Kedrin Sweatt v. State of Indiana

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before Mar 01 2013, 8:22 am
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
MICHAEL R. FISHER GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
ERIC P. BABBS
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
KEDRIN SWEATT, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A05-1209-CR-442
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Lisa F. Borges, Judge
Cause Nos. 49G04-0008-CF-144148, 49G04-0009-CF-157397
March 1, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BRADFORD, Judge
After engaging in two separate episodes of criminal conduct, Kedrin Sweatt was
convicted of two counts of attempted murder, one count of resisting law enforcement, one
count of robbery, and four counts of criminal confinement. On resentencing, the trial court
imposed an aggregate 105-year sentence. On appeal, Sweatt contends that the trial court
abused its discretion in sentencing him and that his sentence was inappropriate. Concluding
that the trial court acted within its discretion in sentencing Sweatt and that Sweatt’s sentence
was not inappropriate, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This court’s memorandum decision in Sweatt’s prior direct appeal, which was handed
down on October 22, 2002, instructs us as to the underlying facts leading to this subsequent
direct appeal following resentencing:
Shortly before 2 p.m. on August 19, 2000, Sweatt and another man
robbed a Pawnmart, taking money and jewelry from the pawnshop at gunpoint.
At approximately 2 p.m. Indianapolis Police Officer Christopher Marcum
observed a car driven by a man who was not wearing his seat belt with Sweatt
sitting in the front passenger seat. Officer Marcum began following the car in
his marked patrol car. While Officer Marcum had received a report
concerning the Pawnmart robbery, he did not have a description of the
perpetrators. The car sped up after Officer Marcum began following, and the
car did a rolling stop when it came to a stop sign. Officer Marcum then
activated his emergency lights and initiated a traffic stop. Indianapolis Police
Officer Jason Thalheimer was also patrolling the area and observed the car
drive through the intersection without stopping. Officer Thalheimer pulled his
patrol car behind Officer Marcum’s vehicle in order to assist with the stop.
As Officer Marcum was entering his location and the license plate
number of the stopped car into a computer located in his patrol car, Officer
Thalheimer approached the stopped vehicle and yelled to the occupants to put
their hands where he could see them. At that point, Sweatt exited the car from
the front passenger side door, crouched down, pointed a gun at Officer
Thalheimer, and shot him. The bullet struck Officer Thalheimer in the center
of his chest. However, the bullet did not enter his body because Officer
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Thalheimer was wearing a bulletproof vest. Sweatt then stood, fired his gun at
Officer Marcum as Marcum was exiting his patrol car, and began running.
Officer Marcum began chasing Sweatt. Sweatt turned twice during the chase
and shot at Officer Marcum. As Sweatt turned a third time toward Officer
Marcum, Officer Marcum fired his weapon, hitting Sweatt in his upper right
shoulder. Sweatt continued running for a short distance but then dropped his
gun and fell to the ground where Officer Marcum handcuffed him.
Officer Thalheimer was taken to the hospital and was treated for blunt
force trauma to his chest. Sweatt was also taken to the hospital and treated for
his injury. On August 29, 2000, Sweatt signed a waiver of his rights and gave
a statement to the police. During his statement, Sweatt commented,
“Everybody in the world knows I shot the officer. I shot him to get him to shot
[sic] me. There’s no grudge. I just shot him because he was a cop.” Tr. p.
293-94.
On August 21, 200[0], the State charged Sweatt under cause number
49G04-0008-CF-144148 [(“Cause No. CF-144148”)] with Counts I and II,
Attempted Murder as Class A felonies; Counts III and IV, Resisting Law
Enforcement as Class D felonies; and Count V Carrying a Handgun Without a
License as a Class A misdemeanor. On a separate charging sheet, the State
charged Sweatt with the enhancement of Count V, Carrying a Handgun
Without a License with a Prior Felony Conviction as a Class C felony. The
State later filed an information alleging that Sweatt was a habitual offender.
On September 7, 2000, the State charged Sweatt under cause number 49G05-
0009-CF-157397 [(Cause No. CF-157397”)] with Count I, Robbery as a Class
B felony; Counts II-X, Criminal Confinement as Class B felonies; and Count
XI, Carrying a Handgun Without a License as a Class A misdemeanor with an
enhancement to a Class C felony for having a prior felony conviction. On
November 6, 2000, Sweatt’s two cause numbers were consolidated. On
October 1, 2001, a number of the charges on [Cause No. CF-157397] were
dismissed, leaving Sweatt with only the robbery charge and four charges of
criminal confinement under that cause number.
