Bryan Lee Jordan v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Dec 18 2017, 10:53 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Bruce W. Graham Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Graham Law Firm P.C. Attorney General of Indiana
Lafayette, Indiana
J.T. Whitehead
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Bryan Lee Jordan, December 18, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
79A05-1706-CR-1285
v. Appeal from the Tippecanoe
Superior Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Steven P. Meyer,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
79D02-1608-F2-21
May, Judge.
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[1] Bryan Lee Jordan appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion for continuance
and challenges the sufficiency of evidence supporting his conviction of Level 2
felony possession of at least ten grams of methamphetamine with the intent to
deliver. 1 We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On July 30, 2016, officers were dispatched to the home of Jamie Rowland on a
complaint that her ex-boyfriend was attempting to enter her residence.
Tippecanoe County Sheriff’s Deputy Dustin Oliver arrived at the home and
observed a man in the driveway, later identified as Jordan, astride a motorcycle
parked next to a car. 2 As Deputy Oliver walked toward the residence, Jordan
“got off of the motorcycle and took a backpack off of his back and placed it in
the vehicle that was sitting next to the motorcycle[.]” (Tr. at 29.) Tippecanoe
County Sheriff’s Lieutenant John Ricks arrived around the same time, but
approached from a different angle. He, too, saw Jordan “open[] the driver’s
side door and set the back pack in the driver’s seat of that passenger car.” (Id. at
63.)
[3] When the officers checked the plates of the motorcycle, the “plate returned on a
blue Yamaha.” (Id. at 65.) Lieutenant Ricks provided the vehicle identification
1
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1.1 (2016).
2
The car was later identified as an Impala belonging to Rowland.
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number “to dispatch so that they could run it[.]” (Id. at 66.) Dispatch replied
the motorcycle had been reported stolen. At that point, Deputy Oliver
attempted to place Jordan under arrest, but Jordan resisted. Eventually,
Deputy Oliver was able to effectuate the arrest. However, during the struggle,
several items fell out of Jordan’s pockets, including the keys to the motorcycle.
Lieutenant Ricks asked Rowland if the backpack belonged to her but she said it
did not. Lieutenant Ricks emptied the backpack and found methamphetamine,
marijuana, 3 a glass pipe, a torch, two digital scales, a baggy, a switch blade
knife, and various toiletries.
[4] The State charged Jordan with Level 2 felony dealing in methamphetamine,
Level 4 felony possession of methamphetamine, 4 Class B misdemeanor
possession of marijuana, 5 Class C misdemeanor possession of paraphernalia, 6
Level 6 felony auto theft/receiving stolen auto parts, 7 Class A misdemeanor
resisting law enforcement, 8 and a habitual offender enhancement. 9
3
Lab tests confirmed the substances were 12.85 grams of marijuana and 13.15 grams of methamphetamine.
4
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-6.1 (2014).
5
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-11 (2014).
6
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-8.3 (2015).
7
Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2.5 (2014).
8
Ind. Code § 35-44.1-3-1 (2016).
9
Ind. Code § 35-50-2-8 (2015).
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[5] The court assigned a public defender to Jordan in August 2016 and set the
matter for a jury trial on December 13, 2016. On December 30, 2016, the jury
trial was reset to April 11, 2017. After a pretrial conference on March 17, 2017,
the trial court called the jury on March 20, 2017. On March 24, 2017, Jordan
filed a motion to continue. Jordan contended he wished to hire Caroline Briggs
as private counsel but Briggs was not available to try the case on April 11, 2017.
[6] The trial court held a hearing on Jordan’s motion to continue. Jordan’s public
defender and Briggs argued the State would be filing charges against Jordan for
a separate incident, and Jordan wished to hire Briggs “to figure out what those
charges are in dealing with a plea or potential plea [and] deal with all of his
cases at once.” (Id. at 9.) The State objected to the motion to continue. It
argued the April 11 date had been “acknowledged for jury trial[,]” (id. at 6),
witnesses had already been subpoenaed, and Jordan had been “informed [at the
pretrial conference] that if he hired private counsel that whoever he hired
needed to be prepared to go to trial on the April 11th trial date.” (Id.) The trial
court told Jordan he could hire private counsel, but it denied his motion to
continue. Briggs did not enter her appearance for Jordan.
