Philip M. Reed v. State of Indiana

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the
case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
PAULA M. SAUER GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Danville, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
BRIAN REITZ
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
Apr 19 2013, 9:59 am
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
PHILIP M. REED, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 32A05-1208-CR-426
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE HENDRICKS SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Mark A. Smith, Judge
Cause No. 32D04-1102-FC-36
April 19, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
PYLE, Judge
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Philip M. Reed (“Reed”) appeals his conviction, following a jury trial, for Class C
felony operating a motor vehicle after driving privileges are forfeited for life.1
We affirm.
ISSUE
Whether Reed received effective assistance of trial counsel.
FACTS
On February 24, 2011, Reed had three prior Class D felony convictions for
operating a vehicle as a habitual traffic violator (“HTV”), and his driving privileges had
been forfeited for life. That evening, Reed; his girlfriend, Amanda Purtell (“Purtell”);
and another couple, Michelle Willyard (“Willyard”) and Joshua Casey (“Casey”); left
Brazil, Indiana and went to Indianapolis to attend a concert. Purtell drove everyone to
the concert in Reed’s mother’s car. At some point after they had arrived at the concert
venue, they were asked to leave because Reed and Purtell were arguing.
The road conditions were icy when they left Indianapolis, and Reed, who was
concerned about Purtell being able to drive in the icy conditions, decided to drive home.
Reed, Purtell, Willyard, and Casey got into the car and headed west on Interstate 70 (“I-
70”). While they were on I-70 in Hendricks County, the car hit an icy patch on the
interstate, spun out, and slid into a median, causing extensive damage to the car. After
the accident, Willyard “lost it” and asked to be dropped off so that she could get another
1
Ind. Code § 9-30-10-17.
2
ride home. (Tr. 222). Purtell then drove the damaged car and dropped Willyard and
Casey off at a Speedway gas station (“Speedway South station”) near State Road 267.
Around 10:30 p.m., Plainfield Police Officer Ryan Salisbury (“Officer Salisbury”)
was dispatched to the Speedway South station on a report of a disturbance between two
males and two females. Upon arriving at the gas station, Officer Salisbury was informed
that one of the couples had gone to the McDonald’s across the street while the other
couple drove away in a red Dodge passenger car. Officer Salisbury then went to the
McDonald’s and spoke with Willyard. Willyard told Officer Salisbury that she and
Casey had been in the red Dodge with Purtell and her boyfriend, who was driving the car
when it crashed on I-70.
Thereafter, Officer Salisbury was dispatched to another Speedway gas station
(“Speedway West station”) near U.S. 40 and the Dan Jones Expressway upon a report
that the damaged red Dodge had been located. When he arrived at the Speedway West
station, Officer Salisbury saw Purtell sitting in the driver’s seat and Reed sitting in the
passenger seat of the damaged red Dodge. Reed initially told Officer Salisbury that he
had not been driving the car and claimed that the damage to the car happened three weeks
prior. However, Reed later admitted that he had driven the car.
Plainfield Police Officer Brian Stewart (“Officer Stewart”) also spoke with Reed
and videotaped the conversation in his police car. During the interview, Reed admitted
that he was driving the car on I-70 when the car spun out on the icy highway and hit a
median. Reed also admitted that his driving privileges had been forfeited for life, and
3
that he had driven the car despite having no license. Reed claimed that he drove the car
only because he did not want Purtell to drive on the icy roads.
While at the Speedway West station, Officer Salisbury spoke with Purtell and
videotaped his conversation with her. Purtell admitted that Reed had been driving at the
time of the accident. She pleaded with the officer not to take Reed to jail and stated that
she could “cover” for him and say she was driving the whole time. (State’s Ex. 6).
The State charged Reed with Class C felony operating a motor vehicle after
driving privileges are forfeited for life. On May 1, 2012, the trial court conducted a jury
trial. Prior to trial, Reed stipulated that, on the date of the alleged offense, his “driving
privileges were validly suspended and revoked for life after having been convicted as a
habitual traffic violator under I.C. 9-30-10-16.”2 (App. 109). Thus, the only issue for
trial was whether Reed operated a motor vehicle.