A jury trial was held on October 1-2, 2001, following which the jury
found Sweatt guilty on all counts. The State then dismissed the Class C felony
enhancement for the count of carrying a handgun and proceeded to the habitual
offender phase of the trial. The jury adjudicated Sweatt to be a habitual
offender. On January 4, 2002, the trial court sentenced Sweatt under [Cause
No. CF-157397] to ten years for Count I, robbery; and ten years for each of his
confinement counts. All of these counts were to be served concurrently.
Under [Cause No. CF-144148], the trial court sentenced Sweatt to fifty years
for Count I, attempted murder; fifty years for Count II, attempted murder, three
years each for his two counts of resisting law enforcement; and eight years for
Count V, carrying a handgun without a license. The trial court then enhanced
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Count I by thirty years for the habitual offender adjudication and ordered
Counts I and II to run consecutively and the other counts to run concurrently.
The trial court ordered [Cause No. CF-144148] to run concurrently with
[Cause No. CF-157397].
Sweatt v. State, 49A02-0201-CR-91 (Ind. Ct. App. October 22, 2002) (statutory citations
contained in footnotes omitted).
On direct appeal, this court concluded that because Sweatt’s act of shooting at police
officers “establish[ed] Sweatt’s convictions for attempted murder as well as his
enhancements for resisting law enforcement,” Sweatt’s Class D felony resisting law
enforcement convictions must be reduced. Id. This court also concluded that because both
of the resisting law enforcement charges stemmed from one incident, the conviction for one
of the two counts of resisting law enforcement should be vacated. Id. This court further
concluded that because Sweatt was only found guilty of carrying a handgun without a license
as a Class A misdemeanor, the trial court erred in entering judgment as a Class C felony. Id.
Sweatt did not challenge his convictions for attempted murder, robbery, or criminal
confinement on direct appeal, and as such, those convictions were undisturbed and his
aggregate sentence remained at 130 years. Id.
On October 15, 2009, Sweatt filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief (“PCR”).
On April 27, 2011, Sweatt, by counsel, amended his PCR petition to raise the sole claim that
he had received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. Specifically, Sweatt alleged that
his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to argue on direct appeal that his consecutive
sentences for the attempted murder convictions exceeded the statutory limit in effect at the
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time he committed his crimes. The State conceded that Sweatt had raised a meritorious claim
in his amended PCR petition.
In ruling on Sweatt’s PCR petition, the post-conviction court made the following
additional factual findings:
8. Some additional facts supporting Sweatt’s convictions for robbery and
criminal confinement, as reflected in the record, include the following: during
the robbery, Sweatt ordered, “Get the f[***] down on the ground. This is a
robbery” [Tr. p. 93], and he threatened, “If you don’t get down, someone’s
going to get shot” [Tr. p. 94]; one of the employees from whom Sweatt
demanded money was eight and a half months pregnant at the time, [Tr. p.
104]; Sweatt was armed with a silver handgun, [Tr. pp. 103-04, 117]; Sweatt
and his partner also broke glass cases and took jewelry from them, [Tr. pp. 96-
97, 106, 118]; thereafter Sweatt asked, “Where’s the vault?” and after he took
cash from the vault, Sweatt said to his partner, “Let’s go, let’s go…” [Tr. p.
97]. After an advisement and waiver of his Miranda[1] rights on August 31,
2000, Sweatt admitted to having committed this armed robbery of a West 16th
Street pawnshop with his cousin …; Sweatt estimated that they took between
four and five thousand dollars. [Tr. pp. 129-35].
9. The record reflects that the Pawnmart where the robbery and confinements
occurred was located at 2802 West 16th Street on the west side of Indianapolis.
[Tr. pp. 82, 142-43]. The responding police officer was dispatched to the
scene of those crimes at 1:50 p.m. See [Tr. pp. 82, 92, 125].
10. The events pertaining to Sweatt’s attempted murder convictions occurred
near the intersection of East 36th Street and North Station. [Tr. pp. 145, 154].
