William W. Bunner v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Nov 22 2016, 8:24 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
court except for the purpose of establishing Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Ivan A. Arnaez Gregory F. Zoeller
Evansville, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Angela N. Sanchez
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
William W. Bunner, November 22, 2016
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
87A04-1603-CR-521
v. Appeal from the Warrick Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Greg A. Granger,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
87C01-1508-F2-324
Riley, Judge.
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STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Defendant, William Bunner (Bunner), appeals his convictions for
two Counts of dealing in methamphetamine, Level 2 and Level 3 felonies, Ind.
Code § 35-48-4-1.1(a)(1), (2)(e)(2); -(d)(1); two Counts of possession of
methamphetamine, Level 4 and Level 5 felonies, I.C. § 35-48-4-6.1 (a)(c)(2); -
(b)(1); maintaining a common nuisance, a Level 6 felony, I.C. § 35-48-4-
13(b)(2); resisting law enforcement, a Level 6 felony, I.C. § 35-44.1-3-1(a)(3),
(b)(1)(A); and possession of paraphernalia, a Class C misdemeanor, I.C. § 35-
48-4-8.3(b)(1).
[2] We affirm.
ISSUES
[3] Bunner raises two issues on appeal, which we restate as follows:
(1) Whether there was sufficient evidence to establish jurisdiction or venue in
Warrick County; and
(2) Whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting certain testimony.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] Bunner and Theresa Ritchie (Ritchie) were in a relationship for several years.
Around the end of 2014, Ritchie resided with Bunner in his trailer-home at
2833 Old State Road 66 in Newburg, Warrick County, Indiana. By August of
2015, Ritchie moved out of Bunner’s trailer and relocated across the street to
Jane Schmitt’s (Schmitt) house. Because Ritchie was in an on and off
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relationship with Bunner, occasionally, Bunner spent some nights with Ritchie
at Schmitt’s house. Bunner had keys to Schmitt’s house.
[5] In January of 2015, the Warrick County Sheriff’s Department was investigating
Bunner for dealing in methamphetamine. On two different occasions, the
officers utilized a confidential informant. Prior to each of the drug buys, phone
calls were made to Bunner by the confidential informant to set up the
transaction. In the early morning of August 11, 2015, while it was still dark
outside, Bunner entered Schmitt’s home and woke up Ritchie. Bunner
informed Ritchie that he had put some items in the bathroom and mentioned
something about an ear box. Bunner also entered Schmitt’s bedroom and said
something to her. Both women went back to sleep and Bunner was not in the
house when they woke up the next morning. Later that morning, several
officers from the Warrick County Sheriff’s Department arrived at Bunner’s
trailer to execute a search warrant. Bunner was not home, but the officers
detained two other individuals.
[6] When Detective Greg Flowers (Detective Flowers) initially arrived at Bunner’s
trailer, he observed a gold Ford Ranger parked outside Schmitt’s house.
However, when he exited Bunner’s trailer to get some supplies from his vehicle
to continue with his search, he saw that the gold Ford Ranger was no longer
there. Over the radio, Detective Flowers heard Detective Tim Pierce (Detective
Pierce) state that “he was travelling east bound on State Road 66 behind a gold
Ford Ranger.” (Tr. p. 51). Detective Flowers abandoned the search and left to
track the Ford Ranger. Because there was a lot of radio traffic, Detective
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Flowers lost track of Detective Pierce’s trail, so he turned his vehicle around
and started driving back to Bunner’s trailer. Moments later, Detective Flowers
saw Bunner, who was driving the gold Ford Ranger, pass him in the opposite
direction. Detective Flowers observed that Bunner was yelling something and
motioning his hand up and down. Detective Pierce was following behind with
his lights and siren activated. Upon seeing this, Detective Flowers spun his
vehicle around and again joined in the chase. Bunner eventually stopped his
vehicle in a driveway. However, instead of staying inside his vehicle, Bunner
exited and started walking toward Detective Pierce who was also exiting his
vehicle. Detective Pierce drew his gun, pointed it toward Bunner, and ordered
him to lie down on the ground. Bunner refused to comply; instead, Bunner
continued approaching Detective Pierce while hollering insults. With the
assistance of Detective Flowers and another officer, Bunner eventually
complied and was subsequently detained.
