Thomas A. Dexter v. State of Indiana

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Jun 18 2013, 6:14 am
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the
case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
CARLOS I. CARRILLO GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Ball Eggleston PC Attorney General of Indiana
Lafayette, Indiana
JUSTIN F. ROEBEL
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
THOMAS A. DEXTER, )
)
Appellant-Petitioner, )
)
vs. ) No. 79A05-1210-PC-557
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE TIPPECANOE SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Les A. Meade, Judge
Cause No. 79D05-1203-PC-1
June 18, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
SHARPNACK, Senior Judge
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Thomas A. Dexter appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief. We
affirm.
ISSUES
Dexter raises three issues, which we restate as follows:
I. Whether the post-conviction court erred in determining that Dexter
voluntarily and intelligently waived his right to counsel at his guilty plea
hearing.
II. Whether the post-conviction court erred in determining that laches
precluded relief.
III. Whether Dexter received ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In early 2000, the State charged Dexter with twenty-seven counts of theft in
relation to a series of bad checks he wrote at Wal-Mart, Meijer, and Payless stores in
Tippecanoe County. On April 3, 2000, Dexter had an initial hearing. The trial court
advised him that he had the right to a public defender if he could not afford his own
attorney. However, the court informed Dexter that if he was an able-bodied person and
could work, then the court would “require [Dexter to] go out there to make a good faith
effort to hire your own attorney first before [asking] the taxpayers to use their money to
hire your lawyer for you.” Tr. Ex. Vol., Defendant’s Ex. B. Dexter, who was free on
bond pending trial, told the court that he worked thirty-four hours a week and paid child
support and rent. The court told Dexter to “go out there and get another job and earn
some money to pay your way.” Id.
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Dexter next appeared before the trial court on May 5, 2000, and the court asked
Dexter what efforts he had made to hire an attorney. Dexter admitted he had “made no
efforts,” asserting that he spent his off-work time caring for his fiancée, who was
experiencing complications in her pregnancy. Id. The court asked Dexter if he had
enough money to “take care of all your necessities,” and Dexter said, “Yeah.” Id. The
court concluded, “Well, okay then you have enough money to go hire a lawyer. That’s a
necessity right now.” Id. The trial court further advised Dexter to “come back here with
a lawyer on the nineteenth.” Id.
Dexter did not hire a lawyer. Instead, he entered into a plea agreement with the
State. Dexter agreed to plead guilty to two counts of theft, both as Class D felonies, in
connection with two acts of exerting unauthorized control over a Meijer store’s property
with intent to deprive Meijer of the property’s value. In exchange, the State agreed to
dismiss the other charges.
On May 31, 2000, Dexter appeared before the trial court, along with other
defendants, for a guilty plea hearing. Before the hearing, Dexter signed a form advising
him of his rights. The form provided, among other advisements,
You have the right to be represented by an attorney now and at every stage
of the court proceedings. If you are charged with a felony or misdemeanor
and you want an attorney but cannot afford to hire your own attorney, tell
the judge. The judge will ask you questions under oath to see if you qualify
to have an attorney represent you at public expense. If the judge appoints
an attorney, you may be ordered to pay back all or part of the cost of the
attorney’s services to you. If you first decide you are going to hire your
own attorney but later are unable to do so, you can come back to court and
ask the judge to appoint an attorney for you.
Appellant’s App. p. 44.
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Toward the bottom of the form, a paragraph captioned “ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
OF RIGHTS” provided:
I read, write, and understand the English language. I have read Your Rights
in Court. I understand my rights explained in this paper and by the judge. I
freely, knowingly, and voluntarily waive my rights and want to plead
guilty. My guilty plea is my own free and voluntary act. I am not under
the influence of alcohol, medication or controlled substances at this time.
No promises, threats or guarantees, other than any plea agreement, were
made to get me to plead guilty in this case. I understand the charge(s) to
which I am pleading guilty and the consequences of my plea of guilty. I
admit as true the essential facts of the charge(s) to which I am pleading
guilty. I agree to waive any defenses I may have raised at trial . . . . I have
been given enough time to think about what I am doing. I am 22 years old.
I completed the 12[th] grade in school.
Id. at 45. Dexter signed his name and stated the date under this paragraph. He also
signed his name and stated the date under the last paragraph on the form, captioned
“WAIVER OF ATTORNEY:”
I understand my right to be represented by an attorney. I know I can ask to
continue this case to give me time to talk to an attorney. I know the court
could appoint an attorney for me if I cannot afford to hire my own attorney.
