Christopher Trotter v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Dec 18 2019, 10:44 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Anthony C. Lawrence Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Anderson, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Sierra A. Murray
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Christopher Trotter, December 18, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-CR-245
v. Appeal from the Madison Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Dennis Carroll,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Special Judge
Trial Court Cause Nos.
48C06-8503-FB-951
48C06-8503-CF-950
Bailey, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] Christopher Trotter (“Trotter”) obtained post-conviction relief and was
resentenced on seven counts arising from a prison riot. He now appeals.
[2] We affirm.
Issues
[3] Trotter raises the following issues:
I. Whether he is entitled to a statutory sentencing cap that
was not in effect at the time he was originally sentenced.
II. Whether the court abused its sentencing discretion.
III. Whether the court imposed an inappropriate sentence.
Facts and Procedural History
[4] The Indiana Supreme Court recited the following facts on direct appeal:
On February 1, 1985, [Trotter] was an inmate at the Indiana
Reformatory in Pendleton, Indiana. At that time, [Trotter] was
serving the last months of a four (4) year sentence for theft.
On that day, there were disturbances in the maximum restraining
unit involving officers. Afterward, a shakedown was ordered to
discover weapons or other contraband material held by the
inmates. The inmates showed vocal resentment and plugged
their toilets causing them to flood. The officers then proceeded
to empty the cells. The procedure followed was to require the
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inmate to back up to the bars to be handcuffed before the cell
door was opened. Four inmates refused to comply with this
order. Each was maced in an attempt to force them to comply.
Three of the four complied and were removed from their cells.
However, one inmate, Lincoln Love, even after being maced
twice, refused to comply. It therefore became necessary for the
officers to open his cell and forcefully restrain him in order to
remove him. Love then was transported to the Captain’s office.
[Trotter] and John Cole, who was also an inmate, armed
themselves with knives and attempted to force entry into the
Captain’s office. However, they were unsuccessful. [Trotter]
and Cole then went to another part of the building where they
were confronted by Officers Delph and Richardson. They
stabbed each of these officers. Officer Widner heard the
disturbance and opened the door to investigate and was stabbed
by [Trotter] and Cole. Captain Sands sprayed them with mace;
they fled, however, to the infirmary where they stabbed Officer
Huston. Soon thereafter, other guards entered the infirmary and
confronted [Trotter] and Cole. Another altercation occurred and
Officers Sheets and Melling were stabbed.
[Trotter] and Cole then fled into “J” cellblock where they took
guards Millstead and Ingalls hostage and forced them to open the
cell doors. The inmates forced Millstead, Ingalls, and Counselor
Weist into cells. Eventually the hostages were released and the
inmates surrendered.
Trotter v. State, 559 N.E.2d 585, 586-87 (Ind. 1990). Trotter was convicted of
several offenses and received an aggregate sentence of 142 years executed. Id.
at 586. The Indiana Supreme Court affirmed the convictions on direct appeal.
See id. at 591.
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[5] Trotter sought post-conviction relief, contending he was deprived of effective
assistance of counsel at sentencing. The post-conviction court granted relief,
vacating Trotter’s sentence and ordering “resentencing after a complete and
accurate [presentence investigation report] is completed.” App. Vol. III at 50.
[6] A sentencing hearing was conducted in January 2019. The court identified
aggravators and mitigators, then imposed an aggregate sentence of 122 years
executed. Specifically, in Cause No. 48C06-8503-CF-950, the court imposed
forty-five years for Attempted Murder, a felony, and six years for Class C felony
Battery Resulting in Serious Bodily Injury. Those sentences were to run
consecutively for a total of fifty-one years. In Cause No. 48C06-8503-FB-951,
the court imposed seventeen years for each of four counts of Class B felony
Criminal Confinement and three years for Class D felony Rioting. The court
ordered those sentences to run consecutively for a total of seventy-one years,
running consecutive to the fifty-one-year sentence imposed in the other cause.