During opening statements, Reed’s counsel made clear that Reed’s defense was
that the State could not prove that Reed was driving the car that night because no police
officer would or could testify that they saw Reed drive the car. Reed’s counsel stated
that, instead, the other three people in the car—all of whom had “firsthand knowledge” as
to who was driving the car—were going to testify that Purtell, not Reed, was driving the
car at all times that night. (Tr. 167).
During cross-examination of Officer Salisbury, Reed’s counsel asked the officer if
Willyard had made any comments to him regarding whether anyone in the car had been
drinking alcohol on the night of the accident, and Officer Salisbury responded, “She
2
Reed stipulated that he had three prior Class D felony convictions for operating a vehicle as an HTV
under Indiana Code § 9-30-10-16.
4
stated that they had gone to a concert[,] that the male driver that she did not identify at
the time was driving erratically and that’s why she wanted to get out to have a friend
come give her a ride.” (Tr. 187). At one other time during cross-examination and then
during re-direct and re-cross examination, Officer Salisbury testified that all the people in
the car had indicated that Reed was driving.
During Officer Stewart’s direct examination, the State moved to introduce State’s
Exhibit 5, Reed’s videotaped statement to police, wherein he admitted that he drove the
car when it crashed. Reed’s counsel objected based on hearsay, and the State argued that
it was not hearsay and was admissible under Indiana Evidence Rule 801(d)(2) as a
statement by a party-opponent. The trial court overruled Reed’s objection and admitted
State’s Exhibit 5 into evidence.
After the State rested, Reed moved for a directed verdict, which the trial court
denied. Thereafter, Reed presented testimony from Purtell, Willyard, and Casey, all of
whom testified that Reed was not driving the car that night. When the State cross-
examined these three witnesses about their prior statements to the police indicating that
Reed was driving the car, they all testified that they were extremely intoxicated that
night. These three witnesses all testified that they remembered talking to police but that
they did not remember the content of their conversations with the police. More
specifically, they did not remember making comments to police indicating that Reed was
driving.
5
Reed also called Officer Salisbury as a witness during his case-in-chief. During
the State’s cross-examination of Officer Salisbury, the State introduced Exhibit 6,
Purtell’s videotaped interview with police in which she admitted that Reed was driving.
The jury found Reed guilty as charged. The trial court imposed a seven (7) year
sentence to be executed at the Department of Correction. Reed now appeals his
conviction, challenging the effectiveness of his trial counsel.
DECISION
Reed argues that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Specifically,
Reed contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for: (A) failing to object to the
officers’ testimony and to the admission of his videotaped confession; and (B) eliciting
opinion testimony from Officer Salisbury during re-cross examination.
We evaluate claims concerning denial of the Sixth Amendment right to effective
assistance of counsel using the two-part test articulated in Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668 (1984), reh’g denied. Reed v. State, 866 N.E.2d 767, 769 (Ind. 2007). A claim
of ineffective assistance of trial counsel requires a showing that: (1) counsel’s
performance was deficient by falling below an objective standard of reasonableness
based on prevailing professional norms; and (2) counsel’s performance prejudiced the
defendant such that “‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’” Davidson
v. State, 763 N.E.2d 441, 444 (Ind. 2002) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687), reh’g
denied, cert. denied. “A reasonable probability arises when there is a ‘probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’” Grinstead v. State, 845 N.E.2d
6
1027, 1031 (Ind. 2006) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “Failure to satisfy either of
the two prongs will cause the claim to fail.” Gulzar v. State, 971 N.E.2d 1258, 1261 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2012) (citing French v. State, 778 N.E.2d 816, 824 (Ind. 2002)).
