McConney J. George v. State of Indiana

FILED
Jan 23 2020, 8:59 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Brian A. Karle Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Ball Eggleston, PC Attorney General of Indiana
Lafayette, Indiana
Benjamin J. Shoptaw
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
McConney J. George, January 23, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-2300
v. Appeal from the Tippecanoe
Superior Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Steven Meyer,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
79D02-1805-F4-20
May, Judge.
[1] McConney J. George appeals his 10-year-and-180-day sentence for Level 4
felony unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon, 1 Class A
1
Ind. Code § 35-47-4-5(c).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 1 of 11
misdemeanor carrying a handgun without a license, 2 and Class B misdemeanor
possession of marijuana. 3 He raises three issues on appeal, which we restate as:
1. whether his conviction of carrying a handgun without a license
violates the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy,
2. whether the trial court abused its discretion at sentencing by
considering George’s failure to cooperate during the presentence
investigation interview as an aggravating circumstance, and
3. whether his sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of
his offenses and his character.
We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On May 23, 2018, Officer Scott Swick initiated a traffic stop after observing
George’s car run a stop sign. When Officer Swick approached George’s car
window, he immediately detected the odor of marijuana and called for a K9
unit. The K9 indicated the presence of narcotics and police searched the car.
Police discovered a handgun in the vehicle and placed George under arrest.
The serial number on the handgun revealed the gun had been stolen. During
2
Ind. Code § 35-47-2-1.
3
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-11(a)(1).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 2 of 11
booking at Tippecanoe County Jail, police found a baggie of marijuana in
George’s pocket.
[3] On May 25, 2018, the State charged George with Class A misdemeanor
carrying a handgun without a license, Level 6 felony theft of a firearm, 4 Class B
misdemeanor possession of marijuana, Level 4 felony unlawful possession of a
firearm by a serious violent felon, and Level 5 felony carrying a handgun
without a license with a prior felony conviction. 5 The court held a bifurcated
jury trial from August 20 to 22, 2018. George was acquitted of theft of the
firearm but found guilty of all remaining charges. The court entered judgment
of conviction for carrying a handgun without a license, possession of
marijuana, and unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon. The
court sentenced George to 10 years for unlawful possession of a firearm by a
serious violent felon, 1 year for carrying a handgun without a license, and 180
days for possession of marijuana. The court ordered the 180 days for
possession of marijuana served consecutive to the 10-year sentence for
possession of the firearm, and it ordered the year for carrying a handgun served
concurrent with the 10-year sentence. The court ordered all time served
executed.
4
Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2.
5
Ind. Code § 35-47-2-1.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 3 of 11
Discussion and Decision
1. Double Jeopardy
[4] George argues his convictions of carrying a handgun without a license and
possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon violate the constitutional
prohibition against double jeopardy because George’s possession of the same
handgun at the same time is used to support both offenses. The State agrees the
entry of both convictions violates Indiana’s double jeopardy principles.
[5] The United States Supreme Court established the Blockburger test, also known as
the “same elements test,” for determining whether a single act that violates
more than one law constitutes multiple offenses for purposes of the Fifth
Amendment Double Jeopardy Clause. Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S.
299, 52 S. Ct. 180 (1932). Our Indiana Supreme Court expanded upon the
Blockburger test to include both the statutory elements of the conviction and the
actual evidence used to convict. Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind.
1999).
Two offenses are the “same offense” in violation of Indiana’s
double jeopardy clause if, with respect to either the statutory
elements of the challenged crimes or the actual evidence used to
convict, the essential elements of one challenged offense also
establish the essential elements of another challenged offense.
We review de novo whether the defendant’s convictions violate
this provision.
Shultz v. State, 115 N.E.3d 1280, 1283 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018) (internal citation
omitted) (emphasis in original).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 4 of 11
[6] The facts herein are similar to those in Jarrell v. State, 818 N.E.2d 88 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2004), trans. denied. Jarrell was arrested when he was found to be in
possession of a loaded firearm during a routine traffic stop. He was
subsequently convicted of both possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon
and carrying a handgun without a license. Id. at 91. He appealed those
convictions on double jeopardy grounds. We concluded that, because both
offenses stemmed from carrying the same gun, the convictions violated the
double jeopardy clause. Id. at 93.
