Byron Smith v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Jan 14 2019, 8:45 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Joel M. Schumm Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Valerie K. Boots Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
Caroline G. Templeton
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Byron Smith, January 14, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-1732
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Elizabeth Christ,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
49G24-1606-F6-21572
Pyle, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1732 | January 14, 2019 Page 1 of 10
[1] Bryon Smith (“Smith”) appeals his conviction, following a bench trial, for Level
6 felony obstruction of justice.1 Smith challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence, contending that: (1) there is a material variance between the charging
information and the evidence at trial; and (2) the State’s evidence—that he
picked up a baggie of suspected cocaine from his lap, placed it into his mouth,
refused to spit it out, and then swallowed it—was insufficient to prove the
statutory element that he had altered, damaged, or removed a thing.
Concluding that any variance is not material or fatal and that the evidence is
sufficient to support the challenged element of obstruction of justice, we affirm
his conviction.
[2] We affirm.
Issue
Whether sufficient evidence supports Smith’s conviction.
Facts
[3] On June 4, 2016, Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (“IMPD”)
Officer Greg Milburn (“Officer Milburn”) was on LaSalle Street when he saw a
car with “people around the vehicle, people on foot, leaving the vehicle.” (Tr.
Vol. 2 at 7). This car was Smith’s car. After Smith drove away and failed to
signal when turning, Officer Milburn pulled over Smith’s vehicle. Smith was
1
IND. CODE § 35-44.1-2-2. Smith was also convicted of Class C misdemeanor operating a vehicle without
ever receiving a license, but he does not challenge this conviction on appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1732 | January 14, 2019 Page 2 of 10
the only person in the car, and he did not have a driver’s license. When
speaking with Smith, Officer Milburn noticed that Smith was stuttering and
breathing rapidly and that his lip and hands were trembling. The officer also
noticed that, on Smith’s lap, there was a large plastic bag containing smaller
plastic baggies “filled with a white substance[,]” which Officer Milburn believed
to be “[i]ndividually packaged cocaine.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 11). The substance was
“about the size of a ping pong ball[.]” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 11). Officer Milburn
radioed for assistance, and Smith “put the bag of suspected cocaine in his
mouth.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 17). The officer repeatedly ordered Smith to spit it out,
but Smith refused. Officer Milburn then “watch[ed]” Smith “force swallow the
suspected narcotics.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 17).
[4] The State charged Smith with Level 6 felony obstruction of justice and Class C
misdemeanor operating a vehicle without ever receiving a license. The
obstruction of justice charging information alleged that Smith had altered,
damaged, or removed a “record, document, or thing, that is: cocaine and/or
narcotic” with the intent to prevent it from being produced or used as evidence
in any official proceeding or investigation. (App. Vol. 2 at 17).
[5] The trial court held a bench trial in May 2018. The State presented testimony
from Officer Milburn, who testified to the facts stated above. Officer Milburn
also testified that he had an ambulance take Smith to the hospital because the
ingestion of what the officer believed to be drugs could have led to Smith’s
death. On cross-examination, Smith’s counsel asked Officer Milburn whether
anyone else had seen Smith swallow the alleged baggie and whether anything
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1732 | January 14, 2019 Page 3 of 10
had been recovered from Smith. Officer Milburn responded that he was the
only person to see Smith swallow it and that he did not know if anything had
been recovered.
[6] After the State rested, Smith moved for a directed verdict, contending that there
was a variance between the charging information (referring to “cocaine and/or
narcotic”) and the evidence at trial (testimony referring to “suspected” cocaine
or narcotic). Smith’s counsel asserted that “the State ha[d] a burden of proving
beyond a reasonable doubt every element of the offense . . . [and] [a]n element
here clearly state[d] “cocaine and/or narcotic.[”] (Tr. Vol. 2 at 22). Smith’s
counsel argued that even if the trial court believed that Smith had swallowed
something, the State had not proven that the thing swallowed was actually
cocaine or a narcotic. Essentially, Smith argued that the State’s presentation of
evidence was constrained by the specific language used in the charging
information. Smith’s counsel also stated that “if the State would have charged
it as ‘suspected’ cocaine and/or narcotic,” then Smith “wouldn’t be making this
motion.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 22). Smith’s counsel argued that the identification of
the “thing” was an element of the offense and stated that, “as it’s charged here
before me and as I’ve prepared this case for trial, I believe the State needs to
prove to [the court] that it was cocaine and they haven’t.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 22).