[7] The jury found Jordan guilty on all counts. Based on double jeopardy
concerns, the trial court vacated the Level 4 felony possession of
methamphetamine charge and sentenced Jordan to twenty years for the Level 2
felony dealing in methamphetamine, which it enhanced by six years for
Jordan’s being an habitual offender. The court ordered Jordan to serve 180
days for Class B misdemeanor possession of marijuana, sixty days for Class C
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misdemeanor possession of paraphernalia, two years for Level 6 felony auto
theft, and one year for Class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement, and the
court ordered all of those sentences to be served concurrent with each other and
with the Level 2 felony sentence. Thus, Jordan’s aggregate sentence is twenty-
six years.
Discussion and Decision
Denial of Motion to Continue
Whether the Trial Court’s Denial of Jordan’s Motion for Continuance Was an
Abuse of Discretion
[8] When, as here, a party moves for a continuance not required by statute, 10 we
review the trial court’s decision for abuse of discretion. Flake v. State, 767
N.E.2d 1004, 1008 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). “An abuse of discretion occurs when
the ruling is against the logic and effect of facts and circumstances before the
court or where the record demonstrates prejudice from denial of the
continuance.” Id. Continuances to allow more time for preparation are
generally disfavored in criminal cases. Risner v. State, 604 N.E.2d 13, 14 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1992), trans. denied.
[9] The parties attended a pretrial conference on March 17, 2017, wherein both
acknowledged the trial date of April 11, 2017. This acknowledgment assured
10
Neither party contends Jordan’s motion for continuance was pursuant to statute.
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the trial court the trial was going to occur and, based thereon, the trial court
issued an “Order to Call Jury.” (App. Vol. II at 5.) On March 24, 2017, Jordan
filed a motion for continuance, and the trial court held a hearing on the motion
that day. Jordan’s attorney argued the motion should be granted because
Jordan wished to hire Caroline Briggs, who was unavailable for trial on April
11, 2017. Further, he argued more charges were being brought against Jordan,
and Briggs wanted to be able to “deal with all of his cases at once.” (Tr. at 9.)
[10] The State objected because the trial date had been acknowledged by the parties,
subpoenas had been issued for witnesses, and the jury had been called.
Additionally, the State argued “the court had told [Jordan] on at least one
occasion that once the case [was] acknowledged for trial he needed to be
prepared to go.” (Id. at 7.) The trial court denied the motion for continuance
but told Briggs she was welcome to enter her appearance.
[11] Jordan has not professed any prejudice resulted from the denial of his motion
for continuance as required by the standard of review. See Flake, 767 N.E.2d at
1008 (on appeal, appellant must demonstrate prejudice from the denial of the
continuance). We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying Jordan’s motion for continuance after he had acknowledged the trial
date. See Lewis v. State, 730 N.E.2d 686, 690 (Ind. 2000) (court did not err in
denying continuance when “time of dozens of prospective jurors summoned for
the trial would have been wasted”).
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Whether the Trial Court’s Denial of Jordan’s Motion for Continuance
Amounted to a Violation of Jordan’s Constitutional Rights
[12] The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, applied to the States
through the Fourteenth Amendment, guarantees the accused, in a criminal
prosecution, shall “have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S.
Const. Amendment VI. Such a right to counsel of choice “has been described
as an ‘essential component’ of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel[.]”
Barham v. State, 641 N.E.2d 79, 82 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994). A denial of this right is
reviewed to determine if the trial court acted unreasonably and arbitrarily. Id.
However, this right is not absolute and the right must be exercised at the
appropriate stage. Lewis, 730 N.E.2d at 689. “Continuances sought shortly
before trial to hire a new attorney are disfavored because they cause substantial
loss of time for jurors, lawyers and the court.” Perry v. State, 638 N.E.2d 1236,
1241 (Ind. 1994).
[13] Jordan argues the trial court unreasonably and arbitrarily interfered with his
Sixth Amendment right to retain counsel of choice when it denied his motion
for continuance. 11 He asserts these “charges had been pending for only a period
of approximately eight months[,]” (Appellant’s Br. at 13), and the State “did
not cite to any specific reason why prejudice would follow if a continuance was
granted.” Id. He claims this denial “effectively prevented [him] from
proceeding to trial with counsel of his own choosing.” (Id.) The State counters
11
Jordan does not make an Indiana Constitutional argument.