[7] At Bunner’s trailer, the officers recovered items associated with the sale and use
of methamphetamine, including a glass plate with a white crystal-like substance
on it, razor blades, glass pipes, cut straws, and several plastic bags with the
corners cut off. After searching Bunner’s trailer, the officers went to Schmitt’s
home to talk to Ritchie. Schmitt answered the door and informed the officers
that they would need a warrant to search her bedroom space. Ritchie, on the
other hand, invited the officers to conduct a limited search of her bedroom.
During the search, Ritchie would “open up a drawer and then she’d close it real
(sic) quick before [the officers] could actually look in and see [] what’s goin’
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on.” (Tr. p. 205). Because the limited search of Ritchie’s bedroom did not
yield anything, the officers obtained a warrant to search Schmitt’s home. In the
bathroom, the officers found an earwax removal kit with a brass tube, as well as
a small plastic bag holding approximately 1.61 grams of methamphetamine. In
and around the nightstand in Schmitt’s bedroom, the officers located a plastic
bag containing approximately 7.93 grams of methamphetamine, a digital scale,
a coffee filter, glass pipes, approximately four grams of marijuana, a marijuana
grinder, and a marijuana smoke pipe. Schmitt claimed that those items did not
belong to her. In Ritchie’s bedroom, the officers retrieved a cup containing
several syringes.
[8] On August 12, 2015, the State filed an Information, charging Bunner with
Count I, dealing in methamphetamine, Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1.1(a)(1), (d)(1), a
Level 3 felony; Count II, possession of methamphetamine, I.C. § 35-48-4-6.1(a),
(b)(1), a Level 5 felony; Count III, maintaining common nuisance, I.C. § 35-48-
4-13(b)(2), a Level 6 felony; Count IV, resisting law enforcement, I.C. § 35-
44.1-3-1(a)(3), (b)(1)(A), a Level 6 felony; Count V, possession of marijuana,
I.C. § 35-48-4-11(a)(1), a Class B misdemeanor; Count VI, possession of
paraphernalia, I.C. § 35-48-4-8.3(b)(1), a Class C misdemeanor; Count VII,
dealing in methamphetamine, I.C. § 35-48-4-1.1(a)(1), (2)(e)(2), a Level 2
felony; Count VIII, possession of methamphetamine, I.C. § 35-48-4-6.1(a)(c)(2),
a Level 4 felony; and Count IX, possession of marijuana I.C. § 35-48-4-11(a)(1),
a Class A misdemeanor. In addition, the State filed an Information alleging
Bunner to be an habitual substance offender. On December 21, 2015, the State
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amended Counts I and VII by altering the address of the offenses from Bunner’s
trailer to Schmitt’s house.
[9] On January 4 through January 5, 2016, the trial court conducted a bifurcated
jury trial. The first phase of the trial involved Counts I through VI. At the close
of the evidence, the jury found Bunner guilty of Count I, dealing in
methamphetamine, a Level 2 felony; Count II, possession of
methamphetamine, a Level 5 felony; Count III, maintaining a common
nuisance, a Level 6 felony; Count IV, resisting law enforcement, a Level 6
felony; and Count VI, possession of paraphernalia, a Class C misdemeanor.
The jury acquitted Bunner of Count V, possession of marijuana, a Class B
misdemeanor. The second phase of Bunner’s trial involved Counts VII through
IX and his habitual substance offender Count. Because Bunner had indicated
that he would plead guilty to the remaining Counts if the jury returned guilty
verdicts on Counts I through VI, the State dismissed Count IX, possession of
marijuana. Accordingly, the trial court proceeded to conduct a guilty plea
hearing for Counts VII and VIII. After the factual basis was established,
Bunner pleaded guilty to those Counts, and to being a habitual offender. The
trial court subsequently accepted Bunner’s guilty plea and set a sentencing
hearing for February 5, 2016.