Before proceeding to Reed’s specific allegations of error, we pause to note the
procedural effect of Reed bringing his claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on
direct appeal. While this practice is not prohibited, a post-conviction proceeding is
generally “‘the preferred forum’” for adjudicating claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel because the presentation of such claims often requires the development of new
facts not present in the trial record. McIntire v. State, 717 N.E.2d 96, 101 (Ind. 1999)
(quoting Woods v. State, 701 N.E.2d 1208, 1219 (Ind. 1998), reh’g denied, cert. denied).
If a defendant chooses to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct
appeal, “the issue will be foreclosed from collateral review.” Woods, 701 N.E.2d at
1220. This rule should “likely deter all but the most confident appellants from asserting
any claim of ineffectiveness on direct appeal.” Id. When a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel is based solely on the trial record, as it is on direct appeal, “every
indulgence will be given to the possibility that a seeming lapse or error by defense
counsel was in fact a tactical move, flawed only in hindsight[,]” and “[i]t is no surprise
that such claims almost always fail.” Id. at 1216 (quoting United States v. Taglia, 922
F.2d 413, 418 (7th Cir. 1991), cert. denied).
A. Failure to Object
Reed contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to: (1)
Officer Salisbury’s testimony—indicating that the other occupants of the vehicle told him
7
that Reed was driving the car—based on hearsay; and (2) Officer Salisbury’s and Officer
Stewart’s testimony that Reed confessed to driving and to State’s Exhibit 5, Reed’s
videotaped confession, based on the State’s alleged failure to establish a corpus delicti.
“Counsel is afforded considerable discretion in choosing strategy and tactics, and
we will accord those decisions deference.” Timberlake v. State, 753 N.E.2d 591, 603
(Ind. 2001), reh’g denied, cert. denied. “A strong presumption arises that counsel
rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of
reasonable professional judgment.” Id. Furthermore, a defendant “‘must show more than
isolated poor strategy, bad tactics, a mistake, carelessness or inexperience; the defense as
a whole must be inadequate.’” Lambert v. State, 743 N.E.2d 719, 741 (Ind. 2001)
(quoting Miller v. State, 702 N.E.2d 1053, 1059 (Ind. 1998) (emphasis in original), cert.
denied), reh’g denied, cert. denied.
Indeed, we assess counsel’s performance based on facts that are known at the time
and not through hindsight. Shanabarger v. State, 846 N.E.2d 702, 709 (Ind. Ct. App.
2006) (citing Brown v. State, 691 N.E.2d 438, 446 (Ind. 1998)), trans. denied. When
considering whether counsel’s performance was deficient, “the question is not whether
the attorney could--or even should--have done something more[,]” rather “the inquiry
must focus on what the attorney actually did[.]” Reed, 866 N.E.2d at 769. When a
defendant bases an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on counsel’s failure to object
at trial, the defendant must show that a proper objection, if made, would have been
sustained. Jackson v. State, 683 N.E.2d 560, 563 (Ind. 1997).
1. Hearsay Objection
8
Reed contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to make a hearsay
objection to Officer Salisbury’s testimony that the other occupants of the vehicle
indicated that Reed was driving the car.
Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at
the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Ind.
Evidence Rule 801(c). To prove ineffective assistance of counsel from the failure to
object to hearsay statements, Reed “must prove that an objection would have been
sustained, that the failure to object was unreasonable, and that he was prejudiced.” Potter
v. State, 684 N.E.2d 1127, 1134 (Ind. 1997). “Hearsay statements made by one witness
are not prejudicial if the original declarant testifies to the same statements.” Id. No
prejudice results because “the statements are subject to cross-examination and the
hearsay statements are superfluous.” Id.Reed asserts that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient for failing to make
a hearsay objection to Officer Salisbury’s testimony during cross-examination, the State’s
re-direct examination, and re-cross examination.
Here, when Reed’s counsel was cross-examining Officer Salisbury about what he
did and did not do during his investigation on the night of the offense, the following
exchange occurred:
[Reed’s Counsel:] When you spoke with Michelle Willyard did she
indicate to you whether or not uh anybody had been uh
drinking alcohol that night?
