In Re: The Adoption of B.J.P., Minor Child, B.W. and J.P. v. N.C. and K.C. (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Feb 27 2015, 10:12 am
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
precedent or cited before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
Steven M. Bush Jill Sisson
Christopher W. Kimbrough Michael A. Fish
Millbranth & Bush Valparaiso, Indiana
Valparaiso, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In Re: The Adoption of February 27, 2015
B.J.P., Minor Child, Court of Appeals Case No.
64A03-1409-AD-329
B.W. and J.P.,
Appeal from the Porter Superior
Appellants-Respondents, Court.
The Honorable William E. Alexa,
v. Judge.
Cause No. 64D02-1307-AD-6168
N.C. and K.C.,
Appellees-Petitioners
Baker, Judge.
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[1] B.W. (Mother) appeals the judgment of the trial court denying her motion to
withdraw her consent to the adoption of her child, B.P. (Child). Finding that
Mother failed to withdraw her consent within the thirty-day time period
allowed for by statute and that she has not shown her original consent to be the
result of duress, fraud, or any other consent-vitiating factor, we affirm.
Facts
[2] Child was born on July 23, 2012, to Mother and J.P. (Father). Mother, who
was seventeen years old at the time, lived with her grandparents, who were then
her legal guardians. At some point in 2013, Mother spoke with K.C. and N.C.
(Aunt and Uncle) and decided that it would be in Child’s best interests to be
adopted by Aunt and Uncle.
[3] On June 28, 2013, Mother and her grandmother met Aunt and Uncle at their
attorney’s office to discuss Child’s adoption. Mother was not represented by
independent counsel at this meeting. At the end of the meeting, the attorney
decided that it would be best for Mother’s grandparents to sign a consent
agreement and then, when Mother turned eighteen, for her to sign as well.
Mother’s grandparents signed the agreement on July 3, 2013.
[4] On July 11, 2013, Aunt and Uncle filed a Verified Petition for Adoption of
Minor Child. Father, who had provided Child with no support since Child’s
birth, was served notice of the adoption by publication. Father’s consent to the
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adoption was irrevocably implied when he failed to contest the adoption within
the time period allowed for by statute.1 Ind. Code § 31-19-9-18.
[5] On September 6, 2013, Mother, who was now eighteen years old, returned to
Aunt and Uncle’s attorney’s office to sign a consent agreement. As had been
the case before, Mother was not represented by independent counsel. Mother
signed the agreement, attesting that, among other things, she understood that
adoption would terminate her parental rights, she was under no compulsion,
duress, or undue influence, she believed it was in Child’s best interests to be
adopted by Aunt and Uncle, and she consented to Child being placed in their
sole care, custody, and control.
[6] However, on January 3, 2014, Mother filed a Verified Motion to Withdraw
Consent to Adoption of Minor Child. In her motion, Mother claimed that she
felt she had no choice but to sign the consent agreement at the time. She
claimed that her consent “was essentially obtained by coercion and [she] was
under extreme duress at the time she signed” the agreement. Appellant’s App.
p. 18. Mother also claimed that, before adopting Child, Aunt and Uncle had
promised Mother that they would allow her to see Child any time she wished,
but they had not kept their word. Finally, Mother claimed she was not given
the opportunity to seek independent legal counsel before signing the agreement.
1
Although Father did eventually contest the adoption, he did not do so until March 28, 2014, well over thirty
days after he was served with notice.
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[7] On June 20, 2014, the trial court held a hearing that Mother, now represented
by counsel, attended. On August 19, 2014, the trial court issued an order
denying Mother’s motion to withdraw consent. Among other things, the trial
court found that Mother failed to withdraw her consent within the thirty-day
time period allowed for by statute and that she had not shown her original
consent to be the result of duress, fraud, or any other consent-vitiating factor.