[10] At the sentencing hearing, the trial court merged Bunner’s Count I, dealing in
methamphetamine, a Level 3 felony; Count II and VII, possession of
methamphetamine, Level 4 and Level 5 felonies; with Count VII, dealing in
methamphetamine, a Level 2 felony. Accordingly, the trial court sentenced
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Bunner to an executed twenty-five-year sentence. Bunner’s Count VII dealing
in methamphetamine conviction was enhanced by fifteen years due for the
habitual offender adjudication. In addition, the trial court sentenced Bunner to
concurrent sentences of two years for resisting law enforcement, one year for
maintaining a common nuisance, and sixty days for possession of
paraphernalia. In sum, Bunner received an aggregate sentence of forty years.
[11] Bunner now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[12] Bunner contends there was insufficient evidence to establish either jurisdiction
or venue in Warrick County, Indiana. Our standard for reviewing sufficiency
of the evidence claims is well settled. Harrison v. State, 707 N.E.2d 767, 788
(Ind. 1999). We do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the
witnesses, and it lies within the jury’s exclusive province to weigh conflicting
evidence. Robinson v. State, 699 N.E.2d 1146, 1148 (Ind. 1998). We will affirm
the trial court if the probative evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from
the evidence could have allowed a reasonable trier of fact to find the defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Tobar v. State, 740 N.E.2d 109, 111-12 (Ind.
2000).
A. Jurisdiction
[13] Jurisdiction is considered an element of the offense. Sundling v. State, 679
N.E.2d 988, 991 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). Indiana has jurisdiction if either the
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conduct that is an element of the offense or the result that is an element occurs
in Indiana. I.C. § 35-41-1-1(b)(1); McKinney v. State, 553 N.E.2d 860, 862 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1990), trans. denied. Jurisdiction must be proven beyond a reasonable
doubt. Alkhalidi v. State, 753 N.E.2d 625, 628 (Ind. 2001).
[14] In establishing the geographical location of Bunner’s offenses, the State
questioned Ritchie where she lived, and Ritchie stated that in 2014 she resided
with Bunner at 2833 Old State Road 66, however, she indicated that she
relocated in August of 2015 and was living with Schmitt. Schmitt testified that
for the past fourteen years, she lived at “2844 Old State Road 66 in Newburg.”
(Tr. p. 156). Schmitt stated that Bunner’s trailer was located across the street
from her house. In addition, Detective Flowers testified on August 11, 2015, he
was assisting other officers in executing a search warrant at Bunner’s trailer in
Newburgh. Detective Flowers indicated that Exhibits 1, 2, and 3 depicted
Bunner’s trailer and he confirmed that the trailer’s address was 2833 Old State
Road 66.
[15] In his appellate brief, Bunner now claims that “not a single witness mentioned
the State or county where the charged acts occurred.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 19).
In support of his claim, Bunner directs us to the State’s witness testimonies, and
he points out that they all failed to mention the specific county where the
charged acts occurred.
[16] Our courts regularly take judicial notice of verifiable facts of geography. See
Page v. State, 395 N.E.2d 235, 237 (Ind. 1979) (overruled on other grounds by
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Rhyne v. State, 446 N.E.2d 970 (Ind. 1983)) (“Facts of geography can be taken
as true through judicial notice by a court without actual direct evidence on the
subject.”). Further, Indiana courts have taken judicial notice of the
whereabouts of Indiana counties, distances between cities, that a given county
is in Indiana, and that a given city is in a given county. See Southern Ry. Co. of
Ind. v. Ingle, 223 Ind. 271, 60 N.E.2d 135 (1945) (where the court took judicial
notice that Evansville is in Vanderburgh County, which adjoins the county in
which the trial was held). Based on the foregoing, we take judicial notice of the
following: Newburgh is a town in Warrick County, Indiana, and is located just
east of Evansville, Indiana. At Bunner’s jury trial, Schmitt stated that for
fourteen years, she lived at 2844 Old State Road 66 in Newburg, and Bunner
lived across the street.
