Michael L. Bowling v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Jun 30 2015, 6:20 am
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
precedent or cited before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Stephen T. Owens Gregory F. Zoeller
Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Deidre R. Eltzroth Katherine Modesitt Cooper
Deputy Public Defender Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Michael L. Bowling, June 30, 2015
Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A03-1501-PC-13
v. Appeal from the
Elkhart Circuit Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Terry C. Shewmaker,
Judge
Appellee-Respondent.
Cause No. 20C01-1212-PC-116
Kirsch, Judge.
[1] After the Elkhart Circuit Court denied Michael L. Bowling’s petition for post-
conviction relief, Bowling appeals and contends that the post-conviction court
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clearly erred in denying his petition. On appeal, he raises one issue that we
restate as the following two:
I. Whether Bowling’s plea of guilty to Class A felony manufacturing
of methamphetamine was knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently
made; and
II. Whether Bowling received effective assistance of trial counsel.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] On April 3, 2008, officers from Elkhart County’s Interdiction and Covert
Enforcement Unit (“ICE Unit”) obtained and executed a search warrant at
Bowling’s residence, where he lived with his girlfriend and her two young
children. Indiana State Police (“ISP”) Trooper Jason Faulstich, a member of
the ISP clandestine lab team, and other ISP officers arrived at the home and
participated in the search. Officers found in the residence various items
associated with the manufacture and use of methamphetamine, including
reaction vessels containing different colored liquids and various coffee filters,
some of which contained a white powdery substance. Appellant’s App. at 90.
Trooper Faulstich field-tested the white powdery substance in the coffee filters
and reported that the substance tested positive for methamphetamine and had
an approximate weight of two grams. Id. Trooper Faulstich tested samples of
liquids taken from two reaction vessels, and those samples also tested positive
for methamphetamine. He advised the ICE Unit that the samples of the liquid,
when dried, would each have an approximate weight of two grams. Id. He
approximated that the total weight of substance that field-tested positive for
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methamphetamine was six grams. Id. Lab Team Members found other items
at the residence such as muratic acid, denatured alcohol, crystal salt, lye,
iodine, boxes of Sudafed pills, Coleman fuel, coffee filters, and a coffee bean
grinder. As a result, on April 9, 2008, the State charged Bowling with Class A
felony dealing in methamphetamine by manufacturing methamphetamine, pure
or adulterated, in an amount of three grams or more. Pet’r’s Ex. B.
[4] As part of the prosecution, the State sent seized substances and items to the ISP
Laboratory for analysis. The coffee filters that contained a white powdery
substance were determined to contain one-third of a gram of finished
methamphetamine. Pet’r’s Ex. A (Item 21). Four samples of liquids taken from
reactionary vessels were determined to contain methamphetamine, but the lab
did not indicate a weight of any finished product. Id. (Items 8A, 11A, 25A, and
46A). Another coffee filter likewise was determined to contain
methamphetamine, but no weight or amount was included in the report. Id.
(Item 63). A set of three other coffee filters tested positive for ephedrine. Id.
(Item 59).1
[5] On June 17, 2009, Bowling, represented by counsel, pleaded guilty to Class A
felony manufacturing methamphetamine. Under the agreement, his sentence
was capped at thirty years executed. At the guilty plea hearing, he was advised
1
The ISP Laboratory Report also reflects that a baggie containing a white powdery substance was submitted
to the lab for analysis. The substance tested positive for methamphetamine, and the actual weight of it was
.03 of a gram. Pet’r’s Ex. A (Item 4). However, it appears this baggie was found in the pocket of Bowling’s
girlfriend, Appellant’s App. at 90, and was not included as part of the evidence against Bowling.
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of his rights, and he testified that he knew and understood his rights and that he
understood the terms of his plea agreement. He stated he was satisfied with
trial counsel’s representation. Bowling admitted as a factual basis that on or
about April 8, 2008, he and his girlfriend knowingly manufactured three or
more grams of methamphetamine. In July 2009, the trial court accepted the
plea and sentenced Bowling to thirty-five years in the Indiana Department of
Correction, with seven years suspended to probation, for a total of twenty-eight
years of incarceration.
[6] On December 14, 2012, Bowling filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief.