[7] The State argued that it was required to prove that Smith had altered, damaged,
or removed a “thing” but that it was not necessary to specifically prove that the
thing was actually cocaine or a narcotic. The State pointed out that Smith’s
action of swallowing the substance prevented any further investigation to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1732 | January 14, 2019 Page 4 of 10
determine what the substance was. The State argued that any variance was not
material or fatal because Smith had notice of the charge he faced and the
specific Indiana Code provision under which he was charged. The trial court
pointed out that “[t]he act in the mens rea for the offense [of obstruction of
justice] is destruction of evidence” and that, under the obstruction of justice
statute, the offense remained a Level 6 felony whether the item swallowed was
a piece of paper or a drug. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 25). The trial court denied Smith’s
motion for directed verdict.
[8] Smith then testified on his own behalf. He denied that he ever had a baggie or
that he had swallowed anything. He also challenged the credibility of Officer
Milburn’s testimony and suggested that the officer had lied about factual details
of the evening, including whether there had been people around Smith’s car,
whether he had a baggie in his car, and whether he had swallowed something.
[9] The trial court found Smith guilty as charged. The trial court imposed a 545-
day sentence, all suspended to probation, for his Level 6 felony obstruction of
justice conviction and a concurrent sentence of six (6) days for his Class C
misdemeanor conviction. Smith now appeals.
Decision
[10] Smith argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for
obstruction of justice.
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction, appellate courts must consider only the probative
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1732 | January 14, 2019 Page 5 of 10
evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the verdict. It is
the fact-finder’s role, not that of appellate courts, to assess
witness credibility and weigh the evidence to determine whether
it is sufficient to support a conviction. To preserve this structure,
when appellate courts are confronted with conflicting evidence,
they must consider it most favorably to the trial court’s ruling.
Appellate courts affirm the conviction unless no reasonable fact-
finder would find the elements of the crime proven beyond a
reasonable doubt. It is therefore not necessary that the evidence
overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. The
evidence is sufficient if an inference may reasonably be drawn
from it to support the verdict.
[11] Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146-47 (Ind. 2007) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted) (emphasis in original). Additionally, our Indiana
Supreme Court has explained that “when determining whether the elements of
an offense are proven beyond a reasonable doubt, a fact-finder may consider
both the evidence and the resulting reasonable inferences.” Thang v. State,
10 N.E.3d 1256, 1260 (Ind. 2014) (emphasis in original).
[12] The obstruction of justice statute provides, in relevant part, that “[a] person
who . . . alters, damages, or removes any record, document, or thing, with
intent to prevent it from being produced or used as evidence in any official
proceeding or investigation . . . commits obstruction of justice, a Level 6 felony.
IND. CODE § 35-44.1-2-2(a)(3). The State’s obstruction of justice charge against
Smith alleged that he had “alter[ed], damage[d], or remove[d] a record,
document, or thing, that is: cocaine and/or narcotic, with the intent to prevent
said item from being produced or used as evidence in an official proceeding or
investigation[.]” (App. Vol. 2 at 17).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1732 | January 14, 2019 Page 6 of 10
[13] Smith’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is divided into two
arguments. Specifically, he contends that: (1) there is a material variance
between the charging information and the evidence at trial; and (2) the evidence
is insufficient to show that he altered, damaged, or removed the baggie.
[14] Turning first to Smith’s variance argument, we note that “[a] charging
information must allege the elements of the crime such that the accused is
sufficiently apprised of the nature of the charges against him so that he may
anticipate the proof and prepare a defense in advance of trial.” Winn v. State,
748 N.E.2d 352, 356 (Ind. 2001) (citing IND. CONST. art. 1, § 13; I.C. § 35-34-1-
2; Smith v. State, 465 N.E.2d 702, 704 (Ind. 1984)). “The State is not required to
include detailed factual allegations in the charging instrument, though it may
choose to do so.” Id. A variance “is an essential difference between proof and
pleading.” Birari v. State, 968 N.E.2d 827, 834 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans.
denied. Not all variances, however, are “material” or “fatal[.]” Id. When
determining whether a variance between the proof at trial and a charging
information is fatal, we apply the following test:
(1) was the defendant misled by the variance in the evidence from
the allegations and specifications in the charge in the preparation
and maintenance of his defense, and was he harmed or prejudiced
thereby; [or]
(2) will the defendant be protected in [a] future criminal
proceeding covering the same event, facts, and evidence against
double jeopardy?
