Bruce A. Wilson v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Jul 11 2019, 7:51 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Elizabeth A. Deckard Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Bloom Gates Shipman & Attorney General of Indiana
Whiteleather LLP
Samantha M. Sumcad
Columbia City, Indiana Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Bruce A. Wilson, July 11, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-3092
v. Appeal from the Whitley Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable James R. Heuer,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Senior Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
92C01-1801-F4-5
Robb, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 1 of 13
Case Summary and Issues
[1] Following a jury trial, Bruce Wilson was convicted of burglary, a Level 4
felony, and theft, a Level 6 felony, and found to be an habitual offender. The
trial court sentenced Wilson to twelve years in the Indiana Department of
Correction (“DOC”) enhanced by ten years based on Wilson’s habitual
offender status, for a total sentence of twenty-two years. Wilson appeals and
presents two issues for our review which we restate as: (1) whether the trial
court abused its discretion in admitting testimony of Wilson’s familial
relationship with Tina Schmidt as an exception to hearsay under Indiana Rule
of Evidence 803(19); and (2) whether the trial court abused its discretion in
sentencing Wilson. Concluding the trial court abused its discretion in admitting
inadmissible hearsay but that such error was harmless, and the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in sentencing Wilson, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On December 23 or 24, 2016, Ronald Wesenberg and Linda Ort left their home
in Whitley County, Indiana, to visit family in Pennsylvania. While traveling,
they stopped at Tina Schmidt’s house in Ohio. Tina is the girlfriend of Ort’s
son. The couple dropped off Christmas presents for Ort’s son and Tina and
also for Tina’s grandson, visited for a half-hour, and then continued on their
trip. On their way back to Indiana, Wesenberg and Ort stopped at Tina’s house
again to drop off boots for Tina’s grandson, and then headed home.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 2 of 13
[3] When the couple returned to their home on December 28, they found that it
had been “ransacked.” Transcript of Proceedings, Volume II at 51. “[A]ll of
[their] files had been gone through, they were picked up and dumped down on
the floor. Jewelry boxes open, dumped on the floor. The drawers in the living
room, books that were on the bookshelf had been pulled off and they were on
the floor. Papers [were] all over the place.” Id. at 21. Wesenberg and Ort
contacted the Whitley County Sheriff’s Office and two deputies responded.
Detective Andrew Mills and Sergeant John Petro, both with the Indiana State
Police (“ISP”), arrived shortly thereafter and began investigating. Many items
were missing from the home, including tools, a generator, a power washer, four
handguns, jewelry, televisions, a speaker bar, several vacuum cleaners, and an
antique money collection. Wesenberg went into the garage and immediately
noticed that his brand new 2016 Chevrolet Cruz appeared to be dirty and had
large scratch marks on the hood, and the gas tank was empty even though
Wesenberg always kept the tank full. A key-fob for the vehicle was located in a
toolbox in the garage; Wesenberg told Sergeant Petro he did not leave the fob in
that location.
[4] Later, while cleaning the upstairs computer room, Wesenberg discovered a
handkerchief1 on the floor that did not belong to him or Ort. Wesenberg placed
the handkerchief in a clear plastic bag. He also discovered a broken tip of a
knife in a door casing, pulled it out with a pair of pliers, and placed it in a
1
Handkerchief and “bandana” are used interchangeably in the record.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 3 of 13
plastic bag. Wesenberg provided the items to Detective Mills and then Sergeant
Petro submitted the items to the lab. Testing of the handkerchief and a swab of
the gear shift lever from the Chevrolet Cruz revealed a DNA profile matching
Wilson.2
[5] On January 9, 2018, the State charged Wilson with Count I, burglary, a Level 4
felony, and Count II, theft, a Level 6 felony. The State also filed a Notice of
Intent to Seek Habitual Offender Status due to Wilson’s previous convictions
for theft and felony burglary.