The distance between that location and the Pawnmart was approximately six to
seven miles and it would take approximately twenty minutes to travel from the
Pawnmart to the attempt murder scene if driving the speed limit. [Tr. pp. 145-
46]. Officer Marcum first saw the car in which Sweatt was riding, just prior to
the traffic stop, at a few minutes after 2:00 p.m. [Tr. p. 151].
11. Sweatt’s statement to the sentencing court included: “… I’m not
remorseful for the charges I was accused and convicted of. How could I be
when I was the one shot in the back by a policeman demonstrating brutality;”
[Tr. pp. 378-79]; “… I feel I’m the victim,” [Tr. p. 379]; and also included:
… Officer Thalheimer made the statement that I have no concern for
human life as far as he’s concerned. I say I have no concern for the
lives of someone who doesn’t have concern for my life, and …
1
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
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Officer Marcum held on the last split second, probably longer than he
should have. It’s appearing to me you’d rather see me dead. The
feeling is mutual to all those who feel that way.
[Tr. p. 379]. Nor did Sweatt express any apology or remorse regarding the
armed robbery incident.
Appellant’s App. pp. 209-10. The post-conviction court granted Sweatt’s petition for relief,
holding that the total of his consecutive sentences for the attempted murder convictions could
not exceed eight-five years—the fifty-five year advisory sentence for the next highest level
crime, i.e., murder, plus a maximum thirty-year habitual offender enhancement. The post-
conviction court also noted that the robbery and criminal confinements constituted a separate
criminal episode from the attempted murders, and that on re-sentencing, the trial court would
“have the discretion to otherwise impose an appropriate sentence.” Appellant’s App. p. 215.
The trial court conducted a resentencing hearing on August 8, 2012 and August 9,
2012. With respect to the attempted murder convictions obtained under Cause No. CF-
144148, the trial court sentenced Sweatt to an aggregate term of eighty-five years. With
respect to the convictions for robbery and criminal confinement obtained under Cause No.
CF-157397, the trial court imposed an aggregate term of twenty years. The trial court
ordered that the sentences for Cause No. CF-144148 and Cause No. CF-157397 be served
consecutively, for a total sentence of 105 years. This appeal follows.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Sweatt challenges his sentence on appeal, claiming both that the trial court abused its
discretion in sentencing him and that his sentence is inappropriate.
I. Abuse of Discretion
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With respect to his claim that the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing him,
we acknowledge that Sweatt’s offenses occurred prior to the April 25, 2005 revisions to the
sentencing statutes. “The Indiana Supreme Court has held that we apply the sentencing
scheme in effect at the time of the defendant’s offense.” Upton v. State, 904 N.E.2d 700, 702
(Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (citing Robertson v. State, 871 N.E.2d 280, 286 (Ind. 2007); Gutermuth
v. State, 868 N.E.2d 427, 432 n.4 (Ind. 2007)), trans. denied. Consequently, the pre-April 25,
2005 presumptive sentencing scheme applies to Sweatt’s convictions.
Under the pre-April 25, 2005 sentencing statutes, sentencing decisions rest within the
discretion of the trial court and are reviewed on appeal “only for an abuse of discretion,
including a trial court’s decision[] to increase or decrease the presumptive sentence because
of aggravating or mitigating circumstances and to run the sentences concurrently or
consecutively.” Henderson v. State, 769 N.E.2d 172, 179 (Ind. 2002).
If a trial court relies upon aggravating or mitigating circumstances to enhance
or reduce the presumptive sentence, it must (1) identify all significant
mitigating and aggravating circumstances; (2) state the specific reason why
each circumstance is determined to be mitigating or aggravating; and (3)
articulate the court’s evaluation and balancing of the circumstances.
Id. “An abuse of discretion occurs only if ‘the decision is clearly against the logic and effect
of the facts and circumstances.’” Upton, 904 N.E.2d at 702 (quoting Pierce v. State, 705
N.E.2d 173, 175 (Ind. 1998)). When reviewing the adequacy of a sentencing statement, this
court examines both the written sentencing order and the trial court’s oral comments at the
sentencing hearing. Powell v. State, 751 N.E.2d 311, 315 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001).