Subsequently, after the Indiana Public Defender’s Office filed an appearance for
Bowling, he filed an amended petition in November 2013. In this petition, he
claimed that his plea was not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily entered
because he was misled by trial counsel and agreed to plead guilty to Class A
felony manufacturing methamphetamine when the State lacked sufficient proof
to establish the “three grams or more” weight element of the offense. Ind. Code
§ 35-48-4-1.1(b)(1). He further claimed that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to properly advise him of the defense that the State could not prove that
he manufactured three grams or more of methamphetamine.
[7] Bowling testified at the September 2014 hearing, stating that he did not discuss
trial strategy or possible defenses with his attorney and that he would not have
pleaded guilty to a Class A felony if he had known that he could only have been
convicted of a lesser felony. PCR Tr. at 5-6. Bowling also called his trial
counsel, Tom Wilson, to testify. Wilson stated that Bowling’s family had hired
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him as private counsel to represent Bowling. Wilson graduated from the
University of Notre Dame law school in 1993 and had been practicing law,
including criminal law, since that time. Wilson testified that, as was his
custom, he looked at the elements of the offense and possible defenses. He
recalled, “I know one of the major issues that came up was the weight of the
substance.” Id. at 16. He testified, however, that he believed the State “had
sufficient evidence to argue for the A felony charge.” Id. at 17. As other
evidence, Bowling offered, among other things, the ISP Laboratory Report,
which was admitted into evidence without objection. Bowling also moved to
admit the record of proceedings from the trial court, which motion the trial
court granted.2 Id. at 14.
[8] On January 5, 2015, the post-conviction court issued findings of fact and
conclusions thereon denying Bowling’s petition. It reaching that decision, the
post-conviction court recognized that, at the time of Bowling’s guilty plea, legal
precedent did not demand that only finished methamphetamine product be
used in the determination of the weight element of the offense. It concluded
that Bowling’s plea was knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily entered into
and that his trial counsel was not ineffective. Bowling now appeals.
2
We note that, in his brief, Bowling argues that the post-conviction court should not have considered the
Affidavit in Support of Warrantless Arrest because it was not part of the record. Appellant’s Br. at 5.
However, the post-conviction court granted Bowling’s motion to incorporate the trial court’s record,
ordering, “The entire record will become part of the proceedings in this matter.” PCR Tr. at 14.
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Discussion and Decision
[9] Bowling appeals the post-conviction court’s denial of his petition for post-
conviction relief. Post-conviction proceedings are not “super appeals” through
which a convicted person can raise issues that he did not raise at trial or on
direct appeal. Timberlake v. State, 753 N.E.2d 591, 597 (Ind. 2001), cert. denied
537 U.S. 839 (2002); Fowler v. State, 977 N.E.2d 464, 466 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012),
aff’d on reh’g, 981 N.E.2d 623 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. Instead, post-
conviction proceedings afford petitioners a limited opportunity to raise issues
that were unavailable or unknown at trial and on direct appeal. Fowler, 977
N.E.2d at 466. Post-conviction proceedings are civil in nature, and petitioners
bear the burden of proving their grounds for relief by a preponderance of the
evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(5); Roberts v. State, 953 N.E.2d 559, 562
(Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied. A petitioner appealing from the denial of
post-conviction relief stands in the position of one appealing from a negative
judgment. Soucy v. State, 22 N.E.3d 683, 685 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Fisher
v. State, 810 N.E.2d 674, 679 (Ind. 2004)). A petitioner who appeals the denial
of post-conviction relief faces a rigorous standard of review, as the reviewing
court may consider only the evidence and the reasonable inferences supporting
the judgment of the post-conviction court. Roberts, 953 N.E.2d at 562. The
appellate court must accept the post-conviction court’s findings of fact and may
reverse only if the findings are clearly erroneous. Id. The decision will be
disturbed as being contrary to law only if the evidence is without conflict and
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leads to but one conclusion, and the trial court has reached the opposite
conclusion. Soucy, 22 N.E.3d at 685.
[10] On appeal, Bowling acknowledges that the State had sufficient evidence to
charge him with manufacture of methamphetamine as a Class B felony; he
takes issue with the elevation of the charge to a Class A, arguing that the State
did not have sufficient evidence to support the allegation that he manufactured
three grams or more of methamphetamine. See Appellant’s Br. at 6. He claims
that trial counsel’s failure to advise him of that defense renders his guilty plea
unknowing, unintelligent, and involuntary and the result of ineffective
assistance of counsel.
