L.F. v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Feb 06 2020, 8:04 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Christopher Taylor-Price Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Marion County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
Courtney Staton
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
L.F., February 6, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-JV-1926
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Ryan Gardner,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Pro Tempore
Trial Court Cause No.
49D15-1905-JD-551
May, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JV-1926 | February 6, 2020 Page 1 of 8
[1] L.F. appeals his adjudication as a delinquent for an act that was Class A
misdemeanor dangerous possession of a firearm 1 and for an act that, if
committed by an adult, would be Class C misdemeanor operating a vehicle
without ever receiving a license. 2 L.F. presents two arguments for our review,
which we restate as:
1. Whether, based on the plain language of the juvenile
delinquency statute pursuant to which the State alleged L.F. was
a delinquent, L.F. could be adjudicated a delinquent for
committing Class A misdemeanor dangerous possession of a
firearm; and
2. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support
L.F.’s adjudication as a delinquent for committing an act that, if
committed by an adult, would be Class C misdemeanor
operating a vehicle without ever receiving a license.
We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On May 15, 2019, Indiana State Police Trooper Joel Flores initiated a traffic
stop of a Chevrolet Impala traveling over the speed limit. When Trooper Flores
approached the car, he “noticed the driver was very young,” there were nine
people in the car, and there was “the odor of burnt marijuana . . . coming from
1
Ind. Code § 35-47-10-5(a).
2
Ind. Code § 9-24-18-1.
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the vehicle.” (Tr. Vol. II at 8.) Back up officers arrived on the scene, and those
officers and Trooper Flores removed the nine occupants of the car, including
L.F., who had been seated in the driver’s seat. Trooper Flores searched the
vehicle and found a plastic bag with plant material, an empty ammunition box,
and a black coat located on the back-passenger floorboard.
[3] While Trooper Flores was conducting his search, one of the female passengers
indicated she was cold. Trooper Flores picked up the black coat located on the
back-passenger floorboard to give it to her, and a black handgun fell from the
coat onto the vehicle’s floorboard. Trooper Flores documented the firearm and
began talking to L.F., who had been driving the car. L.F. told Trooper Flores
that he was cold and asked Trooper Flores to get his coat. When asked where
his coat was, L.F. identified the black coat from which the handgun had fallen
as his coat.
[4] Trooper Flores then ran L.F.’s information through the Bureau of Motor
Vehicles database to determine if he had been issued a driver’s license or State
of Indiana identification card. Trooper Flores explained the process at trial:
Uh, well, if I- if I- if I do a driver’s license check um, I usually get
a return if the person had had a license or has an ID card. Um, if
they’ve never been issued a license, it will say something to the
effect that they’ve never been issued a license, but I will still get a
return on them. Um, if they’ve never had anything issued to
them at all, I won’t get anything back, because there’s no record
on file for them, and in this case, I didn’t receive any response
back, because he apparently has never been issued anything.
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(Id. at 15.) Based thereon, the State alleged L.F. was a delinquent for
committing Class A misdemeanor dangerous possession of a firearm and acts
that, if committed by an adult, would be Class A misdemeanor possession of a
handgun without a license 3 and Class C misdemeanor operating a vehicle
without ever having received a license.
[5] The juvenile court held a hearing on June 13, 2019. At the conclusion of the
State’s evidence, L.F. moved for an involuntary dismissal of the allegations
against him pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 41(B). The trial court denied the
motion. The trial court entered true findings as to Class A misdemeanor
dangerous possession of a firearm and Class C misdemeanor operating a
vehicle without ever having received a license. Based thereon, the court
adjudicated L.F. a delinquent. On July 18, 2019, the court entered a
dispositional decree ordering L.F. to probation and releasing him to his
mother’s care.
Discussion and Decision
1. Dangerous Possession of a Firearm
[6] L.F. argues he could not be adjudicated a delinquent for dangerous possession
of a firearm because: (1) that crime cannot be committed by an adult, and (2)
the delinquency statute requires a juvenile to have committed an act that would
3
Ind. Code § 35-47-2-1.
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be a criminal offense if committed by an adult. L.F. is correct that Indiana
Code section 31-37-1-2, which sets forth the requirements to adjudicate a child
as a delinquent requires that a child commit an act that “would be an offense if
committed by an adult.” Ind. Code § 31-37-1-2. Moreover, L.F. is correct that
Class A misdemeanor dangerous possession of a firearm is a crime that cannot
be committed by an adult, as the defining statute states: “A child who
knowingly, intentionally, or recklessly possesses for any purpose other than the
purpose described in section 1 4 of this chapter commits dangerous possession of
a firearm, a Class A misdemeanor.” Ind. Code § 35-47-10-5(a) (footnote and
emphasis added).
