Samantha Adams v. State of Indiana

FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
DARREN BEDWELL GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Marion County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
ANDREW R. FALK
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
FILED
May 24 2012, 8:35 am
IN THE
CLERK
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
SAMANTHA ADAMS, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A05-1107-CR-372
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Jose Salinas, Judge
Cause No. 49G14-1002-FD-6589
May 24, 2012
OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
RILEY, Judge
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellant-Defendant, Samantha Adams (Adams), appeals the trial court’s denial
of her motion to dismiss.
We affirm.
ISSUE
Adams raises one issue on appeal, which we restate as follows: Whether the trial
court denied her due process because the Indiana Code does not define the term “mature
stalks” in its definition of marijuana, and the provision is therefore vague and void.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On December 22, 2009, Detective Randy Dings (Detective Dings) of the
Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department’s Drug Task Force executed a search
warrant at Adams’ residence in Indianapolis, Indiana, as part of an ongoing narcotics
investigation. During the search, the Task Force found two small marijuana plants in
each of the upstairs bedroom closets, three small plants in the closet of a child’s bedroom,
and three larger plants in Adams’ master bedroom closet. Detective Dings also found
some plastic baggies, grinders, and a digital scale containing marijuana residue on a
coffee table in the living room.
On December 23, 2009, Linda McCready (McCready), a forensic scientist with the
Indianapolis/Marion County Forensics Services Agency (IMCFSA), found that the “wet
weight” of the plants, which is the weight of the plants when they are fresh, was 266.99
2
grams. (Transcript p. 16). McCready allowed approximately two weeks for the plants to
dry and then determined that their “dry weight” was 69.20 grams. (Tr. p. 16).
On February 4, 2010, the State filed an Information charging Adams with Count I,
dealing in marijuana, a Class D felony, Ind. Code § 35-48-4-10; and Count II, possession
of marijuana, a Class D felony, I.C. § 35-48-4-11. The State enhanced her charges from
Class A misdemeanors to Class D felonies because the weight of the marijuana was
greater than 30 grams. See I.C. §§ 35-48-4-10(b)(1)(B), -35-48-4-11. On July 1, 2010,
Adams filed a motion to dismiss the felony charges, alleging that the dried weight of the
marijuana should have been 17.35 grams rather than 69.20 grams.
On February 10, 2011, the trial court held a hearing on the motion to dismiss. At
the hearing, McCready explained the procedure she used to measure the marijuana. First,
she noted that she had cut off the “mature stalks” of the plants before weighing them
because it was her understanding that mature stalks are excluded from the definition of
marijuana. She testified that she could not find a legal definition of “mature stalks”
despite consulting two prosecutors. As a result, she followed IMCFSA lab procedures
specifying that the delineation between mature and immature stalks occurs at the point
where a marijuana stalk turns from brown to green, around the first branch of each stalk.
Thus, McCready removed the roots and stalk up to the first branch of each plant and
weighed the remaining leaves, immature stalks, and stems together.
On cross-examination, Adams’ counsel asked McCready whether she knew if
other State crime labs used different procedures to weigh marijuana. McCready
3
responded that she knew it was possible that other labs might use different procedures,
but that she did not know of any. Subsequently, Adams submitted Defendant’s Exhibit
E, which was an Indiana State Police Physical Evidence Bulletin (the Bulletin) from the
Indiana State Police Laboratory Division (the State Police Lab) regarding the submission
of drugs and controlled substances to the State Police Lab. The Bulletin advised that
“[w]here the evidence consists of large quantities of marijuana plants, the plants should
be photographed, leaf material stripped from plants and dried before submission.”
(Defendant’s Exh. E).
At the end of the hearing, the trial court took Adams’ motion to dismiss under
advisement, and on March 31, 2011, the trial court denied the motion. On June 2, 2011,
Adams filed a petition for certification of the trial court’s Order for interlocutory appeal.
On December 22, 2011, this court accepted jurisdiction.
Adams now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Adams now argues that the enhancement of her charges from Class A
misdemeanors to Class D felonies violated her right to due process because the Indiana
Code does not clearly state which parts of a marijuana plant are excluded from the legal
definition of marijuana. Marijuana is a Schedule I controlled substance under I.C. § 35-
48-2-4(d)(22). Possession of 30 grams or less of marijuana is a Class A misdemeanor
under Indiana Code § 35-48-4-11(1), and dealing 30 grams or less of marijuana is a Class
A misdemeanor under I.C. § 35-48-4-10(a)(2). Possession of more than 30 grams of
4
marijuana and dealing more than 30 grams of marijuana are both Class D felonies under
I.C. §§ 35-48-4-10(a)(2); 35-48-4-11(i).