[7] Similarly, here, for the carrying of a single handgun, George was convicted of
carrying a handgun without a license and possession of a firearm by a serious
violent felon, and one of his convictions must be reversed. Accordingly, we
vacate George’s conviction of Class A misdemeanor carrying a handgun
without a license. See, e.g., Alexander v. State, 768 N.E.2d 971, 978 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2002) (vacating lower class crime to eliminate double jeopardy violation)
aff’d on reh’g, trans. denied.
2. Sentencing Discretion
[8] George next asserts the trial court abused its discretion when it construed as an
aggravator George’s silence when the Probation Department prepared the
presentence investigation report (“PSI”). A trial court commits an abuse of
discretion if “the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances.” Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 491 (Ind. 2007), clarified on
reh’g 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind. 2007). There are four ways that a trial court can
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 5 of 11
abuse its discretion at sentencing: (1) failing to enter a sentencing statement
altogether; (2) entering a sentencing statement explaining reasons for imposing
the sentence when those reasons are not supported by the record; (3) failing to
include reasons supported by the record and put forth for consideration when
entering a sentencing statement; and (4) considering reasons inappropriate as a
matter of law. Id. at 490-91. If the trial court abused its discretion in one or
more of those ways and we are unable to “say with confidence that the trial
court would have imposed the same sentence had it properly considered
reasons that enjoy support in the record,” then we will remand for resentencing.
Id. at 491.
[9] George argues the trial court abused its discretion when it found George’s
silence during preparation of the PSI to be an aggravating factor. The purpose
of a PSI is to examine any possible aggravating and mitigating factors across a
wide breadth of topics to inform the court as to proper sentencing. Dillard v.
State, 827 N.E.2d 570, 576 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied.
[10] The court acknowledged George’s Fifth Amendment right against self-
incrimination but noted the majority of the questions on the PSI did not
implicate that right. George initially refused to give any information to
Probation for the PSI. However, he submitted a significant amount of the
information sought for the PSI on the day before sentencing and at the
sentencing hearing, including a lengthy personal statement that George
provided to the judge. (See Tr. Vol. 3 at 31-40.) The court further noted that
George’s continued refusal to cooperate with Probation did “not speak well of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 6 of 11
his character” and there was “no excuse” for his lack of cooperation. (Id. at
51.) Contrary to George’s argument, his refusal to cooperate with Probation
does not appear to have had anything to do with his Fifth Amendment right to
remain silent, because he provided most of the information directly to the court
at sentencing. As a poor attitude is a valid aggravator, we cannot find the trial
court abused its discretion. See Adams v. State, 120 N.E.3d 1058, 1065 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2019) (holding Adams’ attitude was correctly considered an aggravating
factor warranting an enhanced executed term).
[11] Even if the court should not have found an aggravator in George’s failure to
cooperate with Probation for preparation of the PSI, George has not
demonstrated reversible error. Only if the trial court’s decision is “clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court, or
the reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to be drawn therefrom” can an
abuse of discretion be found. K.S. v. State, 849 N.E.2d 538, 544 (Ind. 2006)
(quoting In re L.J.M., 473 N.E.2d 637, 640 (Ind. Ct. App. 1985)). If the
reviewing court “can identify sufficient aggravating circumstances to persuade it
that the trial court would have entered the same sentence even absent the
impermissible factor, it should affirm the trial court’s decision.” Groves v. State,
787 N.E.2d 401, 408 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (quoting Day v. State, 560 N.E.2d
641, 643 (Ind. 1990)), trans. denied.
[12] Here, the trial court considered five other aggravating factors. First, George’s
criminal history includes four convictions of armed robbery and battery
resulting in bodily injury. Second, his violent crimes are repetitive in nature.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 7 of 11
Third, his poor conduct at the Department of Correction while serving time for
his previous convictions resulted in 35 conduct violations in the eight years he
spent there. Fourth, he was on parole at the time of this offense. Fifth, prior
rehabilitation efforts had been unsuccessful, as George continued committing
crimes after serving time in prison. In light of those other aggravators, we have
little doubt the court would have entered the same sentence even if it had not
considered George’s silence as an aggravating factor. See, e.g., Bacher v. State,
722 N.E.2d 799, 803 (Ind. 2000) (finding a sentence may be upheld despite a
single incorrect aggravating factor, if other aggravating factors are present).
