Jason Middleton v. State of Indiana

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be
FILED
Sep 17 2012, 8:59 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of
CLERK
establishing the defense of res judicata, of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
GEOFFREY W. WESLING GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Rushville, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
MICHAEL GENE WORDEN
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JASON MIDDLETON, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 70A01-1202-CR-69
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE RUSH SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Brian D. Hill, Judge
Cause No. 70D01-1109-FD-620
September 17, 2012
MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BAKER, Judge
Appellant-defendant Jason Middleton appeals his convictions and sentences that
were imposed for Possession of Methamphetamine,1 a class D felony, and Possession of
Paraphernalia,2 a class A misdemeanor, claiming that the trial court erroneously admitted
recordings of a discussion regarding a possible plea of guilty to the offenses at the initial
hearing. Middleton also claims that prosecutorial misconduct occurred, and that the trial
court abused its discretion in sentencing him because too much weight was placed upon
his criminal history when deciding to impose a three-year aggregate sentence on these
charges. Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
FACTS
On September 19, 2011, Mary Wilmer was working at Walmart in Rushville when
she and her co-workers noticed an individual, who was later identified as Middleton, in
the store and acting in a suspicious manner. Some of the employees observed Middleton
put jewelry and other merchandise inside a bag while talking to himself. Middleton then
walked over to one of the cash registers, purchased a battery, and left the store.
Wilmer contacted the police and reported that she believed an individual had
stolen merchandise from the store. Middleton had already left the store when the police
arrived, but he re-entered a short time later. The police were called again, and Officer
Michael Ervin and Lieutenant Randy Meek arrived at the store. Officer Ervin located
1
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-6.1(a).
2
I.C. § 35-48-4-8-8.3(b).
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the vehicle in which Middleton had arrived at the store, while Lieutenant Meek entered
the store approached Middleton.
Although Middleton appeared nervous, the police determined that he had not
actually stolen anything because the bag in which he had placed items was found at one
of the registers. However, Lieutenant Meek arrested Middleton on an outstanding arrest
warrant and transported him to the vehicle in the parking lot where Officer Ervin was
waiting.
In the meantime, Officer Ervin made contact with the driver of the vehicle, Daniel
Puckett, and secured Puckett’s consent to search the vehicle. During the course of the
search, Officer Ervin discovered what he believed to be methamphetamine in the glove
box and various items of drug paraphernalia and precursors. Lieutenant Meek performed
a field test on the suspected methamphetamine, which produced a positive result. Puckett
was also arrested at that time.
On September 20, 2011, the State charged Middleton with Count I, possession of
methamphetamine, a class D felony, and Count II, possession of paraphernalia, a class A
misdemeanor. Middleton’s initial hearing was held on the same date. During his initial
hearing, following the advisement of rights and the reading of the charges, the trial judge
asked Middleton if he intended to plead guilty or not guilty to the charges. Middleton
responded: “I don’t want to waste your guy’s time, uh, I am guilty and he—it wasn’t his
stuff; it was mine.” Tr. p. 8. The trial court interrupted Middleton and re-advised him
that he had the right to counsel. Middleton stated that he wanted to proceed without an
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attorney and that he wanted to plead guilty to violating his probation. The trial court did
not proceed further with the case at that time.
The matter was set for a jury trial, and on January 6, 2012, Middleton filed a
motion to exclude evidence of his prior convictions. Middleton also filed a motion in
limine to exclude his admission at the initial hearing “Due to Lack of Independent Corpus
Delicti.” Appellant’s App. p. 30-31. During the final pretrial hearing, the parties argued
these two motions. The deputy prosecutor indicated that he had no intention of
introducing Middleton’s prior convictions into evidence unless Middleton testified. The
deputy prosecutor informed the trial court that he had instructed his witnesses regarding
the same. Thus, the trial court granted Middleton’s motion to exclude evidence of his
prior offenses.
The State objected to Middleton’s motion in limine regarding his admissions
during the initial hearing. Middleton argued that the admissions should not be permitted
at trial, contending that the admissions were not clear and that his admissions should be
excluded because Middleton was not in the vehicle when the drugs were found. The trial
court denied the motion in limine.
At trial, Lieutenant Meek testified that he arrested Middleton inside the Walmart,
but he did not state the reason for that arrest. Middleton did not object to this testimony.
Puckett testified, without objection, as to what Middleton stated at the initial hearing
regarding the drugs and other items that belonged to Middleton. When the State
subsequently moved to admit the recording of a portion of the initial hearing into
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evidence, Middleton objected on the grounds that he previously argued. Overruling
Middleton’s objection, the trial court permitted the recording to be played to the jury.
Middleton testified that he knew nothing about the methamphetamine that was
found in the glove box. He also testified that he made his admissions at the initial
hearing because Puckett “was driving him crazy . . . about the drugs.” Tr. p. 201-03.
During jury deliberations, the jury asked to hear the initial hearing recording again. and
the trial court had the recording played for the jury. Middleton stated that he had no
objection to the court doing so. The jury found Middleton guilty on both counts.
