Daryl K. Henderson, Jr. v. State of Indiana

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any Oct 09 2014, 9:59 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
THOMAS W. VANES GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Crown Point, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
MICHAEL GENE WORDEN
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
DARYL K. HENDERSON, JR., )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 45A03-1401-CR-34
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Thomas P. Stefaniak, Jr., Judge
Cause No. 45G04-1208-MR-11
October 9, 2014
MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
RILEY, Judge
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellant-Defendant, Daryl K. Henderson (Henderson), appeals his conviction for
murder, a felony, Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1.
We affirm.
ISSUE
Henderson raises one issue on appeal which we restate as follows: Whether the trial
court abused its discretion in refusing to tender jury instructions on voluntary
manslaughter.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On August 2, 2012, Henderson spent his afternoon drinking alcohol at his home in
Gary, Indiana. At around 4:00 p.m., Henderson decided to drive to Rico’s Pizza to get
pizza for his family. At the time, Henderson’s driver’s license had been suspended.
Henderson also carried a small handgun on his person despite the fact that his permit to
carry a handgun had since expired. While driving to Rico’s Pizza, Henderson was drinking
from a can of beer. When he arrived at Rico’s Pizza, Henderson entered the restaurant
holding his can of beer and placed his order. While waiting for his order, he bumped into
Lawrence McIntosh (McIntosh), with whom he had no prior acquaintance. They engaged
in small talk when Henderson stated that he wanted to buy alcohol, and McIntosh informed
Henderson that there was a liquor store next door. Shortly thereafter, both men exited
Rico’s Pizza and entered Party Liquors. As they walked in, the cashier at Party Liquors
told Henderson that he could not serve him if he had an open can of beer. Henderson turned
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around, walked out, placed his empty can of beer on the pavement, and walked back in.
While Henderson was outside tossing his can of beer, McIntosh told the cashier that he
wished Henderson would leave him alone. Henderson reentered Party Liquors, but since
the cashier refused to sell him alcohol, he requested McIntosh to purchase alcohol on his
behalf. The Party Liquors’ surveillance video showed McIntosh paying for what looked
like a six-pack of beer and leaving Henderson inside the liquor store. It further showed
McIntosh walking to his car, dropping off his six-pack of beer, and going back into Rico’s
Pizza. Also, it showed Henderson leaving Party Liquors and returning to Rico’s Pizza to
pick up his pizza.
After Henderson picked up his pizza, he saw McIntosh on his way out. Henderson
approached McIntosh, and both men talked briefly. A short while later, Henderson
returned to Rico’s Pizza to get a drink. When Henderson saw McIntosh seated inside the
restaurant, he approached McIntosh and started circling him while making threatening
hand gestures. That provoked McIntosh and prompted him to stand up to face Henderson
At that point, Henderson told McIntosh, “You want to act like you don’t know me? . . . I
got something for your ass when you come outside.” (Transcript p. 153). McIntosh
responded that he was tired of Henderson’s “shit” and he told him to leave him alone and
get his own beers. (Tr. p. 208). McIntosh then punched Henderson and a scuffle ensued.
The fight did not last long because both men were ordered to go outside. Prior to the
altercation, McIntosh had removed his t-shirt, but upon exiting Rico’s Pizza, he began to
put it back on. As soon as both men were outside, Henderson retrieved his handgun from
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his pocket, aimed it at McIntosh, and fired one shot at close range. Henderson fired two
more shots at McIntosh as he was running away from him. Firing the shots, Henderson
told McIntosh, “I told you I was gonna do this.” (Tr. p. 237). McIntosh was hit twice: in
his jaw and chest, with the chest wound causing his death. Meanwhile, Henderson ran
toward his vehicle, fired two more random shots, and reloaded his gun.
A police officer who was on patrol in the nearby area heard the gunshots and drove
toward the direction of the shots. When he arrived at Rico’s Pizza, he saw people pointing
toward Henderson’s vehicle and he immediately activated his emergency lights. Upon
seeing the officer, Henderson fired one more shot in the officer’s direction and fled from
the scene. A high speed chase through the city ensued. Henderson’s vehicle eventually
came to a stop when it hit a stop sign. Henderson attempted to flee on foot and hid behind
some bushes but was quickly apprehended by the officers. Although he resisted arrest, the
officers were able to subdue him. Upon searching Henderson’s vehicle, the officers found
a small handgun on the floorboard. Because Henderson complained of injuries, he was
taken to the hospital, for treatment. Henderson became unruly at that hospital and he had
to be restrained. The following day, Gary police detectives interviewed Henderson after
advising him of his Miranda rights. Henderson narrated four different versions of the
events leading to the shooting.