[6] During the jury trial, the State asked Ort whether she knew Wilson and she
responded that she did not. The State then asked if she was able “to discover
anything about [Wilson]?” Tr., Vol. II at 46. Defense counsel objected based
on hearsay, but the trial court overruled the objection because Indiana Rule of
Evidence 803(19) declares a statement of familial relationship to be an
exception to hearsay. Over the defense’s continuing objection, Ort stated that
she learned from her son, who was Tina’s boyfriend, and from Tina’s daughter
that Wilson is Tina’s nephew. Jessica Gresko, an acquaintance of Wilson’s,
testified that on January 5, 2017, Wilson came to her house and offered to sell
her old bills, coins, and certificates. Similarly, Eric McHale, a friend of
Wilson’s, testified that in late 2016 or early 2017 Wilson had offered to sell him
guns that matched the description of the guns stolen from Ort and Wesenberg.
2
Two other DNA profiles were found on the gear shift lever, but the forensic biologist from the ISP was
unable to conclude whose they were.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 4 of 13
Wilson told McHale that he got the guns “at a robbery” of a family member in
Fort Wayne. Id. at 134.
[7] The jury found Wilson guilty as charged and in the second phase of the trial,
found him to be an habitual offender. At the sentencing hearing, the trial court
found no mitigating circumstances and identified the following aggravating
circumstances: (1) Wilson’s juvenile history; (2) his prior adult criminal history;
(3) his “significant history” of violating probation; (4) significant victim impact;
and (5) the victims’ ages. Appealed Order at 1. The trial court sentenced
Wilson to twelve years for his burglary conviction and a concurrent term of two
and one-half years for his theft conviction. Wilson’s sentence was enhanced by
ten years based on the habitual offender finding for a total of twenty-two years
in the DOC. Wilson was also ordered to pay $34,337.43 in restitution. Wilson
now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as needed.
Discussion and Decision
I. Admission of Evidence
A. Standard of Review
[8] Our standard of review in this area is well settled. Generally, the admission of
evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court, which we afford great
deference on appeal. Hall v. State, 36 N.E.3d 459, 466 (Ind. 2015). Thus,
“[b]ecause the trial court is best able to weigh the evidence and assess witness
credibility,” id., the decision to admit evidence will not be reversed absent a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 5 of 13
showing of manifest abuse of the trial court’s discretion resulting in the denial
of a fair trial, Simmons v. State, 760 N.E.2d 1154, 1158 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). An
abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s decision is clearly against the
logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Iqbal v. State, 805
N.E.2d 401, 406 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).
B. Hearsay
[9] Wilson argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting evidence of
his familial relationship to Tina Schmidt because it is inadmissible hearsay.
[10] “Hearsay” is defined as an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of
the matter asserted. Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c). Hearsay is inadmissible unless
it meets one of the exceptions to the hearsay rule. Evid. R. 802. One such
exception is a statement regarding
[a] reputation among a person’s family by blood, adoption, or
marriage – or among a person’s associates or in the community –
concerning the person’s birth, adoption, legitimacy, ancestry,
marriage, divorce, death, relationship by blood, adoption, or
marriage, or similar facts of personal or family history.
Evid. R. 803(19).
[11] At trial, when Ort was asked about Wilson’s relationship to Tina, defense
counsel objected, and the trial court overruled the objection based on Rule
803(19). Ort then testified that she did not know Wilson, but knew he was
Tina’s nephew, a fact she learned from her son and from Tina’s daughter.
Here, Wilson argues that, pursuant to Rule 803(19), the State failed to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 6 of 13
demonstrate that Ort was part of or had sufficient contact with Wilson or Tina’s
community, and she learned of Tina and Wilson’s familial relationship from
only two individuals which is not sufficient to demonstrate the beliefs of a
“community.” The State, on the other hand, asserts that Ort is a member of
Wilson’s community because her son dated Tina – Wilson’s aunt – and that
Ort’s visits to Tina’s house while on vacation demonstrate that she was a “close
member of [Tina’s] community[.]” Brief of Appellee at 9.
[12] Initially, we acknowledge there is limited case law interpreting Indiana’s Rule
803(19) exception to the hearsay rule. As our supreme court has explained,
however, although a federal court’s interpretation of the Federal Rules of
Evidence is not binding upon our courts, “due to the similarity between the
Indiana Rules of Evidence and the Federal Rules of Evidence, federal case law
interpreting the Federal Rules of Evidence may be of some utility.” Griffith v.