During the sentencing hearing, the State argued that Middleton should receive a
three-year executed sentence based primarily on his criminal history. Middleton, who
was thirty-one years old, had prior drug possession convictions and a felony
methamphetamine dealing conviction for which he was on probation at the time of the
present offenses. The trial court found no mitigating circumstances but concluded that
Middleton’s criminal history and the fact that he was on probation when he committed
the present offenses constituted significant aggravating circumstances. The trial court
imposed a three-year executed sentence on Count I and a one-year executed sentence on
Count II. The sentences were ordered to run concurrently. Middleton now appeals.
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DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Exclusion of Statements at Initial Hearing
Middleton first claims that his convictions must be reversed because the trial court
erred in denying his motion to exclude the statements that he made regarding his
intention to plead guilty to the charged offenses at the initial hearing. Middleton
maintains that Indiana Rule of Evidence 410 provides that evidence of guilty plea offers
and discussions during plea negotiations are forbidden from being used against a
defendant in a criminal trial.
We initially observe that a trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the
admission or exclusion of evidence, and the trial court’s ruling will be reviewed on
appeal only for an abuse of discretion. Gutierrez v. State, 961 N.E.2d 1030, 1034 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2012). An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court’s decision is clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. Johnson v.
State, 959 N.E.2d 334, 340 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied. In reviewing a trial
court’s evidentiary rulings, we consider only the evidence in favor of the trial court’s
ruling and any unrefuted evidence in the defendant’s favor. Edelen v. State, 947 N.E.2d
1024, 1027-28 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). That is, an appellate court will affirm the trial
court’s ruling if there is any evidence supporting it. Deloney v. State, 938 N.E.2d 724,
728 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. Moreover, a trial court’s evidentiary ruling will
be upheld on appeal if it is sustainable under any legal theory supported by the record.
Johnson, 959 N.E.2d at 340.
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In this case, Middleton filed his motion in limine to exclude his pre-trial
statements because the State purportedly could not provide “independent proof of corpus
delicti.” Appellant’s App. p. 30-31. During the final pretrial conference in this case, the
State objected to the motion in limine and Middleton, by counsel, argued that
Middleton’s admission of responsibility was not clear, that what occurred at the initial
hearing did not constitute a guilty plea, and that the Middleton was not in the vehicle
when the methamphetamine was found. Therefore, Middleton argues that the
admissions should be excluded. Tr. p. 13-14. Middleton did not contend that the
admissions were part of plea negotiations and therefore inadmissible for that reason.
When the State offered the partial recording of the initial hearing into evidence,
Middleton simply renewed his previous objection.
A defendant may not argue one ground for objection at trial and then raise a new
ground on appeal. Turner v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039, 1058 (Ind. 2011). Because
Middleton argues a ground on appeal that is different from the ground he raised at trial,
this issue is waived. Orta v. State, 940 N.E.2d 370, 377 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans.
denied.
However, even if Middleton had not waived the issue, his claim on appeal would
nonetheless fail. Indeed, statements and admissions made by a defendant during plea
negotiations are generally inadmissible at a subsequent trial in the matter. Gonzalez v.
State, 929 N.E.2d 699, 701 (Ind. 2010). To constitute plea negotiations, however, the
following criteria must be present: (1) the defendant must have been charged with a
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crime at the time of the statement; (2) the statement must have been made to someone
with authority to enter into a binding plea bargain; and (3) the parties must have agreed to
negotiate. Id.
In Middleton’s case, he certainly was charged at the time that he made his
admissions; however, the remaining two criteria were not satisfied in this instance. To be
sure, Middleton made his admissions to the judge and not to the deputy prosecutor.
Moreover, there is nothing in the record to show that Middleton, and especially the State,
had agreed to negotiate. Middleton’s admissions were nothing more than unilateral
assertions on his part. And such assertions do not amount to plea negotiations. Martin v.
State, 537 N.E.2d 491, 493-94 (Ind. 1989). In short, Middleton’s argument on appeal
fails on its merits, waiver notwithstanding, because the statements that he made during
his initial hearing simply were not part of plea negotiations.
Nevertheless, even if it could be said that Middleton’s admissions constituted
some form of plea negotiation, the admission of these statements into evidence at trial
would not require a reversal of Middleton’s convictions. More specifically, Puckett
testified at trial, without any objection, to the admissions that Middleton made at the
initial hearing. The portion of the initial hearing that was played to the jury where
Middleton made his admissions to the trial judge was cumulative of the unobjected-to
testimony regarding the admissions during Puckett’s testimony. Finally, we note that
when the jury requested the court to replay the initial hearing recording during
deliberations, Middleton voiced no objection. Tr. p. 176-77.
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For all of these reasons, we reject Middleton’s claim that the trial court erred in
denying his motion to exclude his statements that were made during the initial hearing.