I.C. § 35-48-1-19, (emphasis added), defines marijuana as
any part of the plant genus cannabis whether growing or not; the seeds
thereof; the resin extracted from any part of the plant, including hashish and
harsh oil; any compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or
preparation of the plant, its seeds or resin. It does not include the mature
stalks of the plant; fiber produced from the stalks; oil or cake made from
the seeds of the plant; any other compound, manufacture, salt, derivative,
mixture, or preparation of the mature stalks (except resin extracted
therefrom); or the sterilized seed of the plant which is incapable of
germination.
As McCready testified at trial, it was IMCFSA’s policy to exclude the lower portion of
each marijuana stalk below the lowest branch prior to weighing the marijuana plant,
whereas Defendant’s Exhibit E demonstrated that the State Police Lab sometimes
excluded the entire marijuana stalk in its calculation of the weight of marijuana.
According to Adams, if all of the stalks and stems had been excluded prior to IMCFSA’s
calculation of the marijuana’s weight, the resulting weight could have been
approximately 17.35 grams rather than over thirty grams. (Appellant’s App. p. 34).
Thus, Adams claims that as the Indiana Code does not define “mature stalks,” and experts
in the field interpret it differently, the statute is unconstitutionally vague and void, and
she was denied due process.
I. Waiver
Preliminarily, we must address the issue of waiver because the State alleges that
Adams’ motion to dismiss was untimely and lacked the requisite factual support. In
5
support of its argument, the State cites I.C. § 35-34-1-4, which declares that a motion to
dismiss “shall be made twenty (20) days” prior to the omnibus date if the defendant is
charged with a felony. The statute further specifies that “[a] motion made thereafter may
be summarily denied . . . .” I.C. § 35-34-1-4(b) (emphasis added). First, we note that I.C.
§ 35-34-1-4(b) allows the trial court discretion to deny an untimely motion, as is evident
in its use of the permissive “may.” In addition, both our supreme court and this court
have considered challenges to the constitutionality of criminal statutes even when a
defendant has failed to file a proper motion to dismiss. In Price v. State, 911 N.E.2d 716,
718 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied, for example, Price argued that I.C. § 35-46-3-12
was unconstitutionally vague. We addressed his claim on the merits even though Price
had failed to file a motion to dismiss and the State had raised the issue of waiver. Id. at
718-19. Likewise, we will address Adams’ argument.1
II. Due Process
Turning to the merits of Adams’ due process claim, we note that we review the
denial of a motion to dismiss for an abuse of discretion. West v. State, 942 N.E.2d 862,
866 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). A trial court has abused its discretion when its decision is
clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances or when the trial court
has misinterpreted the law. Stuff v. Simmons, 838 N.E.2d 1096, 1099 (Ind. Ct. App.
2005), trans. denied.
1
We also decline to find that Adams’ motion lacked the requisite factual support.
6
When the validity of a statute is challenged, we begin with a presumption of
constitutionality. Boyd v. State, 889 N.E.2d 321, 324 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied.
Due process principles advise that a penal statute is void for vagueness if it does not
clearly define its prohibitions. Brown v. State, 868 N.E.2d 464, 467 (Ind. 2007). A
criminal statute may be invalidated for vagueness for either of two independent reasons:
(1) failing to provide notice enabling ordinary people to understand the conduct it
prohibits, or (2) the possibility that it authorizes or encourages arbitrary or discriminatory
enforcement. Id. A statute “is not void for vagueness if individuals of ordinary
intelligence could comprehend it to the extent that it would fairly inform them of the
generally proscribed conduct.” Id. (quoting Klein v. State, 698 N.E.2d 296, 299 (Ind.
1998)). In addition, the statute does not have to specifically list all items of prohibited
conduct; rather, it must inform the individual of the conduct generally proscribed. Id.We examine a vagueness challenge in light of the facts and circumstances of each
individual case. Id.A. Dealing in Marijuana
Significantly, we note that Indiana courts have traditionally treated dealing in
marijuana differently than possession of marijuana based on the distinction between pure
and adulterated marijuana. For purposes of this opinion, “pure” marijuana is marijuana
as defined in I.C. § 35-48-1-19, whereas “adulterated” marijuana may include “other
vegetable matter” not fitting within the definition of marijuana. See Allison v. State, 527
N.E.2d 234, 238 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988), trans. denied. In early cases, this court disagreed
7
as to whether the aggregate weight of marijuana used to support an offense enhancement
could only consist of the “pure” component of the marijuana recovered or adulterated
marijuana. Lycan v. State, 671 N.E.2d 447, 458 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (comparing Grogg
v. State, 417 N.E.2d 1175 (Ind. Ct. App. 1981) with Romack v. State, 446 N.E.2d 1346(Ind. Ct. App. 1983)). In Grogg, we held that the total weight of a recovered substance in
its adulterated form could be used to support an enhancement to a Class D felony for a
charge of dealing in marijuana but not for a charge of possession of marijuana. Grogg,
417 N.E.2d at 1179. The Grogg court reasoned that the provisions concerning dealing in
marijuana refer to marijuana in its “pure or adulterated form,” whereas the provisions
concerning possession of marijuana omit the words “pure or adulterated.” See id. In
contrast, in Romack we held that only pure marijuana could be used to enhance either
charge. Romack, 446 N.E.2d at 1353.