[7] Trotter now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
Sentencing Cap
[8] Trotter argues the court should have applied a statutory cap on consecutive
sentences. See Ind. Code § 35-50-1-2 (limiting the aggregate length of
consecutive sentences imposed for a single episode of criminal conduct).
Trotter concedes the cap did not exist when he was first sentenced, but contends
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the amendment applies under the doctrine of amelioration, which is a form of
the rule of lenity. See Robertson v. State, 871 N.E.2d 280, 284 (Ind. 2007).
[9] We review questions of law de novo. Suggs v. State, 51 N.E.3d 1190, 1193 (Ind.
2016).
When construing a statute our primary goal is to ascertain the
legislature’s intent. To discern that intent, we look first to the
statutory language itself and give effect to the plain and ordinary
meaning of statutory terms. If a statute is unambiguous, that is,
susceptible to but one meaning, we must give the statute its clear
and plain meaning.
Id. at 1193-94 (cleaned up).
[10] First, we observe that Trotter failed to raise the doctrine of amelioration at
sentencing. He has therefore waived this issue. See, e.g., Turner v. State, 870
N.E.2d 1083, 1085 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (identifying waiver of a claim under the
doctrine of amelioration). Waiver notwithstanding, the general rule is that a
defendant “shall be sentenced under the statute in force at the time the offense
was committed.” State v. Alcorn, 638 N.E.2d 1242, 1245 (Ind. 1994). Indeed,
the time of the crime “is selected as an act of free will by the offender” and the
penal consequences “are frozen as of that event.” Id. Nevertheless, there is a
limited exception to this rule. Richards v. State, 681 N.E.2d 208, 213 (Ind.
1997). That is, the doctrine of amelioration provides that “when the penalty for
a crime is decreased by an ameliorative amendment enacted after the
commission of the crime but prior to the defendant’s sentencing, the defendant
may take advantage of the ameliorative provisions.” Rowold v. State, 629
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N.E.2d 1285, 1288 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994). This doctrine applies to resentencing;
however, it does not apply if the court is “merely correcting or modifying an
existing sentence rather than resentencing.” Id.; compare, e.g., Riffe v. State, 675
N.E.2d 710, 713 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (finding the doctrine inapplicable where
the court “merely corrected [an] existing sentence”), trans. denied, with Martin v.
State, 714 N.E.2d 1140, 1143 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (applying the doctrine where
the defendant “stood convicted of different crimes”—it “was not merely a
correction of [the] existing sentences. It was a true resentencing.”).
[11] Here, Trotter was resentenced. Thus, the doctrine is potentially available.
Critically, however, we must not apply the more lenient statute if doing so is
contrary to legislative intent. See Turner, 870 N.E.2d at 1086; Cox v. State, 38
N.E.3d 702, 703-04 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (“The doctrine is appropriately applied
only if the legislature intended that the statute as amended apply to all persons
for whom such application would be possible and constitutional.”).
[12] Trotter directs us to caselaw from the 1990s, wherein courts concluded that the
consecutive-sentences cap was ameliorative. See, e.g., Payne v. State, 688 N.E.2d
164, 165 (Ind. 1997). However, since then, our legislature has substantially
revised our criminal code, including through Public Law 168-2014. See generally
Rodriguez v. State, 129 N.E.3d 789, 795 (Ind. 2019) (referring to the 2014
amendments as “a comprehensive bill that touched many aspects of the
criminal code”). Indiana Code Section 1-1-5.5-21 directly addresses the
doctrine of amelioration: “The general assembly does not intend the doctrine of
amelioration . . . to apply to any SECTION of P.L. 158-2013 or HEA 1006-
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2014.” A footnote after “HEA 1006-2014,” specifies that it was “[c]odified as
P.L. 168-2014.” Id. This footnoted public law—Public Law 168-2014—
“CORRECTED AND AMENDED” Indiana Code Section 35-50-1-2. It
modified the eligibility for the cap on consecutive sentences found in Indiana
Code Section 35-50-1-2. See Pub. L. 168-2014, § 108 (removing references to
felonies under the former “Class” system and updating to a “Level” system”).