Mother now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[8] When we review a trial court’s ruling in an adoption proceeding, we will not
disturb that ruling unless the evidence leads to only one conclusion and the trial
court reached the opposite conclusion. In re Adoption of H.N.P.G., 878 N.E.2d
900, 903 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). We will not reweigh the evidence; rather, we
will examine the evidence most favorable to the trial court’s decision together
with the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Id. We will affirm if sufficient
evidence exists to sustain the decision. In re Adoption of M.A.S., 815 N.E.2d 216,
219 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). The trial court is presumed to be correct and it is the
appellant’s burden to overcome that presumption. Id.[9] The adoption statute creates a proceeding unknown at common law. In re
B.W., 908 N.E.2d 586, 593 (Ind. 2009). This Court must strictly construe the
statute in favor of the rights of biological parents. Id. However, we must also
be mindful that “careful administration of the statute serves purposes beyond
protecting the rights of natural parents to be with their children.” In re Adoption
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of A.S., 912 N.E.2d 840, 848 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). “It also serves to protect
children and to shield all involved parties from unnecessary instability and
uncertainty.” Id.[10] Indiana Code section 31-19-10-3 provides that consent to adoption may not be
withdrawn more than “thirty (30) days after the consent to adoption is signed.”
Because it is undisputed that Mother failed to withdraw her consent within this
time period, Mother bases her initial argument on her rights under the United
States Constitution.
[11] The right to raise one’s child is an essential and basic right that is protected by
the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In re Adoption of
M.P.S., Jr., 963 N.E.2d 625, 629 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). Therefore, Indiana’s
statutes governing adoption should not be construed so as to destroy safeguards
erected for the preservation of family relationships. Id. “For the execution of a
parent’s consent to the adoption of his or her child to be valid, the consent must
be a voluntary consent to the termination of all parental rights.” Id. To be
voluntary, “it must be an act of the parent’s own volition, free from duress,
fraud, or consent-vitiating factors.” Id.[12] Mother argues that her consent was obtained through duress. She asserts that
she “believed she would have regular visitation with [Child] because she lived
two doors down from [Aunt and Uncle].” Appellant’s Br. p. 13. Indeed, the
record does show that, while Mother continued to reside with her grandparents,
she visited Child “[a]lmost every single day. . . .” Tr. p. 37. However, when
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Mother moved out of her grandparent’s home,2 she did not continue to visit
child nearly as often.
[13] Mother points to this Court’s decision in M.P.S., in which the child’s adoptive
parents had promised the mother that she would be allowed to visit the child
but had not kept their promise. 963 N.E.2d at 630. We considered this as a
factor when determining whether the mother had consented voluntarily. 3 Id.However, in this case, there is nothing in the record indicating that Mother was
promised, or even led to believe, that she would be allowed to visit Child. It is
true that she visited Child frequently before moving out of her grandparent’s
house, but any change in visitation appears to be due to her change of residence
rather than any action on the part of Aunt and Uncle. Although Mother
testified that Aunt and Uncle told her she couldn’t come see Child, Aunt and
Uncle testified that Mother had only asked to see Child twice and had come to
see Child once. Tr. p. 37, 64, 74-75.
[14] Mother also points out that she was not represented by counsel throughout this
process. We have previously held that “the advice and consultation of an
2
Although it is unclear from the record where Mother was living at the time of the June 20, 2014, hearing,
she stated that she intended to move in with her then-fiancé. Tr. p. 41-42.
3
Mother mischaracterizes our holding in M.P.S. when she claims that “the court held that the mother’s
consent to the adoption of her minor child was involuntary because the mother had the impression she would
have continued contact with the child.” Appellant’s Br. p. 12. First, the mother in M.P.S. did not have a
mere impression that she would be allowed visitation, but was explicitly promised so. 963 N.E.2d at 630.
Second, this fact alone was not determinative, as we concluded in M.P.S. that “[t]he record is replete with
evidence of procedural error, involuntariness, and fraud upon the court.” Id. at 632. A broken promise of
visitation was one factor out of many. Id.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 64A03-1409-AD-329 | February 27, 2015 Page 6 of 10
attorney is not a condition precedent to the execution of a valid consent to
adoption.” Matter of Adoption of Hewitt, 396 N.E.2d 938, 941 (Ind. Ct. App.