On August 4, 2012, the State filed an Information charging Henderson with one
Count of murder, and one Count of resisting law enforcement, a Class D Felony. However,
on November 8, 2012, and subsequently on October 16, 2013, the State amended the
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Information to reflect the following charges: Count III, criminal recklessness, a Class D
felony; Count IV, resisting law enforcement, a Class A misdemeanor; Count V, resisting
law enforcement, a Class A misdemeanor; Count VI, carrying a handgun without a license,
a Class A misdemeanor; Count VII, driving while suspended, a Class A misdemeanor;
Count VIII, no valid driver’s license, a Class C infraction; Count IX, speeding, a Class C
infraction; Counts X-XXVI, disregarding automatic signals and disregarding stop signs, all
Class C infractions.
Henderson’s jury trial was conducted on November 18, 2013 through November 22,
2013. At trial, Henderson testified that he only shot at McIntosh in self-defense because
he believed that McIntosh was reaching for something inside his shirt, and he feared for
his life. Toward the end of the trial, Henderson tendered jury instructions on voluntary
manslaughter and reckless homicide. The trial court declined to tender the voluntary
manslaughter instruction but tendered the reckless homicide instruction. At the close of
the evidence, the jury found Henderson guilty of murder and all other Counts except for
one Count of criminal recklessness, a Class D felony; one Count of resisting law
enforcement, a Class A misdemeanor; and three of the traffic infractions.
On December 19, 2013, the trial court held Henderson’s sentencing hearing and
sentenced Henderson to consecutive sentences of fifty-three years for the murder
conviction, and fourteen months for one Count of resisting law enforcement, a Class D
felony. In addition, the trial court sentenced Henderson to concurrent sentences of nine
months each for one Count of resisting law enforcement, a Class A misdemeanor, and one
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Count for carrying a handgun without a license, a Class A misdemeanor. Henderson also
received a ninety-day sentence in the Lake County Jail for driving while suspended.
Henderson now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Voluntary Manslaughter Instruction
Henderson argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his
proposed jury instruction offering voluntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense to
the murder charge. In response to Henderson’s claim, the State argues that the trial court
correctly determined that evidence did not support the instruction because there was no
appreciable evidence of sudden heat.
The manner of instructing a jury lies largely within the sound discretion of the trial
court, and we review only for an abuse of that discretion. Emerson v. State, 724 N.E.2d
605, 608 (Ind. 2000); Stringer v. State, 853 N.E.2d 543, 548 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). An
abuse of the trial court’s discretion occurs “when ‘the instructions as a whole mislead the
jury as to the law in the case.’” Ham v. State, 826 N.E.2d 640, 641 (Ind. 2005) (quoting
Carter v. State, 766 N.E.2d 377, 382 (Ind. 2002)). A defendant is only entitled to a reversal
if he affirmatively demonstrates that the instructional error prejudiced his substantial rights.
Hero v. State, 765 N.E.2d 599, 602 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied.
A trial court must engage in a three-step analysis when determining whether to
instruct a jury on a lesser included offense of the crime charged. Wright v. State, 658
N.E.2d 563, 566-67 (Ind. 1995). First, the trial court must consider whether the alleged
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lesser included offense is an inherently included offense to the principal charge. Id. If it
is not, the trial court must then decide whether the alleged lesser included offense is a
factually included offense to the principal charge. Id. at 567. Finally, if the alleged lesser
included offense is either an inherently or factually included offense to the principal charge,
then the trial court must determine if there is a serious evidentiary dispute regarding the
element that distinguishes the lesser offense from the principal charge. Id. If such a dispute
is present and a jury could conclude that the lesser offense was committed but not the
principal charge, then it is a reversible error for the trial court to refuse to give the jury
instructions on the lesser included offense. Id.
A person commits murder when the person “knowingly or intentionally kills another
human being.” I.C. § 35-42-1-1. On the other hand, a person commits voluntary
manslaughter when the person knowingly or intentionally kills another human being “while
acting under sudden heat.” I.C. § 35-42-1-3(a). Sudden heat is characterized as “anger,
rage, resentment, or terror sufficient to obscure the reason of an ordinary person, preventing
deliberation and premeditation, excluding malice, and rendering a person incapable of cool
reflection.” Dearman v. State, 743 N.E.2d 757, 760 (Ind. 2001). Sudden heat is not an
element of voluntary manslaughter. See Boesch v. State, 778 N.E.2d 1276, 1279 (Ind.
2002). Rather, it is that which distinguishes voluntary manslaughter from murder. Id.