[Officer Salisbury:] She stated that they had gone to a concert[,] that the
male driver that she did not identify at the time was
9
driving erratically and that’s why she wanted to get out
to have a friend come give her a ride.
[Reed’s Counsel:] Okay sir but my question was . .
[Officer Salisbury:] (INTERPOSING) I [d]on’t recall Michelle stating
anything about alcohol.
(Tr. 186-87).
A little later during the cross-examination, Reed’s counsel was questioning Officer
Salisbury about the fact that Reed first told the officers that he had not driven before he
stated that he had driven. Reed’s counsel also questioned the officer about the course of
his investigation and the fact that he had not gotten any surveillance video from either
Speedway gas station, which would have verified that Reed did not drive to the gas
stations:
[Reed’s Counsel:] But we don’t know all those things because you never
asked for any surveillance video, correct?
[Officer Salisbury:] No I simply spoke with everyone involved and at the
conclusion of the incident they advised that Mr. Reed
was driving the vehicle.
(Tr. 191).
On the State’s re-direct examination of Officer Salisbury, the prosecutor followed
up on Reed’s question regarding statements made by Willyard:
[Prosecutor:] Mr. Gooch [Reed’s counsel] asked you a question in
regards to uh statements made by Ms. Willyard or if
I’m pronouncing her name correctly, Willyard?
[Officer Salisbury:] Michelle?
[Prosecutor:] Michelle.
10
[Officer Salisbury:] From the McDonalds?
[Prosecutor:] Yes.
[Officer Salisbury:] Yes.
[Prosecutor:] Um did she tell you who was driving?
[Officer Salisbury:] She stated that Amanda’s [Purtell’s] boyfriend was
driving.
(Tr. 192).
Thereafter, on re-cross examination, Reed’s counsel tried to highlight that Officer
Salisbury did not have first-hand knowledge about whether Reed drove that night:
[Reed’s Counsel:] . . . [F]rom the accident site out on I-70 west to
Speedway South, who do you believe was operating
the vehicle that night?
[Officer Salisbury:] I believe Mr. Reed was operating the vehicle at the
time the accident occurred.
[Reed’s Counsel:] Okay.
[Officer Salisbury:] He very well could have been the individual to drive to
the Speedway South where the altercation had taken
place.
[Reed’s Counsel:] So you don’t know for certain?
[Officer Salisbury:] All I know from talking to all the individuals that he
was operating the vehicle within Hendricks County
between 267 and Ronald Reagan at the time of the
accident that resulted in the damage on the vehicle.
[Reed’s Counsel:] And my question is sir that you don’t [know] for
certain who was driving the vehicle when it pulled into
the Speedway South location, correct?
[Officer Salisbury:] If you give me a moment to refer to my probable cause
affidavit, I’ll make sure . .
11
[Reed’s Counsel:] (INTERPOSING) Sir, I’m asking you what you recall
today?
[Officer Salisbury:] I don’t recall, I don’t recall.
[Reed’s Counsel:] Thank you.
(Tr. 192-93).
On appeal, Reed and the State discuss whether Officer Salisbury’s testimony was
hearsay under the analysis set forth by our Indiana Supreme Court in Craig v. State, 630
N.E.2d 207 (Ind. 1994).3 We, however, need not engage in such an analysis. Even if we
were to determine that the statements were hearsay, Reed has not shown that his
counsel’s failure to object to Officer Salisbury’s testimony was unreasonable or that he
was prejudiced.4 See Potter, 684 N.E.2d at 1134.
From a complete review of the direct appeal record, it appears that Reed’s
counsel’s lack of objection was part of his defense strategy. Reed’s defense was that
3
The Craig Court explained that when ruling on the admissibility of an out-of-court statement received
by a police officer during the course of an investigation that is challenged as hearsay, the trial court
should engage in a three-step inquiry. Craig, 630 N.E.2d at 211. First, the trial court should determine
whether the challenged statement asserts a fact susceptible of being true or false. Id. Next, the trial court
should consider the evidentiary purpose of the proffered statement. Id. If the evidentiary purpose is to
prove the fact asserted, and the statement is neither from a witness nor a party described in Evidence Rule
801(d) and none of the hearsay exceptions apply, then the statement is hearsay and a hearsay objection
would be sustained. Id. Lastly, if the proponent of the statement seeks admission for a purpose other
than to prove the truth, the court should consider whether the fact to be proved is relevant to some issue in
the case, and whether the danger of unfair prejudice that may result from its admission outweighs its
probative value. Id.
