T.C. v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 02 2020, 10:44 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark K. Leeman Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Leeman Law Office Attorney General of Indiana
Cass County Public Defender
George P. Sherman
Logansport, Indiana Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
T.C., July 2, 2020
Appellant-Respondent, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A-JV-295
v. Appeal from the Cass Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Stephen Roger
Appellee-Petitioner. Kitts II, Judge
Trial Court Cause Nos.
09C01-1906-JD-34
09C01-1909-JD-72
09C01-1911-JD-84
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 1 of 14
Case Summary
[1] T.C. appeals the juvenile court order awarding wardship of him to the Indiana
Department of Correction (“DOC”) for housing in a correctional facility for
children. The only issue he raises is whether that order was an abuse of the
juvenile court’s discretion.
[2] We vacate the dispositional decree1 and remand.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] T.C. is a minor who was born on December 23, 2002. On October 22, 2018,
T.C. was suspended from school, arrested, and alleged to be a delinquent for an
act that would be theft as a Class A misdemeanor if committed by an adult.2
The basis for that allegation was that he stole money that fellow students had
obtained for a fundraiser. On January 29, 2019, T.C. was placed on Informal
Adjustment. However, before completing the informal adjustment, T.C. was
arrested again on June 9, 2019, for leaving home without permission. The
informal adjustment was closed unsuccessfully, and, on June 10, the State filed
formal allegations in cause number 09C01-1906-JD-34 (“JD-34”) that T.C. was
a delinquent child for committing Count I, theft as a Class A misdemeanor if
committed by an adult, and Count II, leaving home without permission, a
1
T.C. does not challenge the delinquency or probation violation adjudications, only the disposition.
2
Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2(c).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 2 of 14
status offense.3 At an initial hearing, T.C. admitted to Counts I and II. On
June 10, the juvenile court placed T.C. on formal probation and ordered him to
pay restitution, engage in twenty hours of community service, participate in
electronic monitoring through an ankle bracelet for thirty days, obtain an
assessment at Four County Counseling Center (“FCCC”), participate in Moral
Reconation Therapy (“MRT”), and pay court costs.
[4] On July 9, 2019, the State filed a petition to modify the dispositional decree in
JD-34 because T.C. had violated probation by refusing a urine screen. On July
10, the State filed another petition to modify because T.C. violated probation by
being in “unapproved locations” on six different days. App. Vol. II at 62. On
July 15, the State filed a third petition to modify on the grounds that T.C. had
tested positive for cannabinoids on July 3, 2019, in violation of probation. On
July 24, T.C. admitted to the three counts of violating probation, and the
juvenile court modified the dispositional order by adding the requirement that
T.C. remain on GPS monitoring for sixty days.
[5] The State subsequently filed five more petitions to modify in JD-34 on the
grounds that T.C. had violated the terms of probation by: Count IV, testing
positive for marijuana; Count V, testing positive for marijuana; Count VI,
truancy; Count VII, testing positive for marijuana; and Count VIII, testing
positive for marijuana.
3
I.C. § 31-37-2-2.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 3 of 14
[6] On September 17, 2019, T.C. was found vaping in the school restroom. Upon
questioning by school officials, T.C. was verbally abusive and cursing loudly,
and he was subsequently suspended from school. On September 24, the State
filed a new delinquency action under cause number 09C01-1909-JD-72 (“JD-
72”) in which it alleged that T.C. was a delinquent child for committing an act
that would be disorderly conduct, as a Class B misdemeanor,4 if committed by
an adult. T.C. denied the allegation on October 30, and the court set a fact-
finding hearing for December 12, 2019.
[7] On November 13, 2019, the State filed another new delinquency action under
cause number 09C01-1911-JD-84 (“JD-84”), in which it alleged that T.C. was
a delinquent child for committing acts which would be the following crimes if
committed by an adult: Count I, unlawful possession of a legend drug, as a
Level 6 felony;5 Count II, possession of a controlled substance, as a Class A
misdemeanor;6 Count III, criminal mischief, as a Class B misdemeanor;7 Count
IV, unlawful use of a police radio, as a Class B misdemeanor;8 and Count V,
possession of marijuana, as a Class B misdemeanor.9 At the November 13
initial hearing, T.C. denied all allegations in JD-84, the juvenile court set the
4
I.C. § 35-45-1-3(a)(3).
5
I.C. § 16-42-19-13.
6
I.C. § 35-48-4-7(a).
7
I.C. § 35-43-1-2(a).