Subsequently, however, our supreme court analyzed the statutory provisions
concerning dealing in cocaine in Lawhorn and concluded that the “total amount of the
substance delivered, including nonnarcotic substances which have been mixed into the
drug, ‘is the statutory meaning as well as the usage and meaning common in drug
trafficking.’” Lawhorn v. State, 452 N.E.2d 915, 917 (1983). Thus, an offense
enhancement for dealing in cocaine could be supported by reference to the “weight of the
entire substance delivered by the dealer”—in other words, its adulterated form. Id. In
Burst, we found that the statutory provisions for dealing in cocaine and dealing in
marijuana were similarly constructed and concluded that Lawhorn’s holding also applied
8
to felony enhancements for dealing in marijuana. Burst v. State, 499 N.E.2d 1140, 1150
(Ind. Ct. App. 1986), reh’g denied, trans. denied.
Based on this precedent, we conclude that the issue of identifying mature stalks is
irrelevant for determining whether Adams dealt at least 30 grams of marijuana because it
is clear that a sentence enhancement for dealing in marijuana may be supported by an
adulterated form of marijuana, which includes “other vegetable material” not included
within the definition of marijuana. See Allison, 527 N.E.2d at 238. Accordingly, we
conclude that the trial court did not deny Adams due process in denying her motion to
dismiss with respect to her dealing in marijuana charge.
B. Possession of Marijuana
Although we analyzed Lawhorn’s application to the Indiana Code’s provisions
concerning dealing in marijuana in Burst, we have yet to address its application to the
provisions regarding possession of marijuana. Significantly, after our holding in Grogg
that adulterated marijuana could not support a sentence enhancement for a possession of
marijuana charge due to the fact that the legislature had omitted the terms “pure or
adulterated” from the Indiana Code provisions regarding possession, the General
Assembly amended the statute. I.C. § 35-48-4-11 now reads: “A person who []
knowingly or intentionally possesses (pure or adulterated) marijuana . . . commits
possession of marijuana . . . a Class A misdemeanor. However, the offense is a Class D
felony [] if the amount involved is more than thirty (30) grams of marijuana . . . .” We
9
must now interpret whether adulterated marijuana may support a sentence enhancement
for possession of marijuana in light of this amendment.
The interpretation of a statute is a question of law reserved for the courts. Boyd,
889 N.E.2d at 324. If a statute is unambiguous, i.e., susceptible to only one meaning, we
must give the statute its clear and plain meaning. Id. However, if a statute is susceptible
to multiple interpretations, we must try to ascertain the legislature’s intent and interpret
the statute so as to accomplish that intent. Id. In ascertaining the legislature’s intent, we
assume that “the legislature did not enact a useless provision” such that “[w]here
statutory provisions are in conflict, no part of a statute should be rendered meaningless
but should be reconciled with the rest of the statute.” Id. (quoting Rheem Mfg. Co. v.
Phelps Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc., 746 N.E.2d 941, 948 (Ind. 2001)).
Due to the similarity between the current provisions for dealing in marijuana and
possession of marijuana, we conclude that the reasoning in Lawhorn and Burst now also
applies to possession of marijuana. Specifically, as we stated in Burst, the basic offense
mentions “pure or adulterated,” and does not reiterate “pure or adulterated” in the second
sentence, which affixes an additional penalty for large quantities. Burst, 499 N.E.2d at
1150. Thus, as our supreme court concluded with regard to the similarly constructed
cocaine provisions, the marijuana mentioned in the second sentence can only refer to the
“pure or adulterated” marijuana referred to in the first sentence. See Lawhorn, 452
N.E.2d at 917. We therefore find that the legislature intended a sentence enhancement to
10
apply to possession of more than thirty grams of adulterated marijuana, as well as
possession of more than thirty grams of pure marijuana.
In light of our interpretation of I.C. § 35-48-4-11, we cannot agree with Adams
that the definition of marijuana is vague and the statute void as unconstitutional. As we
stated above, we must examine a vagueness challenge in light of the facts and
circumstances of each individual case, rather than hypothetical situations. Brown, 868
N.E.2d at 467. Here, the definition of mature stalks is irrelevant because the mature
stalks of Adams’ marijuana constitute adulterated marijuana and will thus support her
sentence enhancement. Accordingly, we conclude that the definition of mature stalks is
not unconstitutionally vague in light of the facts and circumstances here, and the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in denying Adams’ motion to dismiss.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in denying Adam’s motion to dismiss because the definition of marijuana is not
unconstitutionally vague.
Affirmed.
NAJAM, J. and DARDEN, J. concur
11