4
Additionally, it is unlikely that a hearsay objection would have been sustained given the specific manner
of when and how the testimony occurred. First, from a procedural standpoint, it would not have been
proper for Reed’s counsel to make a hearsay objection to his own questioning of a witness during cross-
examination or re-cross. The more appropriate action would be to move to strike the witness’s testimony
and to ask for an admonishment to the jury. Furthermore, an objection made during the State’s re-direct
examination would not have likely been sustained because the issue concerning the statements of the
other vehicle’s occupants had already been raised by Reed’s counsel during cross-examination.
12
none of the police officers could testify for certain that Reed was driving because they
never saw him driving that night. Reed’s counsel indicated during opening statements
that he was planning to call the three people in the car as witnesses, each of whom had
“firsthand knowledge” as to who was driving the car and would testify that Purtell, not
Reed, was driving the car at all times that night. (Tr. 167). Reed’s counsel knew,
however, that each of those three witnesses had made statements to police indicating that
Reed was driving. Because Reed’s counsel was planning to call them as witnesses, he
may not have objected to Officer Salisbury’s testimony because he would have realized
that these witnesses’ prior identification statements to police would have been admissible
as substantive evidence under Indiana Evidence Rule 801(d)(1)(C)5 upon their testimony
regarding identification of the driver. See, e.g., Kendall v. State, 790 N.E.2d 122, 127-28,
132 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (explaining that a witness’s prior statement to police identifying
the defendant as the driver of the car used in the crime was admissible as substantive
evidence under Evidence Rule 801(d)(1)(C) where the witness recanted her prior
identification statement at trial identifying defendant), trans. denied. See also Dickens v.
State, 754 N.E.2d 1, 6 (Ind. 2001) (holding that witnesses’ statements of identification
recounted by police officers were not hearsay under Evidence Rule 801(d)(1)(C));
Robinson v. State, 682 N.E.2d 806, 810 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (holding that there was no
error in allowing a police detective to testify regarding a witness’s identification of the
5
Indiana Evidence Rule 801(d)(1)(C) provides that a statement is not hearsay if: . . . [t]he declarant
testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and the
statement is . . . one of identification of a person made shortly after perceiving the person . . . . ”
(Emphasis added).
13
defendant where the witness testified at trial and recanted his prior identification
statement and claimed that his prior statement to police was a fabrication).
Because counsel is afforded considerable discretion in choosing strategy and
tactics, we conclude that Reed has failed to prove that counsel’s decision not to object to
Officer Salisbury’s testimony constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. See, e.g.,
Gates v. State, 702 N.E.2d 1076, 1077 (Ind. 1998) (holding that trial counsel was not
ineffective for failing to object to witnesses’ testimony recalling the identification
statement of other witnesses because the identification testimony was admissible under
Indiana Evidence Rule 801(d)(1)(C)).
2. Corpus Delicti Objection
Reed asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
admission of Officer Salisbury’s and Officer Stewart’s testimony that Reed admitted that
he was driving and to State’s Exhibit 5, Reed’s videotaped confession, based on the
State’s alleged failure to establish the corpus delicti for the offense.