In arguing that the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing him, Sweatt
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acknowledges that the trial court specifically enumerated certain aggravating and mitigating
factors but claims that the trial court failed to articulate any weighing or balancing of those
factors. With respect to aggravating and mitigating factors, the trial court made the following
statement:
In resentencing, I have reviewed the files, both files. I’ve reviewed all of the
facts. Have previously incorporated the statements in the findings of fact and
the conclusions of law that are set out in the document filed on May the 17th,
2012, granting post conviction relief. So -- and incorporating all the Court’s
findings with that I would also say that the Court has reviewed the pre-
sentence report that was prepared at the time of sentencing and finds as
follows that there are some aggravators and some mitigators. One of the
aggravators would be the Defendant’s criminal history. Going back to 1992 as
a juvenile, there’s a true finding for disorderly conduct as a B misdemeanor,
fleeing as an A misdemeanor; 1992, Trespass, as an A misdemeanor; carrying
a handgun without a license, as an A misdemeanor, had you been an adult in
those two situations. He also as a juvenile was arrested and had contacts with
the juvenile or the criminal justice system on eight separate occasions. In
1993, he was waived to adult court and faced a conviction for criminal
recklessness wherein he used a handgun and shot a friend of his in the eye.
That friend did testify at the sentencing hearing as -- for the defense basically
and I’ve taken that into consideration. In 1999, there was the handgun --
carrying a handgun without a license as a Class C felony conviction. That
conviction is one where there were several new arrests that were alleged
during violations and eventually his probation was revoked. And in the -- in
the pre-sentence report, there are some specific aggravating circumstances
listed. And to reiterate those, the Defendant according to the PSI and
probation officer, was recommended that the Court find that prior attempts of
probation supervision, incarceration, and attempts to rehabilitate the Defendant
had failed to change his illegal behavior that the instance offenses for which
the Defendant is today being resentenced involved the use of deadly weapons
and that there were repeated violations of probation. Also, in reviewing the
pre-sentence report and the files, the Defendant does have a history of
allegations that he was a member of Gangster Disciples, although, in various
pre-sentence reports he did deny that. There, nevertheless, was information
from the Metro Gang Task Force that he had been a person who wore colors of
the Gangster Disciples and was associated therewith. The Court does find that
the fact that there were multiple victims involved in the robbery case … to be
specific. That that act created a significant event impacting the lives of four
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separate individuals. The Defendant’s letter that was admitted as State’s
Exhibit Number 1 in the resentencing hearing yesterday, the Court finds to be
an aggravating circumstance basically and for the same reasons that I stated
yesterday. I understand that Mr. Sweatt would have me interpret this as taken
out of context, however, I think the plain meaning of the statement that he
made in the letter is perhaps more appropriate and that’s what I find.[2] I do
think that because the Defendant does have two children that the lengthy
incarceration that he faces has an impact on them. I don’t know what I could
have done to avoid that impact. I do find that at the time of the offense, the
Defendant was living with his family and had been working and supporting his
family. So he certainly had in his heart the reasons to try to take care of his
family. It’s just that the criminal behavior certainly affected his ability to do
that. I know that he was expelled from John Marshall Junior High School due
to some problems there that his testing revealed an average to perhaps above
average intelligence at the time. Also, the Defendant has a history of criminal
substance abuse. That history began when he was fourteen years of age when
he began drinking and he has over the years used marijuana, used cocaine, and
was in fact using marijuana at the Department of Correction during part of his
incarceration. And I don’t know if he continues to do that as up to today, but I
certainly hope that that’s not the case. It’s just not something that I have
access to that information unless the Defendant were to tell me that himself. I
have no negative reports from the Department of Correction as to his behavior
while he has been at the Department of Correction.
****
I also note that the Defendant has some health issues from -- that resulted from
his confrontation with the police and him being shot. And I don’t know how
those continue to affect him. However, I know that in 2002, ten years ago at
the time of his sentencing, they were affecting his health. And I don’t know if
you have continuing problems from that. Do you believe that you do, Mr.
Sweatt?
[The Defendant]: Yes.
Yes, okay.… And was the bullet ever removed?
[The Defendant]: No.
No. So that’s still something that is in your body, a foreign body that came as
a result of this confrontation.
****
Okay. I think the Defendant -- let me make myself very clear. I think the
Defendant was sincere about saying that he now understands that there are
programs that could be made available to him and are available to him at the
Department of Corrections that could be helpful to him in managing his anger
2
In this letter, Sweatt indicates that he believes he is still a threat to society.
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and in changing the way he views the police, changing the way he views the
world, and may be available to assist him in becoming a citizen with a lot to
give the world yet. You know, you just never want to give up on anyone, so.