[17] Moreover, the record shows that the elements of Bunner’s charged offenses
occurred in Newburg, Warrick County, Indiana. See McKinney, 553 N.E.2d at
862 (holding that Indiana has jurisdiction if either the conduct that is an
element of the offense or the result that is an element occurs in Indiana). At the
first phase of his trial, Bunner was convicted of a Level 3 felony dealing in
methamphetamine and a Level 5 felony possession of methamphetamine.
Based on those convictions, during the second phase, Bunner pleaded guilty to
a Level 2 felony dealing in methamphetamine and a Level 4 felony possession
of methamphetamine. Indiana Code section 35-48-4-1.1, dealing in
methamphetamine, provides that a person who:
(1) knowingly or intentionally:
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(A) manufactures;
(B) finances the manufacture of;
(C) delivers; or
(D) finances the delivery of;
methamphetamine, pure or adulterated; or
(2) possesses, with intent to:
(A) manufacture;
(B) finance the manufacture of;
(C) deliver; or
(D) finance the delivery of;
methamphetamine, pure or adulterated;
commits dealing in methamphetamine, a Level 5 felony, except as
provided in subsections (b) through (e).
(b) A person may be convicted of an offense under subsection
(a)(2) only if:
(1) there is evidence in addition to the weight of the drug that the
person intended to manufacture, finance the manufacture of,
deliver, or finance the delivery of the drug; or
(2) the amount of the drug involved is at least twenty-eight (28)
grams.
(c) The offense is a Level 4 felony if:
(1) the amount of the drug involved is at least one (1) gram but
less than five (5) grams; or
(2) the amount of the drug involved is less than one (1) gram and
an enhancing circumstance applies.
(d) The offense is a Level 3 felony if:
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(1) the amount of the drug involved is at least five (5) grams but
less than ten (10) grams; or
(2) the amount of the drug involved is at least one (1) gram but
less than five (5) grams and an enhancing circumstance applies.
(e) The offense is a Level 2 felony if:
(1) the amount of the drug involved is at least ten (10) grams;
(2) the amount of the drug involved is at least five (5) grams but
less than ten (10) grams and an enhancing circumstance applies;
or (3) the person is manufacturing the drug and the manufacture
results in an explosion causing serious bodily injury to a person
other than the manufacturer.
[18] As for possession of methamphetamine, Indiana Code section 35-48-4-6.1
provides, in part:
(a) A person who, without a valid prescription or order of a
practitioner acting in the course of the practitioner’s professional
practice, knowingly or intentionally possesses methamphetamine
(pure or adulterated) commits possession of methamphetamine, a
Level 6 felony, except as provided in subsections (b) through (d).
(b) The offense is a Level 5 felony if:
(1) the amount of the drug involved is at least five (5) but less
than ten (10) grams; or
(2) the amount of the drug involved is less than five (5) grams
and an enhancing circumstance applies.
(c) The offense is a Level 4 felony if:
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(1) the amount of the drug involved is at least ten (10) but less
than twenty-eight (28) grams; or
(2) the amount of the drug involved is at least five (5) but less
than ten (10) grams and an enhancing circumstance applies.