8
I.C. § 35-44.1-2-7(a)(1).
9
I.C. § 35-48-4-11(a)(1).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 4 of 14
matter for a fact-finding hearing on December 12, and the court ordered T.C.
held at the Kinsey secure detention facility for children pending further order.
[8] On December 12, 2019, the juvenile court held fact-finding hearings in causes
JD-34, JD-72, and JD-84. In JD-34, T.C. admitted to Violation Counts IV and
V, both for testing positive for marijuana, and the court dismissed Violation
Counts VI, VII, and VII. The trial court set the dispositional hearing on
Violation Counts IV and V for January 15, 2020. Regarding JD-72, the juvenile
court found that T.C. was delinquent for committing an act that would be
disorderly conduct, as a Class B felony, if committed by an adult. The court
ordered T.C. to remain in secure detention pending a January 15, 2020,
dispositional hearing in that cause. In JD-84, the juvenile court found that the
State had not met its burden to prove T.C. was delinquent as alleged in counts I
through V.
[9] On January 13, 2020, the juvenile probation department filed a Predispositional
Report. The report included a personal statement from T.C. to the juvenile
court which stated as follows:
I know the past year I haven’t been a responsible citizen or a
good role model to anyone. When I got sent to secure
[detention] at first I wasn’t going to change my ways, but now
that I’ve really thought about my future[,] I have to change now
because my lifestyle will get me nowhere in life. I would like to
get my diploma and go to college or acquire a trade. I have been
violating my probation so that’s the first thing I am going to
accomplish[,] along with finishing MRT and paying my dues off.
I just want to become a better person for me and my family, I
really miss them. I would like to get a 2nd chance to achieve my
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 5 of 14
goals and have a better year because I think 2020 will be a new
chapter in my life and I can’t wait to make good memories this
year without getting into any trouble. Thank you for hearing me
out, I appreciate it.
App. V. III at 62. The report also contained a statement from T.C.’s father
which stated:
[T.C.] seems like he has really learned his lesson since being in
placed in secure detention. I don’t feel like he needs to be locked
up any longer for probation violations. If he continues in
detention it will make things worse. [T.C.] is starting to think his
life is over, and I don’t want him to become more depressed. He
is a kid and I don’t want him to be traumatized by being locked
up. [T.C.] has promised he will be better and I believe him. We
are both willing to do whatever is necessary for him to come
home. [T.C.] says he is wasting his life and days in detention
and doesn’t like it. He wants to come home, continue with his
life, and make it better.
Id. at 63.
[10] The Predispositional Report stated that T.C. is in the moderate risk category to
reoffend. The report stated that T.C. has “done very well in secure detention,”
and is “respectful,” “appropriate,” and behaving “very well.” Id. at 75. The
report noted that T.C.:
has had very little community[-]based services since being
involved in the juvenile justice system. He has participated
regularly in MRT since June 2019. [T.C.] and his father are
willing to engage in additional services including individual
counseling, MRT, and home-based services should he be released
from secure detention on 1/15/2020. It appears as if the two of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 6 of 14
them could benefit from services in order to help mend their
relationship, which could be contributing to the delinquency and
non-compliance. T.C. reports he lived on and off with his
grandparents while growing up. [T.C.’s father] seems very
“hands off” and is often working and does not make it a priority
to spend time with his son. However, since [T.C. has been] in
detention, [T.C.’s father] has been consistent in visiting his son
and has stayed in contact with him via telephone.
Id. The juvenile probation department recommended that the juvenile court
order community-based services for T.C. as those “services have not been
exhausted.” Id. The report further stated that:
MRT has been the only consistent service so far that the juvenile
has participated in. [T.C.’s father] has previously been somewhat
resistant to services. Additionally, probation did not push
services during a period of compliance with probation.
Community[-]based services such as intensive home-based case
management, individual/family therapy, and the completion of
MRT should be provided to the juvenile and his family at this
time as the purpose of the juvenile justice system is rehabilitation.
Both [T.C.] and his father are currently in agreement to
participate in all community[-]based services that are deemed
appropriate.
Id. The juvenile probation department stated that it did not recommend
placement in the DOC
at this time due to [T.C.’s] limited legal history and level of
offenses. The juvenile does not have any felony adjudications. If
placed at DOC, the juvenile will be in a punitive setting and be
around some of the most hardened juveniles in the state of
Indiana. Placing him in IDOC at this time is contrary to the goal
of the juvenile justice system, which is rehabilitation.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 7 of 14
Id.