But I want to represent myself and freely, knowingly, and voluntarily waive
my rights to an attorney in this case. I understand the consequences of this
waiver.
Id.
At the guilty plea hearing, the trial court asked Dexter and other defendants the
following questions, to which Dexter responded:
[Court]: Has everybody carefully read the written advice of rights
form or had it read to you? Has everybody read through or
had read to [sic] the possible penalties section, and did you
each sign your own written advice of rights form where it
says acknowledgement of rights? And for those of you who
are without counsel today, have you also read carefully the
paragraph called waiver of attorney? And if so, does your
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signature mean that you read, write and understand English
well enough that you understand the right [sic] and penalties
explained in this form and that you understand that a plea of
guilty is a waiver and a giving up of those rights? Would that
be an accurate statement of your understanding?
[Dexter]: Yes.
Tr. Ex. Vol., Defendant’s Ex. B. The trial court further asked Dexter and the other
defendants the following question:
[Court]: A plea of guilty is your admission from your own words that
you are guilty of this crime and that you acknowledge as truth
all the essential elements of the crime. Do you understand
that?
[Dexter]: Yes.
Id.
Next, the court advised Dexter of the rights he waived by pleading guilty and the
possible consequences of pleading guilty. The court also asked Dexter if he had any
questions about the charges to which he was pleading guilty, and Dexter did not indicate
that he had any. At that point, the court placed Dexter under oath and the following
exchange occurred:
[Court]: Mr. Dexter you are pleading guilty in DF-48 to counts one
and two, theft, both class D felonies. We have twenty-seven
counts here, you’ll have some restitution due; count one says
on or about August three, ninety-nine, Tippecanoe County,
State of Indiana, Thomas A. Dexter did knowingly or
intentionally exert unauthorized control over the property of
that of Meijer’s merchandise which was sixty-nine dollars
and seventy cents with the intent to deprive the other person
of the value or use of that property. Are you guilty or not
guilty of count one?
[Dexter]: Guilty.
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[Court]: Okay, count two information of theft; on or about August 3,
nine-nine, Tippecanoe County, State of Indiana, Thomas A.
Dexter did knowingly or intentionally exert unauthorized
control over the property of another person, Meijer
merchandise for sixty-five dollars and seventy-one cents with
the intent to deprive the other person of the value or use of
that property. Guilty or not guilty?
[Dexter]: Guilty.
Id. Next, the prosecutor questioned Dexter under oath to further establish the factual
basis for the crimes. The court accepted Dexter’s guilty plea and sentenced him to a term
of four years, all suspended to probation. The court further directed Dexter to serve one
year of house arrest and to make restitution for the bad checks. When asked by the court,
Dexter agreed that he was capable of working and could pay the amount of restitution.
He did not appeal. Dexter later paid the required amount of restitution.
Dexter has served his sentence, but he is incarcerated on other convictions. One of
Dexter’s theft convictions was subsequently used to support a determination that he is a
habitual offender.
In March 2012, Dexter, by counsel, filed a petition for post-conviction relief. The
post-conviction court denied Dexter’s petition after a hearing, determining: (1) laches
barred Dexter’s petition; and (2) Dexter’s waiver of his right to counsel was knowing and
voluntary. Dexter obtained new post-conviction counsel, and this appeal followed.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
A post-conviction proceeding is not a substitute for an appeal and does not provide
a petitioner with a “super-appeal.” Reed v. State, 856 N.E.2d 1189, 1194 (Ind. 2006).
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The post-conviction rules contemplate a narrow remedy for subsequent collateral
challenges to convictions. Id. When appealing the denial of post-conviction relief, the
petitioner stands in the position of one appealing from a negative judgment. Mauricio v.
State, 941 N.E.2d 497, 498 (Ind. 2011). To prevail on appeal, the petitioner must show
that the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion opposite
to that reached by the post-conviction court. Id.I. WAIVER OF COUNSEL
Dexter claims his waiver of his right to counsel at the guilty plea hearing was
invalid because he believes the trial court had previously wrongfully denied his request
for a public defender. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article
1, section 13 of the Indiana Constitution both guarantee a criminal defendant the right to
counsel. See Jewell v. State, 957 N.E.2d 625, 628, 633 (Ind. 2011). A defendant’s right
to counsel arises at any point during a criminal case in which the absence of counsel
would erode the defendant’s right to a fair trial. Hopper v. State, 957 N.E.2d 613, 616
(Ind. 2011). The entry of a guilty plea is a critical stage, and a voluntary and intelligent
waiver of counsel is required for a defendant proceeding pro se. Id. Whether a waiver is
voluntary and intelligent will depend upon an array of case-specific factors. Id. at 619.