I. Voluntariness of Plea
[11] Bowling maintains that the post-conviction court erred in determining that his
guilty plea was made knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. Before
accepting a guilty plea, a trial court must determine that the defendant
understands the nature of the charges to which he is pleading, that the plea will
waive certain rights, and the range of penalties he faces. See Ind. Code § 35-35-
1-2. Here, Bowling pleaded guilty to Class A felony manufacture of
methamphetamine. The relevant statute, Indiana Code section 35-48-4-1.1(b),
provides in relevant part that a person is guilty of dealing in a narcotic drug as a
Class A felony if he knowingly or intentionally manufactures at least three
grams of methamphetamine. Bowling’s claim is that his plea was based on
incorrect information regarding the evidence that the State had against him,
arguing that the State did not have sufficient evidence to prove that the weight
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of the methamphetamine he manufactured was at least three grams, as required
to support a Class A felony.
[12] In support of his argument, Bowling refers us to three pieces of evidence seized
at the scene and relied on by the post-conviction court when it determined that
three grams were involved: coffee filters, liquid mixture, and a coffee grinder.
Appellant’s Br. at 5-6. Bowling argues that, even though Trooper Faulstich had
estimated, based on field-testing, that there were two grams of
methamphetamine found in some coffee filters, later ISP Laboratory testing
revealed that the weight was approximately one-third of a gram. With regard to
the vessels that contained a liquid intermediate mixture, Trooper Faulstich’s
field-testing of samples from two vessels estimated that, when dried, each
would contain two grams of methamphetamine. However, Bowling urges,
“Considering [Trooper] Faulstich’s overestimation of the meth recovered from
the coffee filters, it can be assumed that his field measurement was faulty here
as well.” Id. at 5. Lastly, with reference to the coffee bean grinder, the post-
conviction court stated that it had field-tested positive for methamphetamine in
an amount of two grams; however, Bowling notes, the ICE report states that the
coffee grinder tested positive for ephedrine, not methamphetamine. Bowling
suggests that the ISP Laboratory results rendered Trooper Faulstich’s field-
testing estimates unreliable, and Bowling argues that the amount of finished
methamphetamine was much less than the required three-grams necessary for a
Class A felony conviction.
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[13] Bowling refers us to our Supreme Court’s determination in Halsema v. State, 823
N.E.2d 668, 674 (Ind. 2005), where the Court determined, “[I]n order to prove
the element of weight of drugs or controlled substances, the State must either
offer evidence of its actual, measured weight or demonstrate that the quantity of
the drugs or controlled substances is so large as to permit a reasonable inference
that the element of weight has been established.” Bowling maintains that, here,
the State would have been unable to prove how much finished
methamphetamine the intermediate mixture would have yielded if the
manufacturing process had been completed, and because the State could not
prove that the weight was over three grams, the State could not have convicted
him of the Class A felony. Because his trial counsel advised him that he faced a
Class A felony conviction, his plea was not knowingly, voluntarily, or
intelligently entered. We disagree.
[14] The statute criminalizing the manufacture of methamphetamine criminalizes
the manufacture of methamphetamine “pure or adulterated.” Ind. Code § 35-
48-4-1.1(a). The existing case law at the time Bowling entered his guilty plea
provided that, when determining the amount of the drug involved, an
intermediate mixture that contained the final drug was an “adulterated” drug.
See Traylor v. State, 817 N.E.2d 611, 620 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (holding that
evidence was sufficient to establish that defendant possessed over three grams of
methamphetamine where evidence showed that defendant was in the process of
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producing methamphetamine, and the product in the reaction vessel weighed
well over three grams), trans. denied.3
[15] Years later, in 2014, our Supreme Court in Buelna v. State, 20 N.E.3d 137 (Ind.
2014), disagreed with the Traylor approach. In Buelna, a defendant was
convicted of Class A felony dealing in methamphetamine and, on appeal,
challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction, specifically
the sufficiency of the evidence used to support the finding that he possessed
more than three grams of methamphetamine. 20 N.E.3d at 141. In an
unpublished memorandum decision, this court observed that the liquid sample
taken from the vessels recovered from the defendant contained some
methamphetamine and held the entire liquid mixture constituted “adulterated”
methamphetamine. See Buelna v. State, No. 20A04-1305-CR-223, *6 (Ind. Ct.