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that although Jordan’s motion for continuance was not as close to trial as many
other cases wherein a denial of the continuance was deemed appropriate,
Jordan had eight months to hire private counsel, he was represented by counsel
at trial, and he does not show how the court’s ruling denied him a fair trial. 12
[14] In Barham, five days before trial, new counsel for Barham filed an appearance
and a motion for continuance so she could prepare for trial. Barham, 641
N.E.2d at 81. As the trial court had previously told Barham any new attorney
would have to be ready to for the previously scheduled trial, the trial court
denied her appearance and her motion for continuance. Id. Although prejudice
must be shown if a request is not filed in a timely fashion, we held it was not
necessary to show prejudice for a timely request because the “requirement of a
showing of prejudice is inextricably bound to the untimeliness of a request.” Id.
at 83 n.6. As Barham’s counsel had offered to act as co-counsel to the public
defender, she had “indicat[ed] that she could have been prepared for trial on the
scheduled date.” Id. at 84. We held that, in that situation, the trial court’s
denial of private counsel’s appearance was an unreasonable and arbitrary
interference with Barham’s right to retain counsel. Id. at 84-85. However, in
the present case, the trial court did not deny Briggs’ appearance. It only denied
Jordan’s motion for continuance.
12
Jordan does not claim he was prejudiced by the denial of his motion. Rather, he asserts that if the trial
court “unreasonably or arbitrarily interfere[d] with the right to retain counsel of choice, [the conviction]
cannot stand, irrespective of whether the defendant has been prejudiced.” (Appellant’s Br. at 12-13) (citing
Barham v. State, 641 N.E.2d 79, 82 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994)).
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[15] When reviewing denials of motions for continuance tied to prospective
counsel’s appearance, we have distinguished Barham from other cases wherein
counsel’s appearance was denied if it was contingent on a continuance. In
Dickson v. State, 520 N.E.2d 101 (Ind. 1988), Dickson’s public defender filed a
motion for continuance eight days prior to trial because “he had insufficient
time to prepare a defense.” Id. at 105. One day prior to trial, Dickson filed
another motion for continuance and moved to replace his public defender with
private counsel. Id. The replacement by private counsel was contingent on the
motion for continuance being granted. Id. The State objected because
“witnesses had arrived or were scheduled to do so from various parts of the
country[,]” id., one witness was difficult to keep track of, and Dickson had had
“twelve months to employ private counsel[.]” Id. The trial court denied the
motion for continuance. Id. We found no abuse of discretion in the denial of
continuance due to “the length of time before trial and the fact that appellant’s
counsel was able to interview witnesses before trial[.]” Id. As Dickson did not
show he was prejudiced by the denial of the motion, we found no error. Id.
[16] We find the present case to be more analogous to Dickson. The result in
Barham, on which Jordan relies, rests on the denial of Barham’s prospective
counsel’s appearance rather than the denial of his motion for continuance.
Herein, the trial court did not deny the appearance of Jordan’s private counsel,
Briggs. Although Jordan’s motion for continuance was not filed on the day of
or the day before trial, his private counsel made her appearance contingent on
the grant of the motion for continuance, the case had been pending for eight
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months, witnesses had been subpoenaed, and the jury had been called. Jordan
had been told that after the trial date was acknowledged, any new counsel
would need to be prepared to try the case on the scheduled date. During the
hearing for the motion for continuance, the State noted Jordan’s trial “was the
only case that acknowledge [sic] for trial on the April 11th trial date so if his case
gets continued [the court] won’t have a trial that week[.]” (Tr. at 6.) We do not
find the trial court acted unreasonably or arbitrarily when it denied Jordan’s
motion for continuance. 13 See Dickson, 520 N.E.2d at 105 (no error when
witnesses scheduled, case had been pending for twelve months, and no
prejudice); see also Conrad v. State, 747 N.E.2d 575, 585 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001)
(trial court did not act unreasonably when it denied a motion for continuance
after the case had been scheduled for five months), superseded by statute on other
grounds.
Sufficiency of Evidence
[17] When reviewing the sufficiency of evidence to support a conviction, we
consider only the probative evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the
fact-finder’s decision. Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007). It is the
fact-finder’s role, and not ours, to assess witness credibility and weigh the
13
We also note that because Jordan was warned that any prospective counsel would need to be prepared for
the April 11, 2017, trial once it had been acknowledged, his motion for continuance was not timely; thus, he
would need to show prejudice in order to prevail. As we noted, Jordan does not argue that he was
prejudiced. See supra n.12. We decline to scour the record for such evidence on Jordan’s behalf. See Legacy
Healthcare, Inc. v. Barnes & Thornburg, 837 N.E.2d 619, 639 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (appellate court does not
search the record for evidence), reh’g denied, trans. denied.