[19] Following the Warrick Sherriff’s Department investigation of Bunner for
dealing in methamphetamine in 2015, several officers went to Bunner’s trailer
to conduct a search on the morning of August 11, 2015. Inside Bunner’s trailer,
the officers found numerous items associated with the use and sale of
methamphetamine. The officers then walked over to Schmitt’s house, and after
they obtained a warrant, they searched her entire house. In the bathroom, the
officers found an earwax removal kit with a brass tube, as well as a plastic bag
holding 1.61 grams of methamphetamine. In Schmitt’s bedroom, the officers
found a plastic bag containing approximately 7.93 grams of methamphetamine,
a digital scale, a coffee filter, and glass pipes. On top of Ritchie’s dresser, there
was a styrofoam cup with syringes. At Bunner’s jury trial, Ritchie testified that
the drugs and the items recovered in Schmitt’s home belonged to Bunner.
[20] With respect to Bunner’s other offenses, i.e., maintaining a common nuisance,
resisting law enforcement, and possession of paraphernalia, we also find that
there was sufficient evidence that elements of the offenses occurred in Warrick
County. To convict Bunner of maintaining a common nuisance, pursuant to
Indiana Code section 35-45-1-5(b)(2), the State was required to prove that he (1)
knowingly or intentionally maintained a building or structure (2) that was used
one or more times by persons to unlawfully sell, deliver, or finance the delivery
of controlled substances. In order to maintain a place, one must have control
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over it. See Jones v. State, 807 N.E.2d 58, 66 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied.
Here, drugs and other items associated in the sale and use of a controlled
substance were recovered in Bunner’s trailer and Schmitt’s house. Schmitt
denied that the drugs found in her house belonged to her; Ritchie claimed that
the drugs belonged to Bunner. Furthermore, the State presented evidence that
Bunner had the keys to Schmitt’s house and occasionally spent some nights at
Schmitt’s house. Based on the foregoing, we conclude there was sufficient
evidence of Bunner maintaining a common nuisance in Warrick County.
[21] With regard to Bunner’s offense of resisting law enforcement, I.C. § 35-44.1-3-
1(a)(3), (b)(1)(A) (2015), a Level 6 felony, the State was required to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that Bunner knowingly or intentionally fled from a
law enforcement officer after an officer had, by visible or audible means,
including operation of the law enforcement officer’s siren or emergency lights,
identified himself and ordered Bunner to stop. Here, the evidence shows that
after Bunner fled from the scene, Detectives Pierce and Flowers drove behind
Bunner with their lights and sirens activated, but Bunner failed stop.
[22] Lastly, with respect to Bunner’s possession of paraphernalia, the State was
required to prove that Bunner knowingly possessed syringes and that he
intended to use them to test the “strength, effectiveness or purity of . . . a
controlled substance.” I.C.§ 35-48-4-8.3(a)(2). A “controlled substance”
includes methamphetamine. I.C. §§ 35-48-1-9; -2-4(d)(13). In the charging
information, the State alleged that Bunner knowingly possessed pipes or
syringes which he intended to use for introducing a controlled substance into
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his body. The record shows that on top of Ritchie’s closet, the officers found a
styrofoam cup that contained syringes. At Bunner’s trial, Ritchie testified that
Bunner had brought the syringes one evening and had asked her to “get high
with him.” (Tr. p. 102). Also, inside Bunner’s trailer, the officers also
recovered pipes and a glass plate with a white crystal-like substance on it.
[23] In sum, we find that there was sufficient evidence to conclude that Bunner’s
offenses were committed in Warrick County, Indiana. Specifically, there was
enough evidence that the items found in Bunner’s trailer and Schmitt’s home
were associated in the use and sale of methamphetamine. In addition, there
was sufficient evidence that Bunner’s other crimes, i.e., maintaining a common
nuisance, resisting law enforcement, and possession of paraphernalia, occurred
in Warrick County. Bunner’s argument to the contrary is simply an invitation
to reweigh the evidence in his favor, which we must decline.
B. Venue
[24] As for venue, it is well established that the right to be tried in the county in
which an offense was committed is a constitutional and a statutory right. IND.