App. Jan. 30, 2014), (citing Traylor, 817 N.E.2d at 620), trans. granted. On
transfer, the Supreme Court held that “adulterated” methamphetamine is the
“final, extracted product that may contain lingering impurities or has been
subsequently debased or diluted by a foreign substance – not an intermediate
mixture that has not undergone the entire manufacturing process.” Buelna, 20
N.E.3d at 142. Thus, the weight of an intermediate mixture, such as the liquid
in the containers in Buelna, “is probative of the weight enhancement only if the
3
See also, Hundley v. State, 951 N.E.2d 575, 581 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied, decided two years after
Bowling’s guilty plea, holding that where the intermediate step is so near the end of the manufacturing
process that the final product is present in the chemical compound, that substance qualifies as an “adulterated
drug” for purposes of our manufacturing statutes.
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State presents evidence that establishes how much finished drug the
intermediate mixture would have yielded if the manufacturing process had been
completed.” Id. In so holding, the Buelna Court abrogated this court’s earlier
holdings in Traylor and Hundley.
[16] Turning to the case at hand, at the time Bowling entered into his plea
agreement, our Supreme Court had not yet decided Buelna; therefore, under
Traylor, the State could have used the entire weight of the intermediate liquid
containing methamphetamine to prove that Bowling manufactured more than
three grams of adulterated methamphetamine. The ISP Laboratory Report
reflected that it conducted testing on four liquid samples taken from reaction
vessels; each sample contained methamphetamine, but no weight was
indicated. Pet’r’s Ex. A (Items 8A, 11A, 25A, 46A). The report also reflected
that one coffee filter, containing a white powdery/crystalline substance, tested
positive for methamphetamine and had a net weight of .03 of one gram. Id.
(Item 21). Another coffee filter tested positive for methamphetamine, but no
weight was provided. Id. (Item 63). Given this evidence, attorney Wilson
believed that the State had sufficient evidence to argue for a Class A felony
conviction. Based on the record before us, Bowling has failed to establish that
he was misled by his counsel concerning the evidence that the State had against
him or the charges he faced, nor has he shown that his decision to plead guilty
was not knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently made.
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II. Assistance of Trial Counsel
[17] Bowling also claims that the post-conviction court erred by concluding that he
received effective assistance of counsel. To prevail on a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, a petitioner must demonstrate both that his counsel’s
performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced thereby. Clarke v. State,
974 N.E.2d 562, 564-65 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (citing Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668 (1984)). This is the so-called Strickland test. Counsel’s
performance is deficient if it falls below an objective standard of reasonableness
based on prevailing professional norms. Clarke, 974 N.E.2d at 564. As our
Supreme Court has explained,
Counsel is afforded considerable discretion in choosing strategy and
tactics, and we will accord those decisions deference. A strong
presumption arises that counsel rendered adequate assistance and
made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional
judgment. The Strickland Court recognized that even the finest, most
experienced criminal defense attorneys may not agree on the ideal
strategy or the most effective way to represent a client. Isolated
mistakes, poor strategy, inexperience, and instances of bad judgment
do not necessarily render representation ineffective.
Timberlake, 753 N.E.2d at 603 (citations and quotations omitted).
[18] With regard to the prejudice prong of the test, “‘To establish the requisite
prejudice, a petitioner must show there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.’” Clarke, 974 N.E.2d at 564 (quoting Trujillo v. State, 962 N.E.2d 110,
114 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011)). Our Supreme Court has stated that a “reasonable
probability” is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.
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Smith v. State, 765 N.E.2d 578, 585 (Ind. 2002). The two elements of Strickland
are separate and independent inquiries. Thus, if it is easier to dispose of an
ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, that course
should be followed. Clarke, 974 N.E.2d at 564; see also Taylor v. State, 840
N.E.2d 324, 331 (Ind. 2006) (failure to satisfy either component will cause
ineffective assistance of counsel claim to fail).