State, 31 N.E.3d 965, 969 (Ind. 2015) (internal quotation omitted). In
interpreting Federal Rule of Evidence 803(19), which is virtually identical to
Indiana’s rule, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
explained:
Reputations “regarding relationships and other personal and
family matters within a well-defined community are considered
to have the circumstantial guarantee of trustworthiness that
justifies a hearsay exception.” Blackburn v. United Parcel Serv., 179
F.3d 81, 98 (3d Cir. 1999). A well-grounded belief that two
people are married is one such relationship, id., though it [is] less
clear whether Rule 803(19) applies to statements about a
“friendship” or “girlfriend” relationship. But even assuming . . .
statements about these relationships fall within 803(19), a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 7 of 13
foundation must be established for their admissibility.
Specifically, the statement must be sufficiently trustworthy.
***
A proponent of reputation testimony must establish that it “arises
from sufficient inquiry and discussion among persons with
personal knowledge of the matter to constitute a trustworthy
‘reputation.’” Blackburn, 179 F.3d at 100. If the person heard of
the relationship “from some unknown source,” it would be
inadmissible, as “what is required is the laying of a foundation of
knowledge grounded in inquiry, discussion, interactions, or
familiarity ‘among a person’s associates, or in the community.’”
Id. (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 803(19)).
United States v. Brodie, 326 F. Supp. 2d 83, 97-98 (D.D.C. 2004).
[13] The Blackburn court reviewed several cases and discerned the following
principle about what is required to lay an adequate foundation under the rule:
A witness who wishes to testify about someone’s reputation
within a community must demonstrate that he or she knows of
the person and is truly familiar with the “community” in which
the reputation has been formed, and the basis of the reputation is
one that is likely to be reliable. Where the alleged reputation is
based on nothing more than rumors of unknown origins, or a
single instance of “someone told me so,” a proper foundation has
not been laid for admitting such evidence under Rule 803(19).
Blackburn, 179 F.3d at 101 (footnote omitted). In the instant case, we conclude
the State failed to lay an adequate foundation to establish that Ort knew of
Wilson and was “truly familiar with the ‘community’ in which the reputation
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 8 of 13
has been formed[.]” Id. At trial, Ort testified that Tina is her son’s girlfriend.
She further testified that she visited Tina in Ohio twice while on vacation to
drop off Christmas presents and briefly visit with Tina and Tina’s grandson.
Ort next testified that she visited Tina “on the way back” from Pennsylvania,
because while Ort was in Pennsylvania, she “went to a little mall and I saw
some boots for [Tina’s grandson] and he didn’t have boots, so I bought him a
pair. So[,] we brought them and dropped them off.” Tr., Vol. II at 42. She
further testified that Tina was Wilson’s aunt – information she learned from her
son, who was Tina’s boyfriend, and from Tina’s daughter. The record linking
Ort to Wilson’s community is thin and thus, fails to establish that her
knowledge of Wilson’s familial relationship arose “from sufficient inquiry and
discussion among persons with personal knowledge of the matter to constitute a
trustworthy ‘reputation.’” Brodie, 326 F. Supp. 2d at 98. Because an adequate
foundation was not established, Ort’s testimony that she learned of Wilson’s
familial relationship from her son and Tina’s daughter constitutes inadmissible
hearsay.
[14] Having concluded the trial court erred in admitting inadmissible hearsay, we
address whether such error was harmless. We disregard error in the admission
of evidence unless it affects the substantial rights of a party. Simmons, 760
N.E.2d at 1160. “An error will be found harmless if its probable impact on the
jury, in light of all the evidence in the case, is sufficiently minor that it did not
affect the substantial rights of the party.” Id. Wilson argues that the erroneous
admission of the hearsay statements impaired his substantial rights because the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 9 of 13
State “used the connection between Mr. Wilson and Tina Schmidt to argue Mr.
Wilson’s knowledge that Mr. Wesenberg and Ms. Ort’s house would be
unoccupied which provided him the opportunity to burglarize it[.]” Brief of
Appellant at 12. Even though the trial court abused its discretion in admitting
Ort’s testimony, any error was harmless under the totality of the evidence
presented at trial, especially evidence that Wilson’s DNA was discovered on the
handkerchief and in Wesenberg’s vehicle. Simmons, 760 N.E.2d at 1160
(admission of hearsay testimony was harmless because “at most, [it had] a
slight impact on the jury’s verdict” given the incriminating DNA evidence,
testimony, and physical evidence presented at the defendant’s murder trial).