Although voluntary manslaughter is a lesser-included offense of murder, it is an atypical
example of a lesser-included offense. Watts v. State, 885 N.E.2d 1228, 1231 (Ind. 2008).
“In the case of voluntary manslaughter . . . sudden heat is a mitigating factor, not an element
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that the State must prove in addition to the elements of murder . . . [I]f there is no serious
evidentiary dispute over sudden heat, it is error for a trial court to instruct a jury on
voluntary manslaughter in addition to murder.” Id. at 1232.
At trial, Henderson tendered a written instruction regarding voluntary manslaughter
and reckless homicide as a lesser included offense of murder. The trial court instructed the
jury on murder and reckless homicide but refused to instruct it on voluntary manslaughter
after finding there was “no serious evidentiary dispute as to whether or not [Henderson]
acted under sudden heat.” (Tr. p. 758). Henderson, however, claims that there was a
serious evidentiary dispute as to whether there was sudden heat. Specifically, Henderson
argues that he acted under sudden heat because he was in a state of fear after McIntosh
punched him. We reject Henderson’s argument and also find his reliance on Clark v. State,
834 N.E.2d 153, 159 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied, to support his theory of fear,
misplaced. In Clark, two brothers exchanged words with Clark and then attempted to take
Clark’s bag. Id. at 154-55. During the altercation, Clark stabbed one of the brothers,
walked to a nearby shelter, dropped his knife, and stated that he had just stabbed someone
who tried to rob him. Id. At trial, Clark testified that the victim kept coming towards him
even though he repeatedly told the victim to stop, and that he was fearful that the victim
was going to pull out a gun and shoot him. Id. On appeal, this court reversed Clark’s
conviction and remanded the case because there was serious evidentiary dispute that Clark
killed the victim under sudden heat, therefore he was entitled to a voluntary manslaughter
instruction. Id. at 159.
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Turning to the record, we find nothing comparable about Henderson’s case.
Henderson met McIntosh for the first time at Rico’s Pizza on the day of the shooting. For
the most part, McIntosh was pleasant to Henderson even though Henderson nagged and
irritated him. When Henderson accosted McIntosh for ignoring him, McIntosh was forced
to stand up and defend himself. Angered by Henderson’s actions of circling him, McIntosh
punched Henderson and the two men became embroiled in a scuffle. Witnesses at Rico’s
Pizza testified that, for the most part, Henderson kept charging at McIntosh, and had to
hold back Henderson from charging at McIntosh. When both men were ordered to leave,
McIntosh was first to exit, followed by Henderson. While at the door, one of Rico’s
employees put his arm up to stop Henderson from walking out. Henderson, however,
resisted and left Rico’s Pizza. Once outside, the fist fight quickly degenerated into a gun
battle. McIntosh was in the process of pulling his t-shirt back on, when Henderson raised
his gun and shot him. McIntosh started running away, but Henderson quickly followed
McIntosh and fired two more shots at him. As he fired the shots, Henderson told McIntosh,
“I told you I was gonna do this.” (Tr. p. 237). Henderson then walked to his vehicle and
reloaded his gun. When the officer arrived at the scene, Henderson fired one more shot in
the officer’s direction and fled the scene.
Unlike Clark, there was no appreciable evidence that Henderson acted under sudden
heat because there is no evidence that Henderson was in fear of McIntosh. Though the
shooting occurred immediately after McIntosh punched him, Henderson was not acting in
fear, but had the sole intention of killing McIntosh. The record reveals that when he first
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confronted McIntosh at Rico’s Pizza, Henderson told McIntosh, “I got something for your
ass when you come outside.” (Tr. p. 153). In addition, Henderson admitted at trial that he
retrieved his gun even before he exited Rico’s Pizza. Instead of continuing with the fist
fight, he fired several shots at McIntosh who was attempting retreat.
Based on the totality of the evidence, we find that nothing in this case illustrates any
possibility of the existence of sudden heat. As we noted in the foregoing, sudden heat is
characterized as “. . . terror sufficient to obscure the reason of an ordinary person . . .”
Dearman, 743 N.E.2d at 760 (emphasis added). In this regard, we conclude that there was
no serious evidentiary dispute regarding whether Henderson killed McIntosh while acting
in sudden heat. Clearly, the impetus to kill did not just suddenly overwhelm Henderson,
instead his actions were clearly contemplated and not driven by “fear.” Accordingly, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to give Henderson’s proposed instruction
on voluntary manslaughter. See Collins v. State, 873 N.E.2d 149, 160 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007),
trans. denied. Therefore, we affirm Henderson’s murder conviction.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we find that the trial court properly declined to instruct the
jury on voluntary manslaughter.
Affirmed.
MATHIAS, J. and CRONE, J. concur
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