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1732 | January 14, 2019 Page 7 of 10
[15] Id. (quoting Mitchem v. State, 685 N.E.2d 671, 677 (Ind. 1997)) (emphasis
added). In other words, “[t]o award relief on the basis of a variance between
allegations in the charge and the evidence at trial, the variance must be such as
to either have misled the defendant in the preparation and maintenance of his
defense with resulting harm or prejudice or leave the defendant vulnerable to
double jeopardy in a future criminal proceeding covering the same event, facts,
and evidence.” Winn, 748 N.E.2d at 356 (emphasis added).
[16] Smith does not allege that the variance poses any future double jeopardy
vulnerability. He simply alleges that the variance misled the preparation of his
defense. He, however, makes no claim nor showing that there was any
resulting harm or prejudice. Thus, he is not entitled to relief based on his
assertion of a variance. See Winn, 748 N.E.2d at 356; Birari, 968 N.E.2d at 834
(explaining that a relief based on a variance is awarded only if the defendant
shows that he was misled in the preparation of his defense and that he was
harmed or prejudiced). Moreover, he cannot make these required showings.
Smith was aware of the alleged crime against him. Smith’s defense was not
based on the identification of the “thing” that was swallowed. Instead, his
defense was to deny that he had swallowed anything and, further, to deny the
very existence of a “thing”—or the baggie containing smaller plastic baggies
filled with a white substance—that the State had alleged he had swallowed.
Under these circumstances, we conclude that any variance was not material or
fatal. See Winn, 748 N.E.2d at 356; Birari, 968 N.E.2d at 834.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1732 | January 14, 2019 Page 8 of 10
[17] Next, we turn to Smith’s argument that “the State failed to prove Smith altered,
damaged, or removed the bag when he allegedly swallowed it while sitting in
his vehicle.” (Smith’s Br. 8). As the terms, “alter,” “damage,” and “remove”
are not defined by statute, Smith cites to dictionary definitions of the terms,
including the definition of “remove” as “to move from a place or position; take
away or off.” (Smith’s Br. 9) (quoting https://www.dictionary.com). Smith
contends that “an individual sitting stationary in a vehicle while swallowing a
bag does not necessarily alter, damage, or remove the bag or substance inside
it” and argues that the evidence in this case was insufficient because “Smith and
whatever he swallowed went nowhere.” (Smith’s Br. 9-10).
[18] We roundly reject Smith’s argument that the State failed to meet its burden of
proving the element that he altered, damaged, or removed a thing. The
suspected cocaine definitely went somewhere; it went inside Smith’s body.
Here, the evidence showed that Officer Milburn initially saw people milling
around and exiting Smith’s parked car. Thereafter, when Smith committed a
traffic infraction, Officer Milburn initiated a traffic stop. When Officer Milburn
spoke to Smith, he saw that Smith had a baggie containing a white substance
that appeared to be individually packaged cocaine. After the officer had
radioed for assistance, Smith lifted the baggie of suspected cocaine from his lap
and placed it in his mouth. Smith did not merely leave the baggie in his mouth.
Officer Milburn repeatedly ordered Smith to spit it out, but Smith refused.
Smith then swallowed the item. The fact that Smith remained seated in the car
did not negate the fact that he moved the bag from the place on his lap into his
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1732 | January 14, 2019 Page 9 of 10
mouth and, ultimately, into his throat and beyond when he swallowed it. The
evidence presented at trial and the inferences drawn therefrom were sufficient
for the trial court, as trier of fact, to conclude that Smith removed a thing, i.e.,
the baggie of suspected drugs, with the intent to prevent it from being used as
evidence in any official proceeding or investigation. Accordingly, we affirm his
conviction. See Mullins v. State, 717 N.E.2d 902, 904 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999)
(holding that the defendant’s act of “swallow[ing] the crack cocaine which
otherwise would have been used as evidence in a possession charge” was
sufficient to support his conviction for obstruction of justice). Owens v. State,
911 N.E.2d 18, 23 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (affirming that the defendant’s
conviction for obstruction of justice based on his act of swallowing drugs and
money), vacated on other grounds and sufficiency issue summarily affirmed on transfer,
929 N.E.2d 754 (Ind. 2010).
[19] Affirmed.
Najam, J., and Altice, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1732 | January 14, 2019 Page 10 of 10