen to him. At the time the Children were
removed, all four had red marks, bruises, and scars from being punished by
Harmon. Even worse, Harmon participated in sexual acts with S.H. and
C.A.H., and he also forced G.H. to participate in sexual acts with his sisters as
Harmon watched. The Children looked to Harmon for guidance and love, but
were instead subjected to gross mistreatment and abuse that no child should
ever have to endure. The nature of Harmon’s offenses alone justify the trial
court’s sentencing decision. See Williams v. State, 997 N.E.2d 1154, 1166 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2013).
[61] Although Harmon has no prior criminal history, Harmon’s treatment of the
Children is evidence of his deplorable character. Thus, Harmon has not
persuaded us that the trial court’s imposition of an aggregate eighty-year
sentence, with thirteen years suspended is inappropriate in light of the nature of
the offense and the character of the offender.
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Conclusion
[62] The State presented sufficient evidence to support Harmon’s Count III, Class C
felony and Count VIII, Class C felony battery convictions. Further, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion or violate Harmon’s right to present a defense
when it excluded evidence that another person might have perpetrated
additional sexual misconduct with one of the minor victims. Harmon’s neglect
of a dependent and battery convictions also did not violate Indiana’s
prohibition against double jeopardy and we affirm Harmon’s eighty-year
aggregate sentence.
[63] Affirmed.
Vaidik, C.J., and Barnes, J., concur.
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