CONST. Art. I, § 13; I.C. § 35-32-2-1(a); Alkhalidi, 753 N.E.2d at 628. Unlike
jurisdiction, venue is not an element of the offense. Id. Accordingly, although
the State is required to prove venue, it may be established by a preponderance
of the evidence and need not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. Any
error relating to venue is waived on appeal if the defendant fails to make an
objection before or during trial. Smith v. State, 809 N.E.2d 938, 942 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2004), trans. denied; Neff v. State, 915 N.E.2d 1026, 1032 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App.
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2009) (noting that “venue may be challenged at any time before a verdict or
guilty finding”), trans. denied.
[25] Here, prior to and during the trial, Bunner made no objection to being tried in
Warrick County. He did not challenge the venue of the case at any stage of the
proceedings below and raises this issue now for the first time on appeal.
“Although the Constitution guarantees a person charged with [a] crime a right
to be tried in the county in which the crime was committed, this is a right
personal to the defendant which he waives by failing to object.” Critchlow v.
State, 346 N.E.2d 591, 597 (Ind. 1976). We therefore conclude that Bunner has
waived review of this argument on appeal.
II. Admission of Evidence
[26] Lastly, Bunner claims that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting
Ritchie’s testimony relating to a drug sale he had initiated the day before he was
arrested for the instant offenses.
[27] We review the admission of evidence for an abuse of discretion. Wilson v. State,
765 N.E.2d 1265, 1272 (Ind. 2002). An abuse of discretion occurs “where the
decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.”
Smith v. State, 754 N.E.2d 502, 504 (Ind. 2001). A claim of error in the
admission or exclusion of evidence will not prevail on appeal unless a
substantial right of the party is affected. Ind. Evidence Rule 103(a). In
determining whether error in the introduction of evidence affected a defendant’s
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substantial rights, we assess the probable impact of the evidence on the jury.
Sparkman v. State, 722 N.E.2d 1259, 1262 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).
[28] Prior to trial, Bunner sought a motion in limine to prohibit the State from
introducing Ritchie’s testimony regarding prior acts of drug dealing in which
she participated with Bunner. At the close of the parties’ arguments on the
motion, the trial court concluded that Ritchie could testify about a single drug
deal that she arranged at Bunner’s command on August 10, 2015, a day before
the search warrants were executed. At trial, Ritchie was questioned regarding
the phone call she had made on behalf of Bunner to Tim Haggard (Haggard) on
August 10, 2015. Bunner, through counsel, again objected to the admission of
Ritchie’s testimony, but the trial court permitted the testimony under Ind.
Evidence Rule 404(b).
[29] Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b) provides that “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or
other act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on
a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.”
However, Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b)(2) allows the introduction of evidence
of other crimes and wrongs for purposes other than proving propensity to
commit the charged crime, “such as proving motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.”
To be admissible under this exception, the evidence must be relevant to some
matter other than the defendant’s propensity to commit crimes and the
prejudicial effect of the evidence must not substantially outweigh its probative
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value pursuant to Indiana Evidence Rule 403. Thompson v. State, 15 N.E.3d
1097, 1102 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014).
[30] At Bunner’s trial, Ritchie was permitted to testify as follows:
[STATE]: I’m gonna take you back, uh, to August 10[], 2015.
[RITCHIE]: Yes.
[STATE]: . . . did you have an occasion to . . . speak to someone
on the phone that day?
[RITCHIE]: I did.
[STATE]: And what was that in regards to?
[RITCHIE]: . . . it was in regards to [Bunner] meeting someone
else later that day.
[STATE]: Okay. And who was this . . . person you were talking
to on the phone?
[RITCHIE]: . . . Haggard.
****
[STATE]: . . . [W]hy were they meeting?
[RITCHIE]: . . . [Haggard] was gonna pay [Bunner].
[STATE]: For?
[RITCHIE]: For, uh . . . -
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[BUNNER’S COUNSEL]: To which we’re gonna object, Your
Honor. 404(b) grounds. . . .
COURT: Okay . . . the objection [is]overruled.