Importantly, Indiana Code Section 35-50-1-2—with its cap on consecutive
sentences—appears in full within Public Law 168-2014. See id. Furthermore,
Indiana Code Section 1-1-5.5-21 refers to the same public law and specifies that
a “SECTION of . . . P.L. 168-2014 does not affect: (1) penalties incurred;
crimes committed; or (3) proceedings begun; before the effective date of that
SECTION.” Public Law 168-2014 was effective on July 1, 2014.
[13] We must give Indiana Code Section 1-1-5.5-21 its plain meaning. This statute
specifies that our legislature did not intend for the doctrine of amelioration to
apply to “any SECTION” of Public Law 168-2014, and that a “SECTION” of
this public law does not affect crimes committed before July 1, 2014. I.C. § 1-1-
5.5-21. The pertinent sentencing cap appears in full within Section 108. Thus,
the legislature did not intend for the doctrine of amelioration to apply. 1
1
Further, “statutes relating to the same general subject matter are in pari materia and should be construed
together so as to produce a harmonious statutory scheme.” Sanders v. State, 466 N.E.2d 424, 428 (Ind. 1984).
Indiana Code Section 35-50-1-2—which sets forth the current cap on consecutive sentences—does not
mention the former “class” system of felonies, under which Trotter was convicted. Rather, this statute
speaks only to Levels 1 through 6. See I.C. § 35-50-1-2(d). Thus, consistent with the legislative intent
articulated in Indiana Code Section 1-1-5.5-21, the current statute does not contemplate a cap for convictions
obtained under the prior scheme. See I.C. § 35-50-1-2. In arguing the sentencing cap applies, Trotter declines
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[14] Although Trotter waived argument regarding the doctrine of amelioration, the
doctrine is inapplicable because it is inconsistent with legislative intent.2
Sentencing Discretion
[15] Under the law when Trotter committed the offenses, a court was obligated to
enter a sentencing statement that satisfied the following requirements:
(1) it must identify all of the significant mitigating and
aggravating circumstances, (2) it must state the specific reason
why each circumstance is considered to be mitigating or
aggravating, and (3) the court must evaluate and balance the
mitigating circumstances against the aggravating circumstances
in order to determine if the aggravating circumstances offset the
mitigating circumstances.
Wall v. State, 573 N.E.2d 890, 893 (Ind. 1991) (quoting Henderson v. State, 489
N.E.2d 68, 71-72 (Ind. 1986)). Moreover, a defendant could challenge the
weight assigned to mitigators and aggravators. See Covington v. State, 842
N.E.2d 345, 348-49 (Ind. 2006) (reviewing this type of challenge). Upon such a
challenge, an appellate court gives “great deference” to a court’s determination
of the proper weight assignable to mitigating and aggravating circumstances
to quote the current statute. He quotes from cases quoting an older version of the statute—a version that
mentions classes of felonies. See Br. of Appellant at 18. Trotter does not cogently argue that an older version
of the statute—as opposed to the version effective at resentencing—applied at his resentencing hearing. See
Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (requiring cogent reasoning supporting argument on each issue presented).
2
Because of our resolution of this issue, we need not address the State’s argument that a remedy curing a
violation of the right to counsel should not produce a windfall.
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and “will set aside the court’s weighing only upon the showing of a manifest
abuse of discretion.” Losch v. State, 834 N.E.2d 1012, 1014 (Ind. 2005).
[16] Further, at the time of the offenses, Indiana had “presumptive” sentences. See
generally Smylie v. State, 823 N.E.2d 679, 683 (Ind. 2005). These presumptive
sentences apply at resentencing, except the court must follow the “current state
of constitutional law.” Kline v. State, 875 N.E.2d 435, 438 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).
In light of Blakely v. Washington, 543 U.S. 296 (2004)—a case interpreting the
Sixth Amendment—a court may aggravate a sentence based on additional facts
only if the additional facts are “(1) a prior conviction; (2) facts found by a jury
beyond a reasonable doubt; (3) facts admitted by the defendant; or (4) facts
found by the sentencing judge after the defendant has waived Apprendi rights3
and consented to judicial factfinding.” Robertson, 871 N.E.2d at 286.