1979). Though we recognize this holding, we would certainly prefer to have
seen both sides represented by counsel in this matter. Although the record is
unclear as to what extent Mother was informed of her right to obtain counsel, 4
we wish to make clear that all parties to an adoption should be informed of
their right to seek counsel and given sufficient time to do so. And, especially in
the case of a party as young as Mother, attorneys should be disinclined to enter
into such agreements before all sides have sought the advice of counsel.
[15] However, while we are significantly troubled by the fact that Mother lacked
independent legal representation in this matter, given all the circumstances, we
do not find that her consent was involuntary. Mother was given more than two
months in between the first and second meetings to consider her decision. The
evidence supports the trial court’s determination that Mother consented
voluntarily. See Tr. p. 53-56. We will not reweigh this evidence on appeal.
[16] Mother next argues that her consent was not valid because it was not given in
open court. Although Mother acknowledges that the adoption statute does not
require consent to be given in open court, she argues that we should read the
statute to include this requirement. Mother advocates for this reading because
the statute governing voluntary termination of parental rights does require that
4
Mother does not recall any conversation to this effect. Tr. p. 31. Her grandmother testified that Mother
had been informed of her right to an attorney. Tr. p. 53.
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consent be given in open court and Mother believes that the two statutes should
have the same requirements. Ind. Code § 31-35-1-6.
[17] Mother’s interpretation, while sensible, is simply not the law. Indiana Code
section 31-19-9-2 provides that consent to adoption may be executed in the
presence of the court, a notary public, or an authorized agent of the Department
of Child Services. On the other hand, Indiana Code section 31-35-1-6,
governing consent to the termination of parental rights, provides that such
consent must be given in open court except in certain cases. Thus, while
parents who are voluntarily terminating their parental rights must consent in
open court, parents who are consenting to have their children adopted are not
required to do so.
[18] In support of her contention, Mother cites our Supreme Court’s opinion in Neal
v. DeKalb County Division of Family and Children, in which the Court held that a
“parent’s written consent to the voluntary termination of parental rights is
invalid unless she appears in open court to acknowledge her consent to the
termination,” unless other exceptions apply. 796 N.E.2d 280, 285 (Ind. 2003).
This is certainly true, but this case is not helpful to Mother’s argument as it did
not involve adoption.
[19] Mother argues that, because both voluntary termination and adoption
permanently terminate a parent’s parental rights, the statutes governing these
processes “should be harmonized to provide the same withdrawal of consent
procedures and fully protect the rights of the natural parent.” Appellant’s Br. p.
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17. Mother argues that one should be required to consent to adoption in open
court because “a neutral, detached magistrate is in the best position to
determine whether a parent understands the ramifications of entering into an
adoption or voluntar[ily] terminating their parental rights.” Id. at 18. This may
be true, but as the adoption statute unambiguously allows parents to consent to
adoption outside of the presence of such a magistrate, it is the province of the
General Assembly, rather than this Court, to consider such an argument.
[20] Finally, Aunt and Uncle request damages pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule
66(E). Rule 66(E) provides that “[t]he Court may assess damages if an appeal
. . . is frivolous or in bad faith.” Aunt and Uncle argue that this appeal was
frivolous and in bad faith because Mother’s “pinnacle argument was that [she]
needed to first appear before a court” to consent to the adoption. Appellee’s Br.
p. 14.
[21] We disagree with this interpretation of Mother’s argument. Mother’s initial
argument is that her consent to the adoption was involuntary. This argument,
while not a winning one, was a reasonable argument to make. While we
ultimately disagree with Mother, we are certainly troubled by some aspects of
her situation, especially her lack of legal representation throughout the
proceedings. Although Mother’s second argument failed as well, we cannot
conclude that her argument as a whole was frivolous or in bad faith.
Consequently, we refuse to assess damages.
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[22] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Vaidik, C.J., and Riley, J., concur.
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