CONTINUATION OF DIRECT EXAMINATION:
[RITCHIE]: I’m sorry?
[STATE]: He was gonna meet [Bunner] for what?
[RITCHIE]: Uh, . . .[Haggard] was gonna pay [Bunner] the
money he owed him.
[STATE]: For?
[RITCHIE]: For dope.
[STATE]: For dope. And when you say dope what do you mean
by that?
[RITCHIE]: For meth.
[STATE]: Okay. Did you speak to [] Haggard on the phone or
did [Bunner] speak to him?
[RITCHIE]: I did.
****
[STATE]: Okay. And was there any conversation about how
much money, how much drugs[?]
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[RITCHIE]: Honestly I don’t remember if there was a specific
amount mentioned at that time.
[STATE]: Okay. But you knew at that time when you were on
the phone with [] Haggard you were setting up a drug deal.
[RITCHIE]: Yes, ma’am.
[STATE]: Okay. Did you see [] Haggard that day?
[RITCHIE]: No.
[STATE]: Did you see. . .[Bunner] with . . . Haggard that day?
[RITCHIE]: No. [Bunner] went to meet him. I [] wasn’t
involved.
[STATE]: . . . [B]ut you did not go and you [] never saw whether
money exchanged hands for drugs?
[RITCHIE]: Not that day.
COURT: Let me at this point . . . admonish the jury that this
witness is testifying regarding . . . a . . . situation involving
[Bunner]. Uh, she’s testified that there was money paid-owed for
dope. You are admonished you may not use this testimony, uh,
concerning that type of act as evidence of [] Bunner’s general
character. Okay? You’re only to consider that [] evidence as the
State is offering it for motive, intent or identification so you
cannot use that testimony regarding the transaction relating to
what would be regarded as the [Bunner’s] character. Okay?
(Tr. pp. 95-98).
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[31] In evaluating whether the trial court abused its discretion regarding the
admissibility of 404(b) evidence, we must determine whether the evidence of
prior bad acts is relevant to a matter at issue other than the defendant’s
propensity to commit the charged acts. Bishop v. State, 40 N.E.3d 935, 951 (Ind
Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. Second, we must balance the probative value of
such evidence against its prejudicial effect pursuant to Indiana Evidence Rule
403.
[32] Here, it is apparent from the trial court’s statements that the evidence of
Bunner’s drug deal was admitted to show Bunner’s motive in dealing in
methamphetamine. Evidence of uncharged misconduct which is probative of
the defendant’s motive and which is “inextricably bound up” with the charged
crime is properly admissible under Rule 404. The State argues, and we agree,
that Ritchie’s testimony with respect to the drug deal she had helped to
organize for Bunner, is probative of Bunner’s motive to sell the
methamphetamine recovered during the search. Sanders v. State, 724 N.E.2d
1127, 1131 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Accordingly, we find that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion when it permitted Ritchie’s testimony.
[33] Regardless of its admissibility, any error in the admission of evidence is to be
disregarded unless it affects the substantial rights of a party. Hoglund v. State,
962 N.E.2d 1230, 1238 (Ind. 2012). In viewing the effect of the evidentiary
ruling on a defendant’s substantial rights, we look to the probable impact on the
factfinder. Id. The improper admission is harmless error if the conviction is
supported by substantial independent evidence of guilt satisfying the reviewing
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court that there is no substantial likelihood that the challenged evidence
contributed to the conviction. Id. The State presented substantial independent
evidence of Bunner’s guilt with regard to his charged offenses, and we are
satisfied that there is no substantial likelihood that Ritchie’s testimony
regarding the uncharged incident involving Bunner, contributed to his
convictions. Thus, any error in the admission of Ritchie’s testimony was
harmless.
CONCLUSION
[34] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to
establish jurisdiction in Warrick County in relation to Bunner’s offenses, and
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting certain evidence pursuant
to Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b).
[35] Affirmed.
[36] Bailey, J. and Barnes, J. concur
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