The corpus delicti rule “holds that a crime may not be proven based solely on a
confession.” Malinski v. State, 794 N.E.2d 1071, 1086 (Ind. 2003). “‘Proof of the
corpus delicti means proof that the specific crime charged has actually been committed
by someone.’” Cherry v. State, 971 N.E.2d 726, 730 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (quoting
Taylor v. State, 236 Ind. 415, 421, 140 N.E.2d 104, 108 (1957)), trans. denied. In regard
to the corpus delicti rule, we have explained:
For a confession to be admitted into evidence, the State must establish the
corpus delicti. The purpose for requiring proof of the corpus delicti is to
prevent the admission of a defendant’s confession to a crime that never
14
occurred. The State is not required to prove the corpus delicti beyond a
reasonable doubt, but must present independent evidence from which an
inference may be drawn that a crime was committed. The corpus delicti
need not be established prior to admission of the confession so long as the
totality of independent evidence presented at trial establishes it. The corpus
delicti may be established by circumstantial evidence.
Weida v. State, 693 N.E.2d 598, 600 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (internal citations omitted)
(emphasis added), trans. denied.
Here, the totality of the evidence presented, independent of Reed’s admission,
reveals that the corpus delicti for the crime had been established. The State presented
testimony that Reed, Purtell, Willyard, and Casey were all in a Dodge car, owned by
Reed’s mother, when it crashed on I-70, and they presented photographs of the car.
When Officer Salisbury found the damaged car at the Speedway West station, Purtell and
Reed were in the car. There was also evidence—via the State and Reed’s stipulation—
that on the night of the offense, Reed’s driving privileges had been suspended for life
after being convicted of being an HTV. Additionally, the State presented testimony,
during re-direct examination of Officer Salisbury, that inferred that Reed had driven the
car when it crashed. Accordingly, we conclude that Reed has failed to show that his trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to make a corpus delicti objection. See e.g., Weida,
693 N.E.2d at 600 (holding that evidence that police found the defendant in the passenger
seat and another person in the driver’s seat of a wrecked vehicle and both to be
intoxicated “establishe[d] that the offense of driving under the influence was in fact
committed by one of these two individuals” and was thus sufficient to establish the
corpus delicti of the crime). See also Groves v. State, 479 N.E.2d 626, 628 (Ind. Ct. App.
15
1985) (finding sufficient corroborating proof to establish the corpus delicti of driving
while intoxicated where the defendant was the owner of the vehicle and found near the
wrecked vehicle soon after the accident).
B. Eliciting Opinion Testimony
Finally, Reed suggests that his trial counsel was ineffective for eliciting opinion
testimony that led to hearsay testimony from Officer Salisbury during re-cross
examination. Reed contends that his counsel’s re-cross question asking the officer who
he believed was operating the vehicle constituted deficient performance. The officer
responded that he believed Reed was driving because the other passengers had indicated
that he was driving. Thereafter, after Reed’s counsel clarified that the officer did not
know “for certain” who was driving, the officer acknowledged that he did not. (Tr. 193).
Again, we conclude that Reed has failed to show that his trial counsel’s
performance was deficient. The record suggests that counsel’s re-cross examination of
Officer Salisbury was merely part of his trial strategy to highlight that the officer did not
have firsthand knowledge that Reed was driving because he had never seen Reed drive.
“[T]he nature and extent of cross-examination is a matter of strategy delegated to trial
counsel. Robles v. State, 612 N.E.2d 196, 198 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993). “Deliberate choices
by some attorneys for some tactical or strategic reason do not establish ineffective
assistance of counsel even though such choices may be subject to criticism or the choices
ultimately prove to be detrimental to the defendant.” Id.Because the direct appeal record before us suggests that trial counsel made a
tactical decision regarding his re-cross examination of Officer Salisbury, Reed has not
16
met his burden of proving that his trial counsel’s strategy equated to deficient
performance. See, e.g., Robles, 612 N.E.2d at 199 (holding that the defendant failed to
show that his counsel was ineffective for eliciting vouching testimony on cross-
examination was because counsel’s cross-examination was a matter of trial strategy “that
obviously did not work”).
Affirmed.6
ROBB, C.J., and MAY, J., concur.
6
Reed includes a footnote, which lists allegations of trial counsel’s deficient performance during Reed’s
case-in-chief but states that these allegations are “moot.” (Reed’s Br. 6 n.2). Accordingly, we will not
review these allegations.
17