These factors include: (1) the extent of the court’s inquiry into the defendant’s decision,
(2) other evidence in the record that establishes whether the defendant understood the
dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, (3) the background and experience of
the defendant, and (4) the context of the defendant’s decision to proceed pro se. Id. at
618.
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On the day of Dexter’s guilty plea hearing, he read and signed an advisement that
thoroughly described his rights and the consequences of his guilty plea, as set forth
above. The advisement specifically explained Dexter’s right to counsel and established
that the signer was waiving the right to counsel with an understanding of the
consequences of waiver and proceeding pro se. At the guilty plea hearing, the trial court
questioned Dexter as to whether he had understood the advisement of rights and waiver
of the right to counsel, and Dexter agreed that he had. The trial court further questioned
Dexter to establish that he understood the array of rights he was waiving by pleading
guilty. Dexter was twenty-two years of age when he pleaded guilty, and he had
completed high school. His mother asserted at the post-conviction hearing that Dexter
has attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorders, but there is no evidence that those
conditions prevented him from understanding his rights and the consequences of his
waiver of the right to counsel. This was Dexter’s first criminal case, but he negotiated a
plea agreement with the State that resulted in the dismissal of twenty-five other charges.
Dexter does not contend that the advisements he reviewed and signed were
inadequate or that the trial court failed to adequately inquire into his decision to plead
guilty. Instead, he says his waiver was invalid because the trial court had, in his opinion,
wrongfully denied his request for counsel at two previous hearings, and he saw little
point in making a third request at his guilty plea hearing.
We conclude the trial court did not deny Dexter’s requests for counsel. At the
initial hearing, the trial court indicated Dexter should make a good-faith effort to hire
private counsel before asking for publicly-appointed counsel. At the May 5, 2000
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hearing, Dexter conceded he had made no effort to hire a private attorney, so the trial
court again directed him to seek private counsel before requesting a public defender. The
court’s requirement was reasonable under the circumstances because Dexter was
employed. Indeed, Dexter did not dispute that he could have sought a higher-paying job
or a second job, stating at the post-conviction hearing, “Since I did have a job I didn’t
think I needed two jobs to have an attorney or a public defender.” PCR Tr. p. 32. Thus,
he merely disagreed with the trial court’s request to raise funds through other avenues
before seeking a public defender. Finally, the advisements Dexter read and signed at the
guilty plea hearing provided that he was still entitled to the assistance of counsel at public
expense if he could prove a need for a public defender.
Dexter’s claim that he saw no point in asking for a public defender on the basis of
the trial court’s past requirements to seek private counsel is a request to reweigh the
evidence, which we may not do. There is sufficient evidence to sustain the post-
conviction court’s determination that Dexter validly waived his right to counsel. See
Hopper, 957 N.E.2d at 621 (determining, based upon the terms of Hopper’s plea
agreement and his colloquy with the trial court at the guilty plea hearing, that Hopper’s
waiver of counsel was voluntary and intelligent).
II. LACHES
Dexter argues the post-conviction court erred in determining that his petition was
barred by the doctrine of laches. The post-conviction court determined, and we have
affirmed, that Dexter’s challenge to the validity of his waiver of the right to counsel must
fail. Consequently, the question of laches is moot. See Douglas v. State, 510 N.E.2d
9682, 683 (Ind. 1987) (determining that laches was “of no legal consequence” because
Douglas’s petition for post-conviction relief was without merit in any event).
III. EFFECTIVENESS OF POST-CONVICTION HEARING COUNSEL
Dexter contends his post-conviction hearing counsel was ineffective because
counsel should have presented another claim instead of, or in addition to, the claim
counsel presented at the hearing.
There is no constitutional right to counsel in post-conviction proceedings under
either the federal or state constitutions. Hill v. State, 960 N.E.2d 141, 145 (Ind. 2012).
Accordingly, when considering the performance of post-conviction counsel, our Supreme
Court has explicitly declined to apply the well-known test (known as the Strickland
standard) for judging the performance of trial and direct appeal counsel. Id. Instead,
courts judge post-conviction counsel by a lesser standard based on principles of due
process of law. Baum v. State, 533 N.E.2d 1200, 1201 (Ind. 1989). Specifically, we
must determine whether post-conviction counsel appeared and represented the petitioner
in a procedurally fair setting which resulted in a judgment of the court. Matheney v.