Accordingly, Wilson has not demonstrated the trial court’s error constituted
reversible error.
II. Wilson’s Sentence
[15] Wilson argues that his sentence “is inappropriate because there was insufficient
evidence to support the Court’s determination as an aggravating circumstance
that [he] had a significant history of violating probation.” Br. of Appellant at
13. Although Wilson cites to Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), which authorizes
this court to revise a defendant’s sentence if we find it inappropriate in light of
the nature of the offense and the character of the offender, and he contends that
his aggregate sentence is inappropriate in light of that standard, any potential
7(B) argument stops there. Wilson fails to develop a cogent argument that his
twenty-two-year sentence is inappropriate under the standard. Instead, the crux
of Wilson’s argument is that the trial court’s finding that he had a “significant
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 10 of 13
history of violating probation” is unsupported by the record and thus, the trial
court abused its discretion in identifying it as an aggravating circumstance. We
therefore conclude Wilson has waived appellate review of his sentence under
Rule 7(B) for failure to make a cogent argument and we address only his abuse
of discretion argument. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (“The argument
must contain the contentions of the appellant on the issues presented, supported
by cogent reasoning . . . [and] must be supported by citations to the authorities,
statutes, and the Appendix or parts of the Record on Appeal relied on[.]”).
[16] Sentencing decisions rest within the sound discretion of the trial court.
Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d
218. Thus, we review only for an abuse of discretion, which occurs if the trial
court’s decision is “clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before [it], or the reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to
be drawn therefrom.” Id. A trial court may abuse its discretion by: (1) failing
to enter a sentencing statement; (2) entering a sentencing statement that
explains reasons for imposing the sentence that are unsupported by the record;
(3) omitting reasons clearly supported by the record and advanced for
consideration; or (4) finding factors that are improper as a matter of law.
Kimbrough v. State, 979 N.E.2d 625, 628 (Ind. 2012). The identification or
omission of reasons provided for imposing a sentence are reviewable on appeal
for an abuse of discretion, but the weight given to those reasons is not subject to
appellate review. Weedman v. State, 21 N.E.3d 873, 893 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014),
trans. denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 11 of 13
[17] Here, Wilson argues the trial court abused its discretion by entering a
sentencing statement that explains reasons for imposing the sentence that are
unsupported by the record. At the sentencing hearing, the trial court identified
numerous aggravators, including Wilson’s juvenile history, adult criminal
history, significant victim impact, the age of the victims, and a significant
history of probation violations. Specifically, Wilson challenges the trial court’s
identification of his history of probation violations as an invalid aggravating
circumstance because“[t]here is no evidence in the record to support a finding
of a ‘significant’ history’ of violating probation . . . or that he was a poor
probation risk[.]” Br. of Appellant at 14-15.
[18] Wilson is correct. Our review of Wilson’s presentence investigation report
indicates that he violated the terms of his probation in 2008. As a result, his
probation was partially revoked. It is true that Wilson has at least one
probation violation, but the finding that Wilson has a significant history of
probation violations is unsupported by the evidence in the record. It is
therefore an invalid aggravating circumstance. Nonetheless, “[o]ur supreme
court has held that a sentence may be upheld where a single aggravating factor
supports it, so long as we can say with confidence that in the absence of the
invalid aggravators the trial court would have imposed the same sentence.”
Phelps v. State, 914 N.E.2d 283, 293 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (citing Bacher v. State,
722 N.E.2d 799, 803 (Ind. 2000)). Wilson does not challenge the remaining
four aggravating factors identified by the trial court, which are all valid
aggravating circumstances supporting his enhanced sentences. See Gibson v.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 12 of 13
State, 702 N.E.2d 707, 710 (Ind. 1998) (“Because a valid unchallenged
aggravator remains, and because we find that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion to impose the enhanced sentence based on that aggravator, the
defendant’s claim fails.”), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 863 (2000). We are confident
that the trial court would have imposed the same sentence in the absence of this
one invalid aggravator; therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
sentencing Wilson.
Conclusion
[19] For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting inadmissible hearsay but that such error was harmless. We also
conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Wilson.
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court.
[20] Affirmed.
Baker, J., and Najam, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-3092 | July 11, 2019 Page 13 of 13