[17] Here, the court found as follows:
Court finds aggravation: 1) Defendant has some criminal history.
(modest weight); 2) Multiple crimes and multiple victims.
(substantial weight); 3) Crimes happened while defendant was
incarcerated at the IDOC and to IDOC personnel. (substantial
weight); Court finds mitigation: 1) Defendant was in the military
service. (modest weight); 2) Defendant had a traumatic
childhood. (modest weight); 3) Defendant accepts responsibility
for his actions. (modest weight). Court finds aggravation
outweighs mitigation.
3
See Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000).
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App. Vol. III at 81, 83. The court imposed the following aggravated sentences:
• Forty-five years for Attempted Murder—five years above the
presumptive sentence. See I.C. § 35-50-2-3 (1985) (allowing a court to
add up to twenty years for aggravating circumstances).
• Seventeen years for each Class B felony—seven years above the
presumptive sentence. See I.C. § 35-50-2-5 (1985) (allowing a court to
add up to ten years for aggravating circumstances).
• Six years for the Class C felony—one year above the presumptive
sentence. See I.C. § 35-50-2-6 (1985) (allowing a court to add up to three
years for aggravating circumstances).
• Three years for the Class D felony—one year above the presumptive
sentence. See I.C. § 35-50-2-7 (1985) (allowing a court to add up to two
years for aggravating circumstances).
[18] Trotter argues the court erred by “believing that it was prohibited from giving
substantial weight to circumstances and accomplishments” following the
original sentencing. Br. of Appellant at 24. He directs us to these remarks:
[T]his is not a modification hearing, this is a re-sentencing. So
it’s not appropriate for the Court to consider in any significant
way . . . aggravators or mitigators that occurred after your
original sentence. I think as I said you should receive some
modest weight, that you’ve had no write-ups, . . . that you
are . . . conduct free for a number of years. You’ve taken
responsibility. . . . [Y]ou show remorse. Some of
that . . . happened well into your sentence. In fact I noticed all
those documents [related to positive changes] were dated ’17 and
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’18. They weren’t dated ten (10) or fifteen (15) or twenty (20)
years ago. So you have made some important changes but they
didn’t all happen quickly and immediately. In fact . . . this series
of crimes [is] proof . . . that those didn’t happen quickly and
immediately. So . . . I will give some modest
consideration . . . to your acceptance of responsibility, your
remorsefulness, and your change of behavior. . . . [B]ut only in a
modest way for the reasons that I have just outlined.
Tr. at 68.
[19] A resentencing court may consider conduct—good or bad—between the
original sentencing date and the time of sentencing. Ousley v. State, 807 N.E.2d
758, 761 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (interpreting Post-Conviction Rule 1(10)(b) as
implicitly allowing evidence of positive conduct after the original sentence).
Trotter argues that the court misunderstood the law, thinking it was prohibited
from giving substantial weight to his positive subsequent conduct. He argues
that if the court understood the law, it would have given more weight to
positive changes—not “minimal consideration.” Br. of Appellant at 25.
[20] However, the above-quoted passage does not strike us as a misapprehension of
law. Rather, the court was explaining to Trotter why it was not inclined to give
substantial weight to changes that “didn’t all happen quickly and immediately.”
Tr. at 68. The court contrasted the purpose of a resentencing hearing with the
purpose of a modification hearing, the latter of which is designed to focus on
post-sentencing matters. We discern no manifest abuse of discretion here.
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[21] Trotter also argues that the court “failed to give substantial mitigating weight to
his childhood and family dynamic of him protecting his brother and mother
from his abusive father and the defense of others and the role it played in the
circumstances of the case.” Br. of Appellee at 25-26. Trotter claims the post-
conviction court “found this dynamic to have substantial mitigating weight.”