[11] On January 13, the Kinsey Youth Detention Center also submitted to the court
a report regarding T.C. The report noted that, during the approximate two
months T.C. had been at the detention center, T.C. was “respectful” except for
one incident when he called a staff person a name. The report noted that T.C.
was “appropriate,” “participat[ing],” and doing “extremely well” with “positive
behaviors and attitudes” until the prior week when he engaged in the name-
calling. Id. at 78. The report stated that T.C. was “respectful” and
“cooperative.” Id. at 79.
[12] On January 15, 2020, the juvenile court held a dispositional hearing in causes
JD-34 and JD-72 and issued a dispositional order in which it awarded wardship
of T.C. to the DOC “for housing in any correctional facility for children.” 10
Appealed Order at 6. In reaching that decision, the juvenile court rejected the
probation department’s recommendations for T.C. on the grounds that they
were “not steps forward, they are steps backward, into services that have
previously failed.” Id. at 5 (emphasis in original). The court found the
probation department’s recommendation failed to consider the “safety of the
community,” by “communicating to other juveniles that they can expect a
similar lack of sanction for similar behavior.” Id. The juvenile court further
10
The court also ordered the DOC to provide it with at least ten days’ notice prior to release of T.C. from
the DOC “for the purpose of setting a hearing as to the issue of continued supervision.” Appealed Order at
6.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 8 of 14
found that T.C., “by his behavior and demeanor, has at no point expressed
anything but contempt for the law, probation, and the Court.” Id. The trial
court stated that it took “extreme umbrage at the suggestion from the Cass
County Juvenile Probation Department that this should be treated as an episode
of Kids Say the Darndest Things.” Id. The court concluded that T.C. is a “threat
to the safety and well-being of [the] students” of the local school system and the
community, and that there was “no reason to engage in a process for which the
juvenile has expressed nothing but disdain.” Id. at 5-6.
[13] The juvenile court concluded that it was in T.C.’s best interest and the safety
interests of the community that T.C. remain removed from his home because of
the delinquency adjudications, the probation violations, “the rate at which the
juvenile’s behavior has deteriorated,” the parent’s “inability or refusal to care
for or control the juvenile,” and the “juvenile’s repeated disregard and contempt
for all authority.” Id. at 6.
[14] T.C. now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[15] T.C. has a total of three delinquency adjudications: two for conduct that would
be a Class A misdemeanor and a Class B misdemeanor, respectively, if
committed by an adult, and one for a status offense. He also has a total of five
probation violations in JD-34: four for testing positive for marijuana and one
for truancy. However, T.C. does not challenge his delinquency or probation
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 9 of 14
violation adjudications; rather, he challenges the juvenile court order awarding
wardship of him to the DOC.
[16] The specific disposition of a delinquent child is within the juvenile court’s
discretion, to be guided by the following statutory considerations:
If consistent with the safety of the community and the best
interest of the child, the juvenile court shall enter a dispositional
decree that:
(1) is:
(A) in the least restrictive (most family like) and most
appropriate setting available; and
(B) close to the parents’ home, consistent with the best
interest and special needs of the child;
(2) least interferes with family autonomy;
(3) is least disruptive of family life;
(4) imposes the least restraint on the freedom of the child and the
child’s parent, guardian, or custodian; and
(5) provides a reasonable opportunity for participation by the
child’s parent, guardian, or custodian.
I.C. § 31-37-18-6; see also, K.S. v. State, 849 N.E.2d 538, 544 (Ind 2006). We
reverse only for an abuse of discretion—that is, a decision that is “clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court, or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 10 of 14
the reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to be drawn therefrom.” K.S. v.
State, 114 N.E.3d 849, 854 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied. When a juvenile
court approves or rejects the recommendations of a predispositional report, it
must state its reasoning. I.C. § 31-37-18-9.
[17] Here, it is clear that the court did not place T.C. in the “least restrictive
alternative” that interfered least “with family autonomy,” is “least disruptive of
family life,” and “imposes the least restraint on the freedom of the child” and
his parent. I.C. § 31-37-18-6(1)-(4). However, placement in a more restrictive
environment is permissible when it is in the child’s best interests and/or
promotes the safety of the community. Id.; see also, e.g., M.C. v. State, 134
N.E.3d 453, 459 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans. denied. Thus, we must affirm the
juvenile court’s decision to place T.C. with DOC rather than ordering the less
restrictive community-based services the probation department recommended
unless that decision is “clearly against the logic and effects of the facts and
circumstances before the court.” K.S., 114 N.E.3d at 854. We hold that it is.