[7] Nevertheless, L.F.’s argument fails for the reasons we explained recently in
K.C.G. v. State, 19A-JV-978 (Ind. Ct. App. December 26, 2019).
We presume “the legislature intended for the statutory language
to be applied in a logical manner consistent with the statute’s
underlying policy and goals.” State v. Oddi-Smith, 878 N.E.2d
1245, 1248 (Ind. 2008). Here, the alleged conflict between
Indiana Code section 35-47-10-5(a) and Indiana Code section 31-
37-1-2 was resolved ten years ago. See C.C.[ v. State], 907 N.E.2d
[556, 559 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009)] (holding no conflict between
statutes based on legislative intent). If C.C. had been an incorrect
interpretation of the Legislature’s intent, the Indiana State
Legislature could have remedied the situation by passing a new
statute in the intervening years. This leads us to conclude the
4
Indiana Code section 35-47-10-1 outlines a number of situations under which a child cannot be adjudicated
for Class A misdemeanor possession of a firearm, including use of the firearm for hunting, at a shooting
range, or with a parent’s permission. The parties do not argue L.F. possessed the firearm under any of these
conditions.
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Indiana State Legislature’s intent is evident – those under the age
of eighteen may be adjudicated delinquents for offenses that
would be crimes if committed by adults and for crimes that can
be committed only by those under eighteen, and the language in
Indiana Code section 31-3-1-2 does not preclude the enforcement
of Indiana Code section 35-47-10-5(a). See Perkinson v. Perkinson,
989 N.E.2d 758, 763 (Ind. 2013) (“the failure of the Legislature
to change a statute after a line of decisions ... giving the statute a
certain construction, amounts to an acquiescence by the
Legislature in the construction given by the court”) (quoting
Miller v. Mayberry, 506 N.E.2d 7, 11 (Ind. 1987), superseded by
statute on other grounds).
K.C.G., slip op. at *3. Therefore, the plain language of the juvenile
delinquency statute did not bar the juvenile court from adjudicating L.F.
delinquent for committing dangerous possession of a firearm. 5 See id.
2. Operating a Vehicle Without Ever Receiving a License
[8] On review of a juvenile adjudication, we apply the same sufficiency standard
used in criminal cases. A.E.B. v. State, 756 N.E.2d 536, 540 (Ind. Ct. App.
2001). We do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses.
D.R. v. State, 729 N.E.2d 597, 599 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Instead we look only
to the evidence of probative value and the reasonable inferences therefrom that
support the determination. Id.5
L.F. does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence used to adjudicate him for Class A misdemeanor
dangerous possession of a firearm.
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[9] To support a true finding for an act that would be Class C misdemeanor
operating a vehicle without ever having received a license, the State had to
present evidence that L.F. knowingly or intentionally operated a vehicle on a
highway and had never received a valid driver’s license. See Ind. Code § 9-24-
18-1(a) (elements of offense). L.F. argues Trooper Flores’ testimony that he
entered L.F.’s information into the BMV database and the database did not
return a response was insufficient to prove L.F. had never received a driver’s
license.
[10] However, L.F.’s argument ignores the fact that the parties stipulated that L.F.
was fourteen years old at the time Trooper Flores observed him operating a
vehicle. (Tr. Vol. II at 4.) Indiana law prohibits someone under sixteen-years-
and-ninety-days old from obtaining a driver’s license. See Ind. Code § 9-24-3-
2.5(a) (providing conditions for issuing an operator’s driver’s license).
Accordingly, the court had sufficient evidence from which to determine L.F.
had never received a driver’s license.
Conclusion
[11] We conclude L.F. may be adjudicated a delinquent for committing Class A
misdemeanor dangerous possession of a firearm despite the fact that crime
cannot be committed by an adult, as technically is required for a delinquent act
under the juvenile adjudication statute. Additionally, the State presented
sufficient evidence to support L.F.’s adjudication for committing and act that, if
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JV-1926 | February 6, 2020 Page 7 of 8
committed by an adult, would be Class C misdemeanor operating a vehicle
without ever having received a license. Accordingly, we affirm.
[12] Affirmed.
Crone, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
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