Id. at 26. Yet, as the State points out, “the discretion to assign weight to each
aggravator and mitigator lies with the resentencing court, not the post-
conviction court.” Br. of Appellee at 29. Moreover, we agree with the State
that “the resentencing court fully explained its reasoning for assigning modest
weight to Trotter’s childhood and for disregarding the defense-of-others
mitigator entirely.” Id. As to Trotter’s traumatic childhood, the court gave
modest weight, observing that Trotter was an adult at the time of the offenses,
had been in the military, and had already been out of his parents’ home for
several years. Tr. at 68. As to a protective instinct arising from a traumatic
childhood, the court rejected the proffered mitigator, stating: “You simply do
not get to insert yourself into what’s happening with other inmates at an IDOC
facility. . . . This alleged beating of another inmate and you were defending
another, you were fearful. . . . [I]t’s self-reported, it’s self-serving.” Tr. at 66.
[22] Trotter has not persuaded us of a manifest abuse of discretion in sentencing.
Inappropriate Sentence
[23] Pursuant to Article 7 of the Indiana Constitution, as implemented by Indiana
Appellate Rule 7(B), an appellate court “may revise a sentence authorized by
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statute if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds
that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the
character of the offender.” Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B). The appropriateness of a
sentence turns on “myriad . . . factors that come to light in a given case.”
Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1224 (Ind. 2008). In reviewing a sentence,
we are not assessing whether a different sentence would be more appropriate.
See Helsley v. State, 43 N.E.3d 225, 228 (Ind. 2015). Rather, we are assessing
whether the imposed sentence is inappropriate. See id. As “sentencing is
principally a discretionary function,” Cardwell, 895 N.E.2d at 1222, we give
considerable deference to the court’s decision, Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d
111, 122 (Ind. 2015). That deference “should prevail unless overcome by
compelling evidence portraying in a positive light the nature of the offense (such
as accompanied by restraint, regard, and lack of brutality) and the defendant’s
character (such as substantial virtuous traits or persistent examples of good
character).” Id. Ultimately, the principal role of review “is to attempt to leaven
the outliers.” McCain v. State, 88 N.E.3d 1066, 1067 (Ind. 2018) (per curiam).
[24] Regarding the offenses, Trotter received aggravated sentences that were within
the range permitted by statute. See I.C. §§ 35-50-2-3, -5, -6 & -7 (1985). The
sentences amounted to an aggregate term of 122 years in prison. As to the
nature of the offenses, Trotter acknowledges he was convicted of “serious
crimes.” Br. of Appellant at 27. He makes no attempt to portray them in a
positive light. Trotter instead argues that “the character of the offender is such
that a reduction in terms is appropriate.” Id. Trotter focuses on his traumatic
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childhood, which involved protecting family members from his abusive father.
Trotter also observes that he committed the offenses when he was relatively
young—in his early twenties. He points out that he had prior military service.
Moreover, Trotter notes that he has expressed remorse and “has engaged in
many meaningful programs,” with many achievements while in prison. Id.
[25] Trotter wisely avoids discussing the nature of the offenses, which were marked
with brutality. For example, after stabbing Officer Sheets, Trotter ripped the
knife out by “twist[ing] up and pull[ing] it out sideways.” Tr. Dir. Appeal Vol.
VIII at 43. Moreover, while holding Counselor Weist hostage, Trotter
threatened sexual assault and said he would enjoy cutting Counselor Weist
open. Id. at 145. Although Trotter had a traumatic childhood—and claims his
involvement in the riot stemmed from a protective instinct developed in his
youth—Trotter was nevertheless an adult who willingly participated in a brutal,
prolonged riot that left many traumatized. Trotter, now in his fifties, has made
positive changes while in the penal system, and we are mindful of that progress.
However, having reviewed the matter, we are not persuaded that the nature of
the offenses and the character of the offender warrant disturbing the sentence
imposed by the court. We conclude that the sentence is not inappropriate.
Conclusion
[26] Trotter waived his claim regarding the doctrine of amelioration, and he is
otherwise not entitled to a statutory cap regarding consecutive sentences. The
court did not abuse its sentencing discretion. The sentence is not inappropriate.
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[27] Affirmed.
Najam, J., and May, J., concur.
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