But by the same token, I do believe that the mindset of the Defendant because
he’s not yet availed himself to those programs, has not changed significantly
since the time of the offense. So I just want to make sure that I put that on the
record and make clear that I do understand that he does want to take advantage
of some programs. I know he was offered treatment when he was out prior to
this offense, a treatment for the substance abuse, but had not taken advantage
of it. Probably much younger at that time and not perhaps as smart about what
it would have done to help him had he been able to get himself through that.
Tr. pp. 39-45.
Upon reviewing the above statement by the trial court, we conclude that the trial court
balanced the stated aggravating and mitigating factors as demonstrated by the record. The
trial court’s statement shows a great deal of detail as to why each factor was aggravating or
mitigating and its flow clearly shows that the trial court considered the weight to be given to
each factor and balanced these factors in sentencing Sweatt. As such, we conclude that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Sweatt.
II. Appropriateness
Sweatt also claims that his sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of his
offenses and his character. In arguing that his 105-year sentence is inappropriate, Sweatt
acknowledges that “[r]egardless of what sentence is deemed appropriate, [Sweatt] is not
going to leave the Department of Correction at any time soon,” and notes that he “is not
requesting immediate release or a drastic reduction of his sentence.” Appellant’s Br. p. 13.
Rather, Sweatt “seeks only to have the opportunity after serving a lengthy sentence, say
eight-five years, to live outside of prison at the end of his life.” Appellant’s Br. p. 13.
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Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B) provides that “The Court may revise a sentence
authorized by statute if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds
that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the
offender.” In considering whether a sentence is appropriate, we evaluate our sense of the
culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage done to others, and myriad
other factors that come to light in a given case. Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1224
(Ind. 2008). The defendant bears the burden of persuading us that his sentence is
inappropriate. Sanchez v. State, 891 N.E.2d 174, 176 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). Upon review, we
cannot agree with Sweatt’s claim that his sentence is inappropriate.
With respect to the nature of Sweatt’s offenses, we believe that Sweatt’s offenses can
accurately be described as heinous. During one episode of criminal conduct, Sweatt confined
four individuals, one of whom was eight and a half months pregnant at the time, while he and
his cousin carried out a robbery. While confining these individuals, Sweatt brandished a gun
and threatened to shoot. Sweatt and his cousin stole approximately four to five thousand
dollars in cash and jewelry. In a separate criminal episode which occurred a few minutes
later, Sweatt shot one police officer in the chest at close range. Luckily, this officer was
wearing a bulletproof vest and was not fatally injured. Sweatt then ran from a second police
officer. While running from this officer, Sweatt turned and fired three shots at the officer.
Sweatt only stopped after having been shot in the shoulder by the officer.
With respect to his character, Sweatt claims that his sentence is inappropriate because
he “is a different person from the one who committed these crimes.” Appellant’s Br. p. 12.
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In support, Sweatt points to the letter that he wrote in early- to mid-2012, in which he
indicated that although he has changed over the years, he still had “a strong indignation of
hate in [his] heart” and believed that he would be a threat to society. State’s Ex. 1. We agree
with the trial court that despite Sweatt’s claim that he “don’t want to hurt anyone ‘no more,’”
this letter indicates, as Sweatt himself believes, that Sweatt remains a danger to society.
State’s Ex. 1. In addition, the record demonstrates that Sweatt has a lengthy criminal history,
that the nature of Sweatt’s criminal activity was, at the time he committed the instant crimes,
escalating in seriousness, that prior attempts to rehabilitate Sweatt’s behavior have failed, and
that Sweatt has a history of drug and alcohol abuse. Like the trial court, we recognize that
Sweatt seems to have demonstrated a genuine desire to provide for his family and to take
advantage of the anger management classes available to him. Sweatt, however, has not yet
acted on this desire, and, at the time of sentencing, had not enrolled in any program available
through the Department of Correction.
In light of the heinous nature of Sweatt’s offenses, which again include confining four
individuals during a robbery and firing shots at two separate police officers, coupled with
Sweatt’s criminal history, prior failed attempts to rehabilitate his behavior, and his belief that
he remains a danger to society, we conclude that Sweatt has failed to meet his burden of
persuading us that his 105-year sentence is inappropriate. See Sanchez, 891 N.E.2d at 176.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
FRIEDLANDER, J., and NAJAM, J., concur.
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