[19] Because Bowling was convicted pursuant to a guilty plea, we must analyze his
claim under Segura v. State, 749 N.E.2d 496 (Ind. 2001). Smith v. State, 770
N.E.2d 290, 295 (Ind. 2002); Clarke, 974 N.E.2d at 565. Segura categorizes two
main types of ineffective assistance of counsel cases: failure to advise the
defendant on an issue that impairs or overlooks a defense, and an incorrect
advisement of penal consequences. Smith, 770 N.E.2d at 295. Bowling’s claim
– that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing to advise him
that the State did not have enough evidence to convict him of Class A felony
manufacture of methamphetamine – falls within the first of the two Segura
categories, concerning a failure to advise on an issue that impairs or overlooks a
defense. Bowling specifically argues, “Counsel should have sought reduction of
the charge or advised Bowling of the credible defense available at trial.”
Appellant’s Br. at 9.
[20] The Segura Court observed that, where a post-conviction petitioner pleaded
guilty and thereafter asserts a claim of ineffective assistance based on an alleged
error on an issue that affected a defense, the petitioner must show a reasonable
probability of acquittal. 749 N.E.2d at 503. The Court explained,
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[T]he State has an interest in the finality of guilty pleas. This is in part
grounded in the cost of a new trial, and the demands on judicial
resources that are imposed by revisiting the guilty plea, but also in
concerns about the toll a retrial exacts from victims and witnesses who
are required to revisit the crime years later. . . . A new trial is of course
necessary if an unreliable plea has been accepted. But its costs should
not be imposed needlessly, and that would be the result if the
petitioner cannot show a reasonable probability that the ultimate result
– conviction – would not have occurred despite counsel’s error as to a
defense.
[21] Id. (citations omitted). Thus, to succeed on his ineffective assistance of counsel
claim, Bowling had to prove that, but for trial counsel’s alleged error
concerning the evidence that the State possessed and whether that was sufficient
to prove the charged Class A felony, he would not have been convicted. See
Soucy, 22 N.E.3d at 686 (to set aside conviction because of attorney’s failure to
raise defense, petitioner who has pleaded guilty must establish that there is
reasonable probability that he or she would not have been convicted had he or
she gone to trial and used omitted defense); Oliver v. State, 843 N.E.2d 581, 591
(Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (where petitioner is convicted pursuant to guilty plea, and
later claims that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance because counsel
overlooked or impaired defense, petitioner must show that defense was indeed
overlooked or impaired and that defense would have likely changed the
outcome of the proceeding), trans. denied.
[22] Bowling’s argument that the State possessed insufficient evidence to convict
him of Class A felony manufacturing methamphetamine in a quantity of three
grams or more is premised on our Supreme Court’s 2014 Buelna decision, where
the Court held that an intermediate mixture was an invalid source for arriving
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at the total weight for purposes of the statute. Buelna, 3 N.E.3d at 146.
Bowling concedes, “at the time of Bowling’s plea, . . . an intermediate liquid
mixture containing methamphetamine could be measured and included in the
three gram total,” Appellant’s Br. at 9, but he asserts that “existing precedent
should have alerted counsel that the State’s case against Bowling was weak.”
Id. at 8. We reject this suggestion, as trial counsel is not expected or required to
anticipate future changes in the law. Walker v. State, 843 N.E.2d 50, 59 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2008) (recognizing that counsel will not be deemed ineffective for not
anticipating or initiating changes in law), trans. denied, cert denied, 549 U.S. 1130
(2007). Here, at the time of Bowling’s guilty plea, case law provided that the
entire weight of the liquid containing methamphetamine could be used to
establish the weight of “adulterated” methamphetamine. See Hundley, 951
N.E.2d at 575, 581 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied; Traylor, 817 N.E.2d at
620. Therefore, the State could have used the weight of the intermediate liquid
mixture in the vessels to establish the weight of the methamphetamine seized at
Bowling’s residence. Bowling has failed to establish a reasonable probability
that, but for his counsel’s alleged errors, he would have prevailed at trial.
Accordingly, trial counsel’s performance was not deficient, nor did it result in
prejudice to Bowling.
[23] Given the state of the law as it existed at the time of Bowling’s guilty plea, and
the evidence that the State possessed, Bowling has failed to show clear error in
the post-conviction court’s findings and conclusions, which determined that
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Bowling knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently pleaded guilty and that
Bowling received effective assistance of trial counsel.
[24] Affirmed.
Vaidik, C.J., and Bradford, J., concur.
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