II. Prosecutorial Misconduct
Next, Middleton argues that the deputy prosecutor engaged in misconduct when he
commented on the police officers’ alleged testimony at trial that there was a warrant for
Middleton’s arrest when they approached him in the Walmart store. Middleton alleges
that the deputy prosecutor commented on this alleged improper evidence “on no less than
a handful of occasions during trial.” Appellant’s Br. p. 8.
In addressing this claim, we note that Middleton filed a motion to exclude such
evidence, and the trial court granted the motion when the deputy prosecutor voiced no
objection to it. At trial, the deputy prosecutor did not mention the existence of an alleged
arrest warrant. Moreover, the police officers testified only that they arrested Middleton
inside the Wal-Mart.
Nonetheless, Middleton is apparently contending that the prosecutor’s opening
statement amounted to an implied reference to a warrant. When a claim of prosecutorial
misconduct is properly preserved for appeal, we determine: (1) whether the prosecutor
engaged in misconduct, and if so, (2) whether the misconduct, under all of the
circumstances, placed the defendant in a position of grave peril to which he should not
have been subjected. Coleman v. State, 946 N.E.2d 1160, 1166 (Ind. 2011). However,
when a claim of prosecutorial misconduct has not been properly preserved, as in the
9
present case, the defendant must establish not only the grounds for the misconduct but
also the additional grounds required for demonstrating fundamental error. Id.
At no time did Middleton object to the seemingly “implied warrant” testimony or
argument. Tr. p. 31-32, 58. And the failure to object at trial generally results in waiver
and precludes appellate review. Mendenhall v. State, 963 N.E.2d 553, 567 (Ind. Ct. App.
2012), trans. denied. Middleton’s failure to object to the deputy prosecutor’s comments,
his failure to move for an admonishment, and his failure to move for a mistrial waive this
claim of error on appeal. Flowers v. State, 738 N.E.2d 1051, 1059 (Ind. 2000).
However, in an attempt to circumvent waiver of this alleged error, Middleton
argues that he is entitled to a reversal on the basis of fundamental error. Fundamental
error, however, is an extremely narrow exception that applies only where the error
constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for harm is
substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant fundamental due process.
Mendenhall, 963 N.E.2d at 567. The fundamental error exception is available only in
egregious circumstances. Id. Thus, the mere fact that error has occurred and that it will
prejudice the defendant is not sufficient to invoke the fundamental error exception;
rather, the error must be such that the defendant could not possibly have received a fair
trial that the appellate court is left with the conviction that the verdict or sentence is
clearly wrong and of such dubious validity that justice cannot permit it to stand. Owens
v. State, 937 N.E.2d 880, 885 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied.
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Here, Middleton has failed to meet the heavy burden of establishing fundamental
error. Indeed, no misconduct occurred here. As mentioned above, neither the deputy
prosecutor nor the witnesses mentioned any outstanding warrant that Middleton had
committed any prior offenses. Thus, Middleton cannot prove any prosecutorial
misconduct, let alone misconduct that rises to the level of fundamental error.
III. Sentencing
Middleton maintains that he was improperly sentenced because he does not
believe that his criminal history, “by itself, is proper justification for enhancing the
sentence and essentially doubling the advisory sentence.”3 Appellant’s Br. p. 9.
Sentencing rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and, if the sentence
is within the statutory range, the sentence is reviewed on appeal only for an abuse of
discretion. Croy v. State, 953 N.E.2d 660, 663 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). In other words,
imposing a sentence is a discretionary function in which the trial court’s judgment should
receive considerable deference. Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1222 (Ind. 2008).
Moreover, an abuse of discretion occurs only where the trial court’s decision is clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court or the
reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to be drawn therefrom. Croy, 953 N.E.2d at
663.
A defendant’s criminal history is a valid aggravating circumstance. Deloney v.
State, 938 N.E.2d 724, 732 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. We also note that a single
3
In accordance with Indiana Code section 35-50-2-7(a), the sentencing range for a class D felony is from
six months to three years, with an advisory sentence of one-and-one-half years.
11
aggravating factor may be sufficient to sustain an enhanced sentence, including
consecutive sentences. Owens v. State, 916 N.E.2d 913, 917 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
In this case, it was established that Middleton had accumulated two prior
misdemeanor drug convictions, for which he primarily received probation. Appellant’s
App. p. 3. Middleton also acquired a class B felony conviction for dealing in
methamphetamine, for which he also received a substantial amount of his sentence
suspended to probation. Id. at 4. The conviction in this case again involves
methamphetamine. Id. at 32-33. Moreover, Middleton was on probation for the dealing
conviction when he committed the instant offenses. Id. at 6. The only substance abuse
treatment that Middleton has undertaken occurred when he was incarcerated.
Middleton’s claim is essentially that the trial court afforded improper weight to
Middleton’s prior criminal history as an aggravating factor. However, we do not review
the relative weight or value that the trial court assigns to aggravating and mitigating
circumstances. Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 491 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g,
875 N.E.2d 218. Thus, Middleton has failed to establish that the trial court abused its
discretion in imposing a three-year aggregate sentence on these convictions.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
ROBB, C.J., and BRADFORD, J., concur.
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