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evidence to determine whether it is sufficient to support a conviction. Id. To
preserve this structure, when we are confronted with conflicting evidence, we
consider it most favorably to the fact-finder’s decision. Id. We affirm a
conviction unless no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the crime
proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. It is therefore not necessary that the
evidence overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence; rather, the
evidence is sufficient if an inference reasonably may be drawn from it to support
the fact-finder’s decision. Id. at 147.
[18] To prove Jordan intended to distribute at least ten grams of methamphetamine,
the State had to prove he “possesse[d], with intent to . . . deliver[,]
methamphetamine, pure or adulterated [and] the amount of the drug involved
[wa]s at least ten (10) grams.” Ind. Code §§ 35-48-4-1.1(a)(2) & (e) (2016). The
State presented evidence Jordan had a large amount of cash, scales, and more
than ten grams of methamphetamine.
[19] “Intent is a mental function[.]” Isom v. State, 589 N.E.2d 245, 247 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1992), trans. denied. Without an admission, “the trier of fact must resort to
reasonable inferences based upon an examination of the surrounding
circumstances to determine whether, from the person’s conduct and the natural
consequences thereof, a showing or inference of intent to commit that conduct
exists.” Id. Intent may be proven by circumstantial evidence. Mason v. State,
532 N.E.2d 1169, 1171 (Ind. 1989), cert. denied 490 U.S. 1049 (1989). “The
possession of a large amount of narcotics is circumstantial evidence of intent to
deliver.” Id.
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[20] Jordan argues it was possible the full amount of methamphetamine he
possessed was for personal use. He argues that, contrary to caselaw, the State
should be required to prove “that a person must possess with the intent to
deliver – and the amount of the drug involved must be at least ten grams[.]”
(Appellant’s Br. at 17) (emphasis in original). He argues our holding in
Bookwalter v. State, 22 N.E.3d 735 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied, was
“simply incorrect.” (Appellant’s Br. at 17.)
[21] In Bookwalter, we held the enhancement requiring the amount of the drug be
more than three grams was a separate subsection of the statute and did not
“require proof of intent to deliver a specific weight of drugs.” Bookwalter, 22
N.E.3d at 742. Consequently, the State was not required to prove Bookwalter
actually delivered any specific amount of drugs; rather, it was only required to
prove he possessed a specific amount of drugs. Therefore, we affirmed
Bookwalter’s conviction.
[22] We have held “that possession of a large amount of a narcotic substance is
circumstantial evidence of intent to deliver.” Cline v. State, 860 N.E.2d 647, 650
(Ind. Ct. App. 2007); see also Davis v. State, 791 N.E.2d 266, 270 (Ind. Ct. App.
2003) (“The more narcotics a person possesses, the stronger the inference that
he intended to deliver it and not consume it personally.”), trans. denied. We
acknowledged, in Cline, that even a large amount of drugs, if packaged for
personal use, does not establish intent to deliver. Cline, 860 N.E.2d at 650.
Cline was charged with dealing marijuana. We also held “that possession of
paraphernalia used to ingest the controlled substance at issue is more likely
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indicative of personal use than intent to deliver.” Id. However, in Cline, that is
all he had: a pipe, rolling papers, a bag of marijuana, and “two bindles of
methamphetamine.” (Id. at 648.) We held that if Cline had not actually
delivered the marijuana to a third party, the evidence alone would not have
supported his conviction.
[23] Jordan did possess paraphernalia to ingest the methamphetamine but he also
possessed a large amount of the drug, scales to weigh it, a large amount of cash,
and at least one other empty baggie. The jury could reasonably infer he had
intent to deliver. See Hazzard v. State, 642 N.E.2d 1368, 1370 (Ind. 1994)
(possession of a relatively large quantity of drugs was sufficient to support the
fact-finder’s conclusion the individual possessing that quantity intended to
deliver it). Jordan’s arguments to the contrary are a request that we reweigh the
evidence, which we cannot do. See Drane, 867 N.E.2d at 146 (appellate court
cannot reweigh evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses).
Conclusion
[24] The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Jordan’s motion for
continuance and did not unreasonably or arbitrarily interfere with his ability to
retain counsel of choice. The State presented sufficient evidence Jordan
intended to deliver methamphetamine. Accordingly, we affirm.
[25] Affirmed.
Vaidik, C.J., and Altice, J., concur.
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