3. Appellate Rule 7(B)
[13] Finally, George asserts his 10-year-and-180-day sentence is inappropriate.
Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B) gives us the authority to revise a sentence if it is
inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the
offender. Williams v. State, 891 N.E.2d 621, 633 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). Our
review is deferential to the trial court’s decision, and our goal is to determine
whether the appellant’s sentence is inappropriate, not whether some other
sentence would be more appropriate. Conley v. State, 972 N.E.2d 864, 876 (Ind.
2012), reh’g denied. We consider not only the aggravators and mitigators found
by the trial court, but also any other factors appearing in the record. Johnson v.
State, 986 N.E.2d 852, 856 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). The appellant bears the
burden of demonstrating his sentence in inappropriate. Childress v. State, 848
N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 8 of 11
[14] When considering the nature of the offense, our review of appropriateness starts
with the advisory sentence. Clara v. State, 899 N.E.2d 733, 736 (Ind. Ct. App.
2009). George’s conviction of possession of marijuana, a Class B
misdemeanor, exposed him to a possible sentence of no more than 180 days.
See Ind. Code 35-50-3-3. For Level 4 felony unlawful possession of a firearm by
a serious violent felon, the trial court could sentence George to a fixed term of
two to twelve years, with an advisory sentence of six years. See Ind. Code 35-
50-2-5.5. The court sentenced George to 10 years and 180 days.
[15] George argues his possession of a firearm by serious violent felon offense is less
egregious than the standard offense because the loaded gun was not used in the
commission of a crime. George was out on parole for armed robbery and
battery. Indiana law prohibits felons from possessing firearms. The elements of
the crime do not require use of the firearm in commission of a crime, and thus
we reject George’s argument.
[16] George also notes he was being regularly drug tested as a requirement of his
probation and suggests the small amount of marijuana found in his possession
should entitle him to leniency. Passing drug test results seem diminished in
light of being caught with marijuana while on parole. He also argues the small
amount of marijuana makes the offense “less egregious” than the typical
possession charge. Johnson, 986 N.E.2d at 857. Violating the conditions of
parole is an aggravating circumstance that can affect sentencing. Ind. Code 35-
38-1-7.1. This factor differentiates the charge, making it more egregious than
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 9 of 11
typical. Based on these factors, we conclude the nature of George’s offenses
does not render his sentence inappropriate.
[17] When considering the character of the offender, one relevant fact is the
appellant’s criminal history. Rutherford v. State, 866 N.E.2d 867, 874 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2007). The significance of criminal history in assessing a defendant’s
character varies based on the gravity, nature, and number of prior offenses in
relation the current offense. Id. George’s criminal history includes five felony
convictions: theft, armed robbery, battery, and criminal confinement resulting
in serious bodily injury. During previous stints at the DOC, George’s behavior
was described as “terrible” and he accrued “one of the longest lists of DOC
conduct violations.” (Tr. Vol. 3 at 50.) In light of George’s serious and violent
criminal history, and his conduct violations while in prison, we cannot say his
sentence is inappropriate in light of his character. See, e.g., Stokes v. State, 947
N.E.2d 1033, 1039 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (violent felon with a significant
criminal history did not meet burden of persuasion to find his sentence
inappropriate in light of the nature of his offense and character), trans. denied.
Conclusion
[18] Convicting George of both Level 4 felony unlawful possession of a firearm by a
serious violent felon and Class A misdemeanor carrying a handgun without a
license violates Indiana’s double jeopardy prohibition. Therefore, we must
vacate George’s conviction of misdemeanor carrying a handgun without a
license. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by interpreting George’s lack
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 10 of 11
of cooperation in preparation of the PSI as an aggravating factor at sentencing.
Further, George’s sentence is not inappropriate in light of the nature of his
offenses and his character. Accordingly, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and
remand.
[19] Affirmed in part; vacated in part; and remanded.
Najam, J. and Bailey, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 18A-CR-2300 | January 23, 2020 Page 11 of 11