State, 834 N.E.2d 658, 663 (Ind. 2005).
In this case, an attorney (not Dexter’s current post-conviction counsel) filed
Dexter’s petition for post-conviction relief and requested that Dexter be transported to the
post-conviction hearing. That attorney also appeared at the post-conviction hearing and
presented evidence and argument in support of Dexter’s claim that his waiver of counsel
was not knowing and intelligent.
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Dexter asserts his post-conviction hearing counsel should have also argued that the
State failed to establish a factual basis for the counts of theft at his guilty plea hearing,
and counsel’s failure to do so amounted to “abandonment.” Appellant’s Reply Br. p. 1.
If we were discussing an allegation that an attorney had failed to raise a claim on direct
appeal, we would apply the well-established standard requiring a claimant “to show from
the information available in the trial record or otherwise known to appellate counsel that
appellate counsel failed to present a significant and obvious issue and that this failure
cannot be explained by any reasonable strategy.” Carter v. State, 929 N.E.2d 1276, 1278
(Ind. 2010). However, post-conviction counsel is not evaluated under such a standard.
An attorney’s presentation of some claims instead of others at a post-conviction hearing
does not amount to abandonment of the petitioner and does not deprive a petitioner of a
procedurally fair hearing. See Graves v. State, 823 N.E.2d 1193, 1197 (Ind. 2005)
(determining that post-conviction counsel did not abandon Graves because he appeared at
the post-conviction hearing and presented evidence in support of Graves’s claim); cf.
Taylor v. State, 882 N.E.2d 777, 784 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (determining that Taylor was
effectively abandoned by post-conviction counsel because counsel appeared at the post-
conviction hearing but presented no evidence in support of Taylor’s claims).
Furthermore, our review of the record reveals that a factual basis for Dexter’s
crimes was established at the guilty plea hearing. At the time of Dexter’s crime, theft
was defined as the act of knowingly or intentionally exerting unauthorized control over
property of another person, with intent to deprive the other person of any part of its value
or use. Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2 (1985). Furthermore, pursuant to Indiana Code section
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35-43-4-4(e) (1985), a person who has insufficient funds in an account and who draws a
check on the account to pay for property may be inferred to have intended to deprive the
owner of any property acquired by making, drawing, or uttering the check for payment of
a part of the value of that property. Finally, in a prosecution for theft arising from a
defendant’s payment by check from an account with insufficient funds, it is a defense if
the person pays the amount due, with protest fees, within ten days of receiving notice that
the check has not been paid. Ind. Code § 35-43-4-5(b) (1985).
In this case, Dexter points out that at the guilty plea hearing he denied knowing
that the checks would not clear the bank when he wrote them at Meijer, concluding that
the State therefore failed to establish a factual basis as to all elements of the offenses.
However, Dexter also pleaded guilty under oath to both charges after the trial court
advised him that pleading guilty was an acknowledgement of the truth of each element of
the crimes and read to him each element of the charges against him. Furthermore, Dexter
admitted that he later found out that his checks did not clear the bank, but he did not pay
back the amounts within ten days. This is sufficient information to establish a factual
basis for both charges, and post-conviction hearing counsel cannot be faulted for
pursuing a different claim.
Dexter argues this Court should grant him relief on his claim of ineffective
assistance of post-conviction counsel because, if we determine that the claim is without
merit, he will simply file another petition for post-conviction relief raising the same
claim. He cites Popplewell v. State, 495 N.E.2d 189 (Ind. 1986), in support of his claim
that he may file multiple petitions for post-conviction relief. In that case, Popplewell
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filed a second petition for post-conviction relief after the first petition was denied. On
appeal from the denial of the second petition, our Supreme Court determined that further
proceedings were necessary. Id. at 192. However, after our Supreme Court issued
Popplewell, it amended the Indiana Post-Conviction Rules to establish a new procedure
for successive petitions. See Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(12). Once a petition for post-
conviction relief has been litigated and the process is at an end, if a petitioner wants to
file another petition, he or she must seek permission from the appropriate appellate court.
See Bellamy v. State, 765 N.E.2d 520, 522 (Ind. 2002) (stating successive petitions for
post-conviction relief must follow the process established by rule).
Dexter’s claim of ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel must fail.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.
Affirmed.
BAILEY, J., and BRADFORD, J., concur.
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