[18] The juvenile court stated that the probation department’s recommendations
were “not steps forward, they are steps backward, into services that have
previously failed.” Appealed Order at 5. However, the evidence established
that the probation department recommended community-based services
specifically because most of them had not been tried previously. Rather, T.C.
had only been given MRT services. He had not been given any other
community-based services such as “intensive home-based management and
individual/family therapy,” which the probation department recommended as
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 11 of 14
the least restrictive placement. App. V. III at 75. Thus, the trial court erred in
finding that the recommended services had already been provided but failed.11
[19] The juvenile court also found that the recommended community-based services
did not take into consideration the safety of the community. The “safety” issue
the juvenile court identified was the “public policy disaster” that it found would
ensue “by communicating to other juveniles that they can expect a similar lack
of sanction for similar behavior.” Id. That finding is clearly against the facts
and circumstances before the court in that it fails to take into consideration that
T.C. had already been placed in secured detention for two months at the time of
the dispositional hearing. Moreover, that finding also misapplies the law.
First, the placement of a delinquent child must be based not on considerations
of other hypothetical juveniles, but on the circumstances of the individual child
before the court. See E.L. v. State,783 N.E.2d 360, 367 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)
(noting the juvenile court must make its dispositional determination based on
the individual juvenile rather than policy considerations). Second—and most
importantly—the disposition in a delinquency action must be based on
principles of rehabilitation, not the desire to punish or “sanction” the juvenile.
Id. at 366.
11
The State contends that this case is similar to M.C. v. State, 134 N.E.3d 453 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans.
denied, and other cases where we upheld dispositional orders awarding wardship of juveniles to the DOC.
However, unlike in this case, in M.C. “the evidence establishe[d] that many less restrictive rehabilitative
efforts have failed to reach M.C. and have not produced positive changes in his behavior…” Id. at 459; see
also, e.g., S.C. v. State, 779 N.E.2d 937, 938 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (noting the juvenile had been provided,
among other things, inpatient and outpatient counseling), trans. denied.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 12 of 14
[20] In reaching its decision, the juvenile court further found that T.C. “at no point
expressed anything but contempt for the law, probation, and the Court,” and
that T.C. had an “inability or refusal to participate in his own rehabilitation”
that “further makes him a threat to the safety of the community.” Appealed
Order at 5, 6. Those findings are also clearly against the logic and effect of the
facts and circumstances before the court. T.C.’s statement to the court showed
contrition and a respectful request for the court to place him in home-based
services. In addition, the reports of both the Kinsey detention facility and the
juvenile probation department provided evidence that, in the two months prior
to the hearing, T.C. had been respectful, cooperative in his rehabilitation
services, and well-behaved, with the minor exception of one incident of name-
calling. There was no evidence before the juvenile court that T.C. had been
contemptuous and disrespectful of the law, probation, or the court in recent
months; rather, the evidence showed that he was actively participating in his
rehabilitation during that time.
[21] The juvenile court’s finding that the probation department did not take T.C.’s
behaviors seriously—treating it “as an episode of Kids Say the Darndest
Things”—was also clearly against the facts before the court. Appealed Order at
5. The probation department did a lengthy, detailed predispositional report in
which it reviewed T.C.’s juvenile delinquency history, family situation, mental
health, and education. It also appropriately reviewed and took into
consideration T.C.’s conduct and response to services and secure detention in
recent months. Thus, the insinuation that the probation department did not
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 13 of 14
take T.C.’s actions seriously was clearly against the logic and effect of the facts
and circumstances before the court.
[22] In sum, the juvenile court’s findings that it is in the best interests of T.C. and
the safety of the community that T.C. be made a ward of the DOC are clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances that were before the
court. Rather, those facts and circumstances established that it would be
consistent with the safety of the community and T.C.’s best interest if he was
offered the less restrictive alternative of community-based services such as
intensive home-based case management and individual/family therapy, as
recommended by the juvenile probation department. Such a disposition is the
least restrictive setting, interferes least with family autonomy, is least disruptive
of family life, imposes the least restraint on T.C. and his father, and provides a
reasonable opportunity for T.C.’s father to participate in T.C.’s rehabilitation.
See I.C. § 31-37-18-6(1)-(5).
[23] We vacate the dispositional order and remand for proceedings consistent with
this decision.
Crone, J., and Altice, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JV-295 | July